中国化学遗传疗法临床试验：癫痫患者发作减少92.6%｜附文稿
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | So I want you to imagine a really busy city at night. | 所以我希望你想象一个晚上非常繁忙的城市。 |
| 0:04 | Millions of lights are shining. | 百万灯光照耀. |
| 0:06 | Everything is working perfectly. | 一切都很顺利 |
| 0:07 | Right, a totally normal night. | 是的,一个完全正常的夜晚。 |
| 0:09 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 0:10 | But then suddenly a huge lightning strike | 但突然突然闪电袭来 |
| 0:13 | hits the center of the city. | 击中市中心。 |
| 0:14 | Oh, wow. | 哦,哇呜。 |
| 0:15 | And it causes a massive blackout. | 导致大面积停电. |
| 0:17 | Everything just completely shuts down. | 一切都完全关闭了。 |
展开字幕全文（611 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | So I want you to imagine a really busy city at night. | 所以我希望你想象一个晚上非常繁忙的城市。 |
| 2 | Millions of lights are shining. | 百万灯光照耀. |
| 3 | Everything is working perfectly. | 一切都很顺利 |
| 4 | Right, a totally normal night. | 是的,一个完全正常的夜晚。 |
| 5 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 6 | But then suddenly a huge lightning strike | 但突然突然闪电袭来 |
| 7 | hits the center of the city. | 击中市中心。 |
| 8 | Oh, wow. | 哦,哇呜。 |
| 9 | And it causes a massive blackout. | 导致大面积停电. |
| 10 | Everything just completely shuts down. | 一切都完全关闭了。 |
| 11 | So for a person with severe epilepsy, | 对于一个严重的癫痫患者来说, |
| 12 | that is exactly what happens inside their brain. | 这正是他们大脑里发生的事情。 |
| 13 | You know, that is a really perfect way to picture it. | 你知道,这是一个非常完美的方法 来想象它。 |
| 14 | I mean, that lightning is basically | 我的意思是,闪电基本上是 |
| 15 | an abnormal electrical signal. | 一个异常的电讯信号。 |
| 16 | Right. | 对 |
| 17 | It just sweeps through the brain circuits | 它只是扫荡脑电路 |
| 18 | without any warning at all. | 完全没有警告 |
| 19 | And it causes, well, intense panic, violent shaking, | 它会引起强烈的恐慌 剧烈的颤抖 |
| 20 | and a total loss of consciousness. | 和完全失去意识。 |
| 21 | It sounds absolutely terrifying. | 听起来很恐怖 |
| 22 | But today, we are doing a deep dive | 但是今天,我们正在做一个深潜 |
| 23 | into a completely new way to stop that lightning. | 以全新的方式阻止闪电 |
| 24 | Yes, we are. | 是的,我们是。 |
| 25 | We are looking at a really fascinating medical report. | 我们正在看一个非常迷人的医学报告。 |
| 26 | It is from the South China Morning Post. | 摘自"南华早报". |
| 27 | And we also have a letter from the New England | 我们还有一封来自新英格兰的信 |
| 28 | Journal of Medicine. | 医学杂志. |
| 29 | Both of these came out in November. | 这两份都于11月出炉. |
| 30 | Yeah, and the research here is just incredible. | 是的,这里的研究是不可思议的。 |
| 31 | It shows how doctors in China are basically | 显示中国医生基本情况 |
| 32 | building artificial switches inside the human brain. | 在人类大脑里建立人工开关 |
| 33 | Artificial switches. | 人工开关 |
| 34 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 35 | They are finding a way to stop the lightning | 他们正在想办法阻止闪电 |
| 36 | before it even strikes the city. | 在它袭击城市之前 |
| 37 | OK, that sounds like science fiction. | 好吧,听起来像科幻小说。 |
| 38 | But to really appreciate this new switch, | 但为了真正欣赏这个新开关, |
| 39 | you know, we have to understand the current problem. | 你知道,我们必须理解 当前的问题。 |
| 40 | Right, the baseline. | 对,基线。 |
| 41 | Epilepsy is a very common disease. | 癫痫是一种非常常见的疾病. |
| 42 | But our sources point out a specific group of patients. | 但我们的消息来源指出一个特定的患者群体. |
| 43 | And these patients face a really terrible reality. | 这些病人面临着一个非常可怕的现实。 |
| 44 | Yeah, we are talking about people | 是的,我们是在谈论人 |
| 45 | with what doctors call refractory epilepsy. | 医生称之为复发性癫痫 |
| 46 | Refractory. | 逆顺. |
| 47 | Let us explain that term. | 让我们解释一下这个词。 |
| 48 | Sure. | 当然 |
| 49 | In plain English, refractory just means stubborn or resistant. | 在普通英语中,反式只是表示顽固或抵抗. |
| 50 | Like it just refuses to get better. | 就像它只是拒绝改善。 |
| 51 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 52 | The disease completely resists treatment. | 该疾病完全抵抗治疗. |
| 53 | So for about one in three people with epilepsy, | 所以大约三分之一的癫痫患者 |
| 54 | normal daily medicines do absolutely nothing. | 普通的日用药根本无济于事 |
| 55 | Wait, really, one in three? | 等等,真的,三分之一吗? |
| 56 | Yeah, about 33% of patients. | 是的,大约33%的病人。 |
| 57 | The standard pills just fail. | 标准药丸只是失败。 |
| 58 | So if the pills do not work, what is their other option? | 所以如果药丸不起作用 他们还有什么选择? |
| 59 | I assume it is surgery. | 我猜是手术 |
| 60 | That is the traditional choice, yeah. | 这是传统的选择,是的。 |
| 61 | Doctors have to physically cut out | 医生要切掉身体 |
| 62 | the sick part of the brain tissue. | 脑组织中生病的部分 |
| 63 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 64 | They find the specific area that is | 他们发现具体领域是: |
| 65 | causing the electrical storm. | 导致电动风暴。 |
| 66 | And then, well, they literally remove it with a knife. | 然后,嗯,他们字面上取出 用刀。 |
| 67 | I mean, that sounds terrible. | 我的意思是,这听起来很糟糕。 |
| 68 | We are talking about human brain tissue here. | 我们说的是人类的大脑组织。 |
| 69 | You cannot just cut it out without causing | 你不能就这么把它剪掉 |
| 70 | permanent damage, right? | 永久性伤害,对不对? |
| 71 | No, you really cannot. | 不,你确实不能。 |
| 72 | And you are right to be shocked by that. | 你对此感到震惊是正确的。 |
| 73 | The medical term for this damage is | 这种损害的医学术语是 |
| 74 | irreversible neurological deficit. | 不可逆的神经缺陷。 |
| 75 | Let us break that down for the listener. | 让我们为听众破解它。 |
| 76 | Irreversible means permanent. | 不可逆即为常. |
| 77 | Right. | 对 |
| 78 | Permanent brain damage. | 永久性脑损伤. |
| 79 | A patient might lose important memories forever, | 病人可能会永远失去重要的记忆 |
| 80 | or they might lose basic cognitive functions, | 或者他们可能失去基本的认知功能, |
| 81 | like the ability to think clearly or speak. | 就像能清楚思考或说话 |
| 82 | So they basically have to choose between | 所以他们基本上必须选择 |
| 83 | constant violent seizures or... | 不断的暴力癫痫或. |
| 84 | Or losing a piece of their own mind, yes. | 或失去他们自己的想法,是的。 |
| 85 | That is awful. | 这是可怕的。 |
| 86 | That is like bombing a whole city block | 这就像轰炸整个城市街区 |
| 87 | just to fix one bad power station. | 只为修一个坏电站. |
| 88 | That is a great analogy. | 这是一个伟大的类比。 |
| 89 | It really is a terrible choice, | 这真是一个可怕的选择, |
| 90 | and this exact problem is why a research team | 这正是为什么一个研究团队 |
| 91 | from China decided to find a totally new path. | 从中国决定寻找一条全新的道路。 |
| 92 | Okay, so who is this team? | 好吧,这支队伍是谁? |
| 93 | They work at Shanwu Hospital that is in Beijing, | 他们在北京山武医院工作 |
| 94 | and the team is led by a doctor named Zhao Guoguang. | 团队由一位名叫赵国光的医生领导. |
| 95 | They basically decided to stop cutting the brain entirely. | 他们基本上决定停止完全切除大脑。 |
| 96 | So they wanted to leave the city block intact. | 所以他们想离开这个城市 |
| 97 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 98 | Instead of destroying the sick brain cells, | 而不是摧毁生病的脑细胞 |
| 99 | they found a way to just, well, turn them off. | 他们找到了一个方法, 公正的,好了,关闭他们。 |
| 100 | Okay, I am hooked. | 好吧 我上瘾了 |
| 101 | How do you just turn off a brain cell? | 你怎么关掉脑细胞? |
| 102 | They used a brand new method. | 他们使用了一种全新的方法。 |
| 103 | The technical name for it is chemogenetic neuromodulation. | 其技术名称为化疗神经调节. |
| 104 | Okay, chemogenetic neuromodulation. | 好吧,化疗神经调节。 |
| 105 | 其口ful然. | |
| 106 | Let us break that down so it makes sense. | 让我们打破这一点,这样才有意义。 |
| 107 | So chemo means chemical, right? | 所以化疗意味着化学,对不对? |
| 108 | Yes, like a drug or a pill. | 是的,像药物或药丸。 |
| 109 | And genetic means using genes. | 基因意味着使用基因。 |
| 110 | Right again. | 又对了 |
| 111 | And then neuromodulation. | 然后神经调节. |
| 112 | I'm guessing neuro means brain, | 我猜神经就是大脑 |
| 113 | and modulation means changing something, | 和调制意味着改变的东西, |
| 114 | so changing how the brain cells behave. | 改变脑细胞的行为 |
| 115 | You got it perfectly. | 你猜对了 |
| 116 | They use gene therapy to actually install | 他们使用基因疗法 实际安装 |
| 117 | a new biological switch in the brain, | 大脑中一个新的生物开关, |
| 118 | and then they use a chemical pill to flip that switch. | 然后他们用化学药丸来翻开开关 |
| 119 | Okay, wait. | 单单 |
| 120 | How do you install a switch inside a living human brain? | 如何在人脑里安装开关? |
| 121 | Did they still have to open the skull? | 他们还得打开头骨吗? |
| 122 | Well, yes, but it is much less invasive. | 嗯,是的,但它的入侵性要小得多。 |
| 123 | First, the doctors map the patient's brain. | 首先,医生绘制了病人的大脑图。 |
| 124 | They use a highly detailed MRI scanner. | 他们使用非常详细的核磁共振扫描仪。 |
| 125 | So they get a really clear picture of the inside. | 所以他们得到了一个非常清晰的内幕。 |
| 126 | Exactly, they find the exact precise location | 没错,他们找到准确的位置 |
| 127 | of the six cells. | 6个牢房。 |
| 128 | Then they guide a very small injection | 然后,他们引导一个非常小的注射 |
| 129 | into that specific spot. | 进入特定位置 |
| 130 | What are they injecting? | 他们在注射什么? |
| 131 | They inject a virus, a virus called GA002. | 他们注射了一种病毒,一种叫做GA002的病毒. |
| 132 | A virus? | 病毒吗? |
| 133 | Usually we think of viruses as things that make us sick, | 通常我们把病毒看作是让我们恶心的东西, |
| 134 | like the flu. | 像流感一样 |
| 135 | Right, normally they are bad news. | 对,他们通常是坏消息 |
| 136 | But in this case, the virus is completely harmless. | 但在这种情况下,病毒是完全无害的. |
| 137 | How is it harmless? | 怎么会无害? |
| 138 | Well, scientists actually remove the dangerous parts | 科学家们把危险部件拆了 |
| 139 | of the virus in a lab. | 病毒在实验室。 |
| 140 | They just wanna use its natural ability | 他们只是想利用自然的能力 |
| 141 | to enter human cells. | 进入人类细胞。 |
| 142 | So it acts like a microscopic delivery truck. | 所以它就像一辆微型快递车 |
| 143 | Oh, I see. | 原来如此 |
| 144 | So the virus is just the vehicle. | 病毒只是载体 |
| 145 | Exactly, it is just a delivery truck. | 没错,那只是一辆快递车 |
| 146 | So what exactly is this truck delivering to the brain cells? | 那这辆卡车到底送什么去脑细胞? |
| 147 | It delivers genetic instructions. | 它传递遗传指令。 |
| 148 | Okay. | 摆 |
| 149 | So the virus enters the sick brain cells | 所以病毒进入了生病的脑细胞 |
| 150 | and it gives them a new genetic code. | 它给他们新的基因密码。 |
| 151 | Okay, and what does this new code do? | 好吧,这个新代码是做什么的? |
| 152 | It forces the cells to build a new artificial part | 它迫使细胞 建造一个新的人工部分 |
| 153 | on their surface. | 在他们的表面。 |
| 154 | So the cell actually changes its own structure? | 所以细胞会改变自己的结构? |
| 155 | Yes. | 对 |
| 156 | The sources call this artificial part an HM4D receptor. | 来源称这个人工部分为HM4D受体. |
| 157 | Okay, HM4D receptor. | 好吧,HM4D受体。 |
| 158 | That sounds very technical. | 这听起来很技术。 |
| 159 | It is. | 没错 |
| 160 | But they also mention it belongs to a group of receptors | 但他们也提到它属于一群受体 |
| 161 | 名为DREDS。 | |
| 162 | DREDS,像D -R | |
| 163 | Yes. | 对 |
| 164 | And DREDS is actually a brilliant acronym. | 而DREDS其实是一个辉煌的缩写. |
| 165 | It stands for designer receptors | 代表设计师的受体 |
| 166 | exclusively activated by designer drugs. | 完全由设计者药物激活。 |
| 167 | Oh, wow. | 哦,哇呜。 |
| 168 | Let me say that again. | 让我再说一遍。 |
| 169 | Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. | 设计者受体完全由设计者药物激活. |
| 170 | Right. | 对 |
| 171 | That actually tells you everything you need to know. | 这实际上告诉你所有你需要知道的。 |
| 172 | So if I am understanding this, | 所以,如果我明白这一点, |
| 173 | the virus is kind of like a locksmith. | 病毒有点像锁匠 |
| 174 | I like where you are going with this. | 我喜欢你这样 |
| 175 | It goes into the sick brain cell | 进入病态脑细胞 |
| 176 | and it installs a brand new custom designer lock | 它安装了全新的自定义设计器锁 |
| 177 | on the cell door. | 在牢房的门上。 |
| 178 | That is a perfect analogy. | 这是一个完美的类比。 |
| 179 | Right? | 对吧? |
| 180 | Yes. | 对 |
| 181 | But if you put a new lock on a door, | 但如果你把新锁在门上 |
| 182 | well, you need a key. | 你需要一把钥匙 |
| 183 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 184 | You need a very specific designer key | 你需要一个非常具体的设计师钥匙 |
| 185 | to open that designer lock. | 打开那个设计师锁 |
| 186 | But before we talk about the key, | 但在我们讨论钥匙之前 |
| 187 | we have to talk about the door itself. | 我们得谈谈门本身 |
| 188 | What do you mean? | 你说什么? |
| 189 | Well, having a fancy designer lock is totally useless | 那么,有一个漂亮的 设计师锁是完全无用的 |
| 190 | if you put it on the wrong door. | 如果你把它放错了门。 |
| 191 | The location of the injection is everything. | 注射地点就是一切 |
| 192 | Okay, so where exactly does the delivery truck go? | 好吧,那货车到底去哪了? |
| 193 | The injection goes deep into a brain region | 注射深入大脑区域 |
| 194 | called the hippocampus. | 叫做河马营 |
| 195 | (原始内容存档于2018-09-21). Hippocampus. | |
| 196 | I know it's a part of the brain | 我知道这是大脑的一部分 |
| 197 | that is shaped a bit like a seahorse. | 形状有点像海马 |
| 198 | Yeah, that is actually what hippocampus means in Greek. | 是啊,这实际上是河马营的意思 在希腊语。 |
| 199 | What does the hippocampus actually do for us | 河马帮对我们有什么好处? |
| 200 | on a normal day? | 在正常的一天吗? |
| 201 | It is very important. | 这是非常重要的。 |
| 202 | It is the main center for forming new memories. | 它是形成新记忆的主要中心. |
| 203 | It also handles your spatial awareness. | 它也处理你的空间意识。 |
| 204 | Spatial awareness. | 空间意识。 |
| 205 | Navigating your environment. | 导航你的环境。 |
| 206 | Okay, yeah. | 好吧,没错。 |
| 207 | And it also helps manage your emotions. | 这也有助于控制你的情绪。 |
| 208 | So it is a very critical part of the brain's power grid. | 所以它是大脑电网中非常关键的一部分。 |
| 209 | It is. | 没错 |
| 210 | But in these severe epilepsy patients, | 但是在这些严重的癫痫病人中 |
| 211 | the hippocampus is badly damaged. | 河马号受损严重 |
| 212 | From the seizures? | 从癫痫? |
| 213 | Yes. | 对 |
| 214 | Those repeated electrical lightning strikes | 那些重复的电击 |
| 215 | hurt the tissue over time. | 伤了组织一段时间。 |
| 216 | The medical term for this damage is sclerosis. | 这种损伤的医学术语是硬化症. |
| 217 | Sclerosis. | S硬化. |
| 218 | What does that mean exactly? | 这到底是什么意思? |
| 219 | It basically means scarring and hardening | 基本上意味着伤疤和硬化 |
| 220 | of the brain tissue. | 脑组织。 |
| 221 | Oh, so the brain is actually getting scarred | 哦,所以大脑实际上是 疤痕 |
| 222 | from all the electrical storms. | 从所有的电暴。 |
| 223 | Right. | 对 |
| 224 | And here is the really unfair part. | 这是真正不公平的部分。 |
| 225 | It is a vicious cycle. | 这是一个恶性循环。 |
| 226 | How so? | 为什么? |
| 227 | The seizures cause the scarring, right? | 癫痫导致疤痕,对不对? |
| 228 | But then the scarring actually causes | 但后来的疤痕实际上导致了 |
| 229 | more seizures to happen. | 更多的癫痫发作。 |
| 230 | Wait, really? | 等等,真的吗? |
| 231 | The damage causes more damage. | 损害造成更多的损害。 |
| 232 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 233 | The damaged scarred cells become very unstable. | 受损的疤痕细胞变得非常不稳定. |
| 234 | They start firing off more and more | 他们开始开火了 |
| 235 | abnormal electrical signals. | 异常的电讯信号。 |
| 236 | So the disease literally feeds on itself. | 所以这个病是靠自己养活的。 |
| 237 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 238 | That is awful. | 这是可怕的。 |
| 239 | So the doctors send the virus delivery truck | 医生派了病毒运送车 |
| 240 | into this exact scarred area of the hippocampus. | 进入河马营的这个疤痕斑点 |
| 241 | Yes, right into the unstable zone. | 是的,正进入不稳定的区域。 |
| 242 | And the virus builds the new designer lock | 病毒造了新的设计师锁 |
| 243 | on those unstable cells. | 这些不稳定的细胞。 |
| 244 | But here is my question. | 但是这是我的问题。 |
| 245 | What stops the brain from accidentally picking the lock? | 是什么阻止大脑不小心摘锁? |
| 246 | That is the genius part of the whole Dread system. | 这是整个毁灭体系的天才部分。 |
| 247 | The brain has normal chemicals | 大脑有正常的化学物质 |
| 248 | that open natural locks all the time. | 经常打开天然锁 |
| 249 | In this part of the brain, | 在大脑的这一部分, |
| 250 | the normal chemical key is called acetylcholine. | 一般化学键称为乙酰胆碱。 |
| 251 | Acetylcholine. | 乙酰胆碱. |
| 252 | So that is the normal everyday key. | 所以这是正常的日常钥匙。 |
| 253 | Right. | 对 |
| 254 | It handles everyday brain functions. | 它处理日常的大脑功能. |
| 255 | But the normal key absolutely does not fit | 但是普通的钥匙绝对不适合 |
| 256 | this new designer door. | 这个新的设计师门。 |
| 257 | Oh, I see. | 原来如此 |
| 258 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 259 | The scientists specifically modified the new lock. | 科学家们专门修改了新锁. |
| 260 | So acetylcholine just bounces right off it. | 所以乙酰胆碱会立刻弹出 |
| 261 | The normal brain signals are completely ignored | 正常的大脑信号被完全忽略了 |
| 262 | by the new lock. | 由新锁。 |
| 263 | Okay, so the lock is safe. | 好吧,所以锁是安全的。 |
| 264 | It is just waiting for the designer key. | 它只是在等待设计师的钥匙。 |
| 265 | So what is the key? | 那钥匙是什么? |
| 266 | What chemical fits the lock? | 什么化学物适合锁? |
| 267 | The key is a specific drug called clozapine. | 关键是一种特定的药物,叫做丁香松. |
| 268 | Clozapine. | 克洛扎松(原变种). |
| 269 | Is that a new experimental drug? | 那是一种新的实验药物吗? |
| 270 | No, actually it is a very well-known drug. | 不,其实这是一个非常著名的药物。 |
| 271 | It is a standard pill | 这是标准的药丸 |
| 272 | that is usually given to treat schizophrenia. | 通常用于治疗精神分裂症。 |
| 273 | Really? | 真的吗? |
| 274 | A schizophrenia pill. | 精神分裂药丸. |
| 275 | Yes. | 对 |
| 276 | They are using an existing drug in a completely new way. | 他们正在以全新的方式使用现有药物。 |
| 277 | That is so smart. | 真聪明 |
| 278 | Okay, so how does taking this clozapine pill | 好吧,那怎么吃这药呢? |
| 279 | actually stop a seizure? | 真正阻止了癫痫发作? |
| 280 | What is the actual cellular mechanism here? | 真正的细胞机制是什么? |
| 281 | Okay, think about the unstable scarred brain cell | 好吧,想想不稳定的疤痕脑细胞 |
| 282 | as a radio. | 作为无线电。 |
| 283 | Okay, radio. | 好吧,无线电。 |
| 284 | And this radio is playing way too loud. | 这收音机弹得太响了 |
| 285 | It is firing off too much electricity. | 电量太大了 |
| 286 | Got it. | 明白吗? |
| 287 | When a patient feels a seizure coming on, | 当病人感到发作时 |
| 288 | they take a small dose of the clozapine pill. | 他们服用少量的丁香松药丸。 |
| 289 | The drug travels through the body and goes up to the brain. | 药行遍身而上至脑. |
| 290 | And it finds the designer lock in the hippocampus. | 它发现设计师锁在河马营。 |
| 291 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 292 | When the clozapine drug turns the lock, | 当丁香松药 打开锁, |
| 293 | it opens up these tiny microscopic channels | 它打开这些微小的通道 |
| 294 | in the cell membrane. | 在细胞膜。 |
| 295 | And what do those tiny channels do? | 那些小频道是做什么的? |
| 296 | They let specific ions flow in and out of the cell. | 它们让特定的离子进出细胞. |
| 297 | And this instantly calms the cell down. | 这立即使牢房平静下来。 |
| 298 | It turns down the volume. | 其转低音量. |
| 299 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 300 | It literally turns down the electrical volume | 电量从字面上降低 |
| 301 | of that specific brain cell. | 特别的脑细胞 |
| 302 | So the cell becomes too quiet | 所以牢房变得太安静了 |
| 303 | to pass on the lightning strike. | 传递闪电打击。 |
| 304 | The abnormal signal hits the cell, | 异常信号击中细胞, |
| 305 | but the cell just refuses to fire? | 但牢房拒绝开火? |
| 306 | That is it, exactly. | 就是这样 |
| 307 | The lightning stops right there in its tracks. | 闪电就停在轨迹上 |
| 308 | The blackout never happens. | 断电永远不会发生。 |
| 309 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 310 | The science there is just incredibly elegant. | 那里的科学非常优雅 |
| 311 | I mean, building a custom lock with a virus | 我是说,用病毒建个定制锁 |
| 312 | and then using a specific pill | 然后用一种特殊的药丸 |
| 313 | to turn down the electrical volume. | 以关闭电量。 |
| 314 | It really is beautiful science. | 这真的是美丽的科学。 |
| 315 | But, you know, a theory on paper is one thing. | 但纸上的理论是一回事 |
| 316 | Testing it in a real human brain | 在真正的人脑中测试 |
| 317 | is a totally different story. | 这是一个完全不同的故事。 |
| 318 | Oh, absolutely. | 当然 |
| 319 | So have they actually tried this on living patients? | 他们真的对活的病人试过吗? |
| 320 | Yes, they have. | 是的,他们有。 |
| 321 | And that is what the New England Journal of Medicine report | 这就是新英格兰医学杂志的报告 |
| 322 | is all about. | 就是这样 |
| 323 | It details the world's first human trial | 它详细介绍了世界上第一次人类审判 |
| 324 | for this specific method. | 用于这一具体方法。 |
| 325 | Oh, wow. | 哦,哇呜。 |
| 326 | The first in the world. | 世间第一. |
| 327 | Who were the patients? | 谁是病人? |
| 328 | They tested this on three young men. | 他们测试了3个年轻人。 |
| 329 | They were aged 28 to 37. | 他们的年龄为28至37岁。 |
| 330 | Okay, I am assuming they did not just test | 好吧,我想他们不只是测试 |
| 331 | experimental gene therapy on someone | 实验性基因治疗 |
| 332 | with a mild condition, right? | 身体温和,对吧? |
| 333 | Not at all. | 一点也不 |
| 334 | These three men had incredibly severe epilepsy. | 这三人患了极其严重的癫痫病。 |
| 335 | They had suffered from constant terrible seizures | 他们经常遭受到可怕的抓获 |
| 336 | for anywhere from 10 to 25 years. | 10到25年的时间 |
| 337 | 25 years? | 25岁? |
| 338 | So they spent almost their whole lives | 所以他们花了几乎一辈子的时间 |
| 339 | just waiting for the next lightning strike. | 等待下一次闪电袭击 |
| 340 | Yeah, and they all had that stubborn refractory type | 是啊,他们都有 顽固的抗体类型 |
| 341 | of epilepsy we talked about earlier. | 我们刚才谈到的癫痫病 |
| 342 | So standard medicines did not work for them. | 所以标准药品对他们没有用。 |
| 343 | Right, they had all tried | 对,他们都试过了 |
| 344 | at least two different standard epilepsy drugs | 至少两种不同的癫痫药 |
| 345 | and the drugs failed completely. | 毒品完全失败了 |
| 346 | But they had not had the brain surgery yet. | 但他们还没有做脑部手术 |
| 347 | No, they had never had brain surgery. | 不,他们从来没有做过脑部手术。 |
| 348 | Okay, so they still had their full hippocampus intact, | 好吧,所以他们仍然有 完整的河马营完整无损, |
| 349 | no tissue had been cut out. | 没有切掉任何组织。 |
| 350 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 351 | That made them the perfect candidates | 让他们成为完美的候选人 |
| 352 | to try this new biological switch. | 尝试这个新的生物开关。 |
| 353 | So how did the trial actually work? | 审判到底怎么进行的? |
| 354 | Walk me through the timeline. | 带我穿过时间线 |
| 355 | Sure, first the doctors did the minor surgery | 当然,先是医生做了小手术 |
| 356 | to inject the harmless virus. | 注射无害的病毒。 |
| 357 | Okay, installing the locks. | 好吧,安装锁。 |
| 358 | Right, then they waited for two weeks. | 对 然后他们等了两周 |
| 359 | Why wait two weeks? | 为什么要等两周? |
| 360 | They needed the brain tissue to heal from the injection | 他们需要脑组织来治疗注射 |
| 361 | and they also needed time for the virus | 他们也需要时间去治疗病毒 |
| 362 | to give the genetic code and for the cells | 给出基因密码,并为细胞提供 |
| 363 | to actually build the physical designer locks. | 实际建造物理设计师锁。 |
| 364 | Makes sense and takes time to build new hardware. | 建造新的硬件需要时间和时间。 |
| 365 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 366 | So after two weeks, they handed the men the designer key. | 两周后 他们把设计师的钥匙交给了他们 |
| 367 | They started giving them the clozapine pills. | 他们开始给他们吃大麻松药 |
| 368 | Okay, this is the big moment. | 好吧,这是重大的时刻。 |
| 369 | What happened to the seizures? | 癫痫发作的情况如何? |
| 370 | The results were just staggering. | 结果是惊人的。 |
| 371 | Honestly, across all three men, | 老实说,所有三个男人, |
| 372 | there's seizures dropped by an average of 92.6%. | 缉获量平均下降了92.6%。 |
| 373 | Wait, a 92% drop? | 等等,92%的减价? |
| 374 | Yes, over 92%. | 是的,超过92%。 |
| 375 | That is an absolutely life-changing number. | 这是一个绝对改变生命的数字。 |
| 376 | I mean, that completely changes | 我的意思是,这完全改变 |
| 377 | how a person lives every single day. | 一个人的日常生活 |
| 378 | It really does. | 确实 |
| 379 | And if we look at the specific numbers, | 如果我们看看具体的数字, |
| 380 | it is even more impressive. | 这更令人印象深刻。 |
| 381 | Let us hear them. | 让我们听到他们。 |
| 382 | So patient number one, before the trial, | 所以第一号病人 在审判前 |
| 383 | he was having an average of four and a half | 他平均有四个半 |
| 384 | violent seizures every single month. | 每个月都有暴发性癫痫 |
| 385 | So more than one a week. | 所以一周多一点 |
| 386 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 387 | After the treatment, after taking the clozapine, | 治疗后,在服用丁香松后, |
| 388 | his average dropped to just 0.5 seizures a month. | 他平均每月只有0.5次发作 |
| 389 | So he went from having them weekly | 所以他从每周有他们 |
| 390 | to maybe one every two months. | 也许两个月一次 |
| 391 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 392 | He practically got a normal life back. | 他几乎恢复了正常的生活 |
| 393 | That is amazing. | 这是惊人的。 |
| 394 | What about the other two patients? | 那另外两个病人呢? |
| 395 | Well, patient number two actually had the best result. | 二号病人的成绩最好 |
| 396 | He was having four seizures a month before the trial. | 他在审判前一个月有四次发作 |
| 397 | And after? | 还有呢? |
| 398 | After taking the key, the clozapine, he dropped to zero. | 在拿了钥匙,丁香松之后,他降为零. |
| 399 | Zero. | 零点 |
| 400 | You mean the lightning strikes completely stopped? | 你是说闪电完全停止了? |
| 401 | Completely stopped. | 完全停下来。 |
| 402 | Zero seizures. | 零发作. |
| 403 | And patient number three had a very similar massive drop. | 而第三号病人也有非常相似的大幅下降。 |
| 404 | He also went from about four and a half seizures a month | 他还从大约四个半月的癫痫发作 |
| 405 | down to just 0.5, almost none. | 降到0.5,几乎无。 |
| 406 | Just amazing consistency for a first in human trial. | 人类审判中第一次的惊人一致性 |
| 407 | But this raises a very practical question for me. | 但这对我来说是一个非常实际的问题。 |
| 408 | Okay, what is that? | 好吧,这是什么? |
| 409 | Well, we are dealing with human beings here, right? | 我们在对付人类,对吧? |
| 410 | And human beings make mistakes all the time. | 而人常犯错. |
| 411 | Very true. | 没错 |
| 412 | What happens if a patient just forgets | 如果病人忘记了怎么办 |
| 413 | to take their pill? | 吃药? |
| 414 | Does the lock just stop working? | 锁停止工作了吗? |
| 415 | That is a great question. | 问得好 |
| 416 | It is the ultimate test of the whole system. | 这是整个系统的最终考验。 |
| 417 | And we actually have the data to answer it. | 我们实际上有数据来回答它。 |
| 418 | Oh, we do? | 是吗? |
| 419 | Yes, thanks to patient number three. | 是的,谢谢第三号病人。 |
| 420 | Let me guess. | 让我猜猜 |
| 421 | He missed a dose. | 他错过了一剂。 |
| 422 | He did. | 没错 |
| 423 | Patient number three stopped taking his clozapine pill | 3号病人停止服用丁香松药 |
| 424 | by accident. | 无意中 |
| 425 | It was just a completely unplanned mistake | 这只是个完全没有计划的错误 |
| 426 | during the trial. | 在审判期间。 |
| 427 | No. | 没有 |
| 428 | So without the designer drug to turn down the volume, | 所以没有设计师的药 关闭音量, |
| 429 | the scarred cells became unstable again. | 伤疤细胞又变得不稳定了 |
| 430 | You guessed it. | 你猜对了 |
| 431 | He immediately suffered two breakthrough seizures. | 他立即遭受了两次突破性扣押。 |
| 432 | The lightning came right back. | 闪电马上回来 |
| 433 | Right back. | 马上回来 |
| 434 | I mean, while that is awful for the patient, | 虽然这对病人来说很可怕 |
| 435 | it must be incredibly valuable data for the scientists, | 这对科学家来说一定是非常宝贵的数据 |
| 436 | right? | 对吧? |
| 437 | It is like a perfect natural experiment. | 这就像一个完美的自然实验。 |
| 438 | It really is. | 没错 |
| 439 | In science, we actually call it an ABA design. | 在科学中,我们称之为ABA设计。 |
| 440 | ABA设计. | |
| 441 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 442 | You have a baseline, which is A. | 你有一个基线,这就是A。 |
| 443 | Then you add a treatment, which is B. | 然后加上一个治疗,这就是B。 |
| 444 | And then you remove the treatment, going back to A. | 然后你去除治疗,回到A。 |
| 445 | I see. | 原来如此 |
| 446 | It is the strongest way to prove that a treatment is actually | 这是证明治疗方法最有力的方法 |
| 447 | what is causing the change. | 是什么导致了变化。 |
| 448 | Because I assume when he realized his mistake | 因为我猜当他意识到自己的错误 |
| 449 | and started taking the pill again, | 又开始吃药了 |
| 450 | the seizures stopped instantly. | 检查立即停止。 |
| 451 | He regained complete control right away. | 他马上恢复了完全的控制权. |
| 452 | Wow. | 珃 |
| 453 | So that proves it. | 这证明了这一点。 |
| 454 | It proves it beyond any doubt. | 这无疑地证明了这一点。 |
| 455 | It proves the designer drug and the designer lock | 它证明了设计师的药和设计师的锁 |
| 456 | were truly doing the work. | 真正在做这项工作。 |
| 457 | It was not just a placebo effect. | 这不仅仅是安慰剂效应。 |
| 458 | It was the biological switch physically | 是生理开关 |
| 459 | turning the lightning off. | 关掉闪电 |
| 460 | OK. | 摆 |
| 461 | So we know the mechanism is completely solid. | 所以我们知道这个机制是完全坚实的。 |
| 462 | And we know it dramatically stops the seizures. | 而且我们知道它会大大阻止癫痫发作。 |
| 463 | But we always have to consider the cost | 但我们总得考虑一下成本 |
| 464 | to the patient's body, right? | 对病人的身体,对不对? |
| 465 | Absolutely. | 当然 |
| 466 | Safety is huge. | 安全性是巨大的。 |
| 467 | What were the side effects of installing a new lock | 安装新锁的副作用是什么 |
| 468 | in the brain and taking this pill? | 在大脑和服用这个药丸? |
| 469 | The safety data from the report is very encouraging. | 报告中的安全数据非常令人鼓舞。 |
| 470 | The side effects for all three men | 三个男人的副作用 |
| 471 | were classified as only mild or moderate. | 被归类为轻度或中度。 |
| 472 | So no severe reactions. | 所以,没有严重的反应。 |
| 473 | None. | 无。 |
| 474 | They handled the viral injection and the daily pills | 他们处理病毒注射和日常药丸 |
| 475 | without any major health issues at all. | 没有任何重大健康问题。 |
| 476 | That is great. | 这是伟大的。 |
| 477 | But more importantly, think about what they avoided. | 但更重要的是,想想他们回避了什么。 |
| 478 | You mean the surgery. | 你是说手术 |
| 479 | Yes. | 对 |
| 480 | They avoided irreversible permanent brain damage. | 他们避免了不可逆转的永久性脑损伤. |
| 481 | No living tissue was cut out. | 没有切掉任何活体组织。 |
| 482 | The hippocampus remained fully intact for all three men. | 所有三人的河马都完好无损 |
| 483 | That is a massive victory for them. | 这对他们来说是一个巨大的胜利。 |
| 484 | But the human brain is highly adaptable. | 但人类大脑的适应性很强. |
| 485 | True. | 没错 |
| 486 | Sometimes a drug works great for a month. | 有时药物能用一个月 |
| 487 | And then the brain just kind of figures out a way around it. | 然后大脑就想出了一个方法。 |
| 488 | It builds up a tolerance. | 建立宽容。 |
| 489 | Right, that is a common problem with standard epilepsy drugs. | 对,这是常见的癫痫药物问题 |
| 490 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 491 | So how long did this success actually last for these men? | 这些人成功到底持续了多久? |
| 492 | The research team monitored patient number one | 研究组监视第一号病人 |
| 493 | for a full 12 months, a whole year. | 整整12个月,一年。 |
| 494 | And the others? | 其他人怎么办? |
| 495 | They tracked the other two men for eight months. | 他们跟踪了另外两人八个月. |
| 496 | And the designer locks kept working the entire time. | 而设计师的锁一直运作着. |
| 497 | Yes, they did. | 是的,他们做到了。 |
| 498 | The benefits did not fade at all. | 这些好处丝毫没有消失。 |
| 499 | The artificial switch remained active and completely effective | 人工开关仍然有效 |
| 500 | for the whole observation period. | 整个观察期间。 |
| 501 | That is incredible. | 这是不可思议的。 |
| 502 | So what happens next? | 接下来会发生什么? |
| 503 | Well, the lead researcher, Zhao Guoguang, | 首席研究员赵国光 |
| 504 | states that this is the initial proof of concept. | 说明这是概念的初步证据。 |
| 505 | Meaning they proved it is possible. | 这意味着他们证明这是可能的。 |
| 506 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 507 | It proves the whole DRED system works safely in humans. | 它证明了整个DRED系统在人类中安全工作. |
| 508 | But the next phase will involve much larger studies. | 但是,下一阶段将涉及更大的研究。 |
| 509 | Because three people is a very small sample size. | 因为三个人是一个非常小的样本大小. |
| 510 | Right. | 对 |
| 511 | They need to test this across a much more diverse group | 他们需要测试这个 更多样化的群体 |
| 512 | of patients to really confirm these amazing rates of success. | 来证实这些惊人的成功率 |
| 513 | You know, hearing all this, this feels much bigger | 你知道,听到这一切, 这感觉更大 |
| 514 | than just a new treatment for epilepsy. | 不只是治疗癫痫的新药 |
| 515 | Oh, it is. | 没错 |
| 516 | We are talking about a fundamental shift | 我们说的是根本转变 |
| 517 | in how we approach medicine. | 我们如何接近医学。 |
| 518 | Right. | 对 |
| 519 | It is a massive philosophical change. | 这是一个巨大的哲学变革。 |
| 520 | I mean, for decades, the standard medical approach | 我的意思是,几十年来,标准医学方法 |
| 521 | to a broken brain circuit was just destruction. | 脑电路断裂只是破坏 |
| 522 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 523 | If a part of the brain misbehaved, | 如果大脑的一部分行为不当 |
| 524 | you just cut it out or you burned it with lasers. | 或者用激光烧掉它 |
| 525 | We treated the human brain like a broken machine part. | 我们把人类大脑当成一个破碎的机器 |
| 526 | But now we are moving from destruction to, well, | 但现在我们正从毁灭走向... |
| 527 | precise control. | 准确的控制。 |
| 528 | We are finally learning the language of the brain. | 我们终于学会了大脑的语言。 |
| 529 | We are using genetic engineering to install new hardware. | 我们正在利用基因工程 安装新的硬件。 |
| 530 | And then we use simple chemistry to run the software. | 然后我们用简单的化学来运行软件。 |
| 531 | It really honors the complexity of the human body. | 它真的尊重人体的复杂性。 |
| 532 | Instead of tearing down the entire city block, | 而不是撕毁整个城市街区, |
| 533 | we just installed a smart power grid. | 我们刚安装了一个智能电网 |
| 534 | That is exactly what we did. | 这正是我们所做的。 |
| 535 | And the best part, we handed the remote control | 最好的是,我们把遥控器交给了 |
| 536 | directly to the patient. | 直接给病人 |
| 537 | Right. | 对 |
| 538 | They just carry a normal bottle of pills. | 他们只是带着一瓶普通的药丸 |
| 539 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 540 | If they feel an aura coming on, an aura | 如果它们觉得有气息,有气息 |
| 541 | is the physical warning sign that a seizure is about to start. | 是一个实际的警告信号, 即扣押即将开始。 |
| 542 | They can just take a pill. | 他们只能吃药 |
| 543 | They finally have the power to stop the storm in themselves. | 他们终于有力量 阻止风暴本身。 |
| 544 | I mean, the psychological relief of simply having that control | 我的意思是,心理缓解 仅仅有这种控制 |
| 545 | back must be incredible. | 回来一定很不可思议 |
| 546 | Oh, imagine living for 20 years, never | 哦,想象20年的生活,从来没有 |
| 547 | knowing when you might collapse. | 知道你何时会崩溃 |
| 548 | And then suddenly, you have a manual override switch | 突然间,你有一个手动控制开关 |
| 549 | right in your pocket. | 就在你口袋里,我马上回来 |
| 550 | It gives them their dignity back. | 这让他们恢复了尊严。 |
| 551 | It really does. | 确实 |
| 552 | So let us bring all of this together for the listener. | 因此,让我们把所有这些集合起来,为听众服务。 |
| 553 | We explored a groundbreaking method | 我们探索了开创性的方法 |
| 554 | from China that basically combines | 从中国来的,基本上结合 |
| 555 | gene therapy with a common pill. | 用普通药丸进行基因治疗。 |
| 556 | They used a harmless virus to deliver new instructions | 他们用无害的病毒来传达新的指令 |
| 557 | to sick brain cells. | 给生病的脑细胞。 |
| 558 | And those instructions built a designer lock | 这些指示造了一个设计师锁 |
| 559 | on the cell's surface. | 在细胞表面。 |
| 560 | And doctors used a designer drug called | 医生使用一种设计师的药 |
| 561 | Clozapine, is the perfect key. | 克洛扎皮是完美的钥匙 |
| 562 | And when that key turns the lock, it calms the cell down. | 当那把钥匙打开锁, 它会让细胞平静下来。 |
| 563 | It lowers the electrical volume, and it prevents the seizure | 它能降低电量,能防止扣动 |
| 564 | from ever starting. | 从永远开始。 |
| 565 | It brought a 92% drop in seizures | 缉获量下降了92% |
| 566 | for men who basically had no other hope. | 对于基本上没有其他希望的人。 |
| 567 | It is a stunning medical achievement. | 这是一个惊人的医学成就。 |
| 568 | It is. | 没错 |
| 569 | But, you know, this opens the door to something even bigger. | 但是,你知道,这打开了大门 更大的东西。 |
| 570 | What are you thinking? | 你在想什麽? |
| 571 | Well, this trial focused entirely on epilepsy, right? | 这场审判完全专注于癫痫,对吧? |
| 572 | The goal was to stop abnormal electrical discharges. | 目标是阻止异常的放电. |
| 573 | Right. | 对 |
| 574 | But if we can now safely install artificial switches | 但如果我们现在可以安全安装人工开关 |
| 575 | in the human brain, what else could we turn off? | 在人类大脑里,还有什么可以关闭的? |
| 576 | Oh, wow. | 哦,哇呜。 |
| 577 | That is a profound question, because we all | 这是一个深刻的问题,因为我们都 |
| 578 | have circuits in our brains that cause suffering. | 我们的大脑有电路 造成痛苦。 |
| 579 | Exactly. | 没错 |
| 580 | Consider chronic pain. | 考虑慢性疼痛。 |
| 581 | Millions of people suffer from severe pain signals | 数百万人遭受严重痛苦 |
| 582 | that simply will not stop. | 这绝对不会停止。 |
| 583 | Could scientists one day build a designer lock | 有一天科学家能造一个设计师锁 |
| 584 | on those specific pain pathways? | 在那些特定的疼痛路径? |
| 585 | It is entirely possible. | 这完全有可能。 |
| 586 | You could theoretically just take a specific designer drug | 理论上你只要服用一种特制药 |
| 587 | and turn down the volume on your pain | 把疼痛的音量调低 |
| 588 | without having to rely on, say, highly addictive opioids. | 不需要依赖高度上瘾类阿片 |
| 589 | That would change millions of lives. | 这将改变数百万人的生命。 |
| 590 | Think about mental health. | 考虑一下心理健康 |
| 591 | What if we could install a switch | 如果我们可以安装一个开关 |
| 592 | in the fear centers of the brain? | 在大脑的恐惧中心? |
| 593 | Like the amygdala? | 像阿米格达拉? |
| 594 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 595 | Could a patient turn off a severe panic attack | 病人能解除严重的恐慌症 |
| 596 | right before it overwhelms them? | 在它覆盖他们之前? |
| 597 | The potential applications are really endless. | 潜在的应用确实无穷无尽. |
| 598 | We started today by comparing the brain | 我们从今天开始比较大脑 |
| 599 | to a complex city power grid. | 到一个复杂的城市电网。 |
| 600 | And for most of human history, we just stood in the dark | 对于人类的大部分历史, 我们只是站在黑暗中 |
| 601 | and watched the lightning strike. | 看着闪电袭击 |
| 602 | We could not stop the blackouts. | 我们不能阻止停电。 |
| 603 | But today, the story changed. | 但今天,情况发生了变化。 |
| 604 | We are no longer just watching the storm. | 我们不再只是看风暴。 |
| 605 | We are finally learning how to wire the city ourselves. | 我们终于学会了如何自己给这座城市电线。 |
| 606 | We are building our own switches. | 我们正在建造自己的开关。 |
| 607 | It really is an amazing time for medical science. | 这确实是医学科学的惊人时刻。 |
| 608 | It absolutely is. | 这是绝对的。 |
| 609 | Thank you for joining us for this deep dive | 谢谢你加入我们的深潜 |
| 610 | into the future of medicine. | 进入医学的未来。 |
| 611 | Keep questioning the world and keep exploring. | 不断质疑世界,不断探索. |
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