你以为数据中心耗水是因为“降温”？彭博社：真正的大头在“供电
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:02 | So here we can see all of the liquid cooling infrastructure for the Grace Blackwell Rack. | 这里可以看到Grace Black拉克的所有液冷基础设施。 |
| 0:08 | Inside this Equinix data center in San Jose, California, there are hundreds of server racks, | 在加州圣何塞的Equinix数据中心里 有数百个服务器架 |
| 0:13 | some executing massive AI compute tasks for the company's renting space here | 一些执行大规模AI计算的任务 公司在这里租房 |
| 0:17 | to run thousands of graphics and central processing units. | 运行数千个图形和中央处理单元。 |
| 0:21 | There are eight GPU racks in here, and each rack has 72 GPUs inside of it. | 这里有8个GPU机架,每个机架内部有72个GPU. |
| 0:26 | And all those chips get caught under heavy workloads. | 那些芯片都被困在繁重的工作量中。 |
| 0:29 | A server can boil your eggs. | 一个服务器可以煮你的鸡蛋。 |
| 0:31 | They are like raining at 80 degrees Celsius. | 他们就像在80摄氏度下雨 |
| 0:34 | The chips themselves would melt down if they weren't continuously cooled. | 芯片本身会融化 如果它们没有持续冷却。 |
| 0:40 | And keeping these chips cool requires a lot of water and power, | 保持这些芯片的冷却需要大量的水和电力, |
展开字幕全文（128 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | So here we can see all of the liquid cooling infrastructure for the Grace Blackwell Rack. | 这里可以看到Grace Black拉克的所有液冷基础设施。 |
| 2 | Inside this Equinix data center in San Jose, California, there are hundreds of server racks, | 在加州圣何塞的Equinix数据中心里 有数百个服务器架 |
| 3 | some executing massive AI compute tasks for the company's renting space here | 一些执行大规模AI计算的任务 公司在这里租房 |
| 4 | to run thousands of graphics and central processing units. | 运行数千个图形和中央处理单元。 |
| 5 | There are eight GPU racks in here, and each rack has 72 GPUs inside of it. | 这里有8个GPU机架,每个机架内部有72个GPU. |
| 6 | And all those chips get caught under heavy workloads. | 那些芯片都被困在繁重的工作量中。 |
| 7 | A server can boil your eggs. | 一个服务器可以煮你的鸡蛋。 |
| 8 | They are like raining at 80 degrees Celsius. | 他们就像在80摄氏度下雨 |
| 9 | The chips themselves would melt down if they weren't continuously cooled. | 芯片本身会融化 如果它们没有持续冷却。 |
| 10 | And keeping these chips cool requires a lot of water and power, | 保持这些芯片的冷却需要大量的水和电力, |
| 11 | which is a major reason why there's a national backlash against AI data centers. | 这也是国家反对AI数据中心的主要原因。 |
| 12 | Backlash against data centers growing across the country. | 全国各地对数据中心的反弹不断增长。 |
| 13 | 71% of respondents said they would oppose the construction of a data center in their local area. | 71%的受访者表示会反对在本地建设数据中心. |
| 14 | Backlash is also growing around power, water costs, who pays. | 反弹也在增长 围绕电力,水费,谁支付。 |
| 15 | Local and state leaders are hitting pause on new projects. | 当地和州领导人正在暂停新项目。 |
| 16 | The rate payers, both electrical and water, have seen their rates be shot up. | 电费和水费的支付者都看到其收费率上升。 |
| 17 | They don't want to have to pay for these data centers to be there. | 他们不想为了这些数据中心而花钱 |
| 18 | The largest data centers can use up to five million gallons per day. | 最大的数据中心每天可使用500万加仑。 |
| 19 | That's what a small town of up to 50,000 might use. | 5万块的小镇可能就用这个 |
| 20 | A few data centers are using that much water, | 几个数据中心在用这么多的水 |
| 21 | but most of the communities in the U.S. don't have the infrastructure to support that demand. | 但美国大部分社区都没有支持这一需求的基础设施. |
| 22 | But not all data centers and ways of keeping them cool are created equal. | 但并非所有的数据中心和保持它们凉爽的方法都是平等的。 |
| 23 | These servers are liquid cooled in a closed-loop system, | 这些服务器在闭路系统中冷却 |
| 24 | but liquid cooling is only the start of the water and power equation | 但液体冷却只是水和动力方程的开始 |
| 25 | because the facility still has to get rid of the heat that's been absorbed by the liquid. | 因为设施仍然必须消除被液体吸收的热量. |
| 26 | How a data center does that is what really determines consumption rates. | 数据中心怎么做到的才是真正决定消费率的。 |
| 27 | This closed-loop system itself doesn't necessarily mean the data center doesn't use water. | 这种闭路系统本身并不一定意味着数据中心不使用水. |
| 28 | How do we reject the heat from the closed-loop to the ambient environment? | 我们如何拒绝从闭路到环境的热? |
| 29 | That's where the water usage comes in. | 水的用量就在这里 |
| 30 | From dry cooling to evaporative cooling towers and hybrid solutions in between, | 从干冷却到蒸发式冷却塔和混合溶液之间, |
| 31 | we visited data centers around the country and ship plants that need even more water | 我们参观了全国各地的数据中心和需要更多水的船厂 |
| 32 | to find out how data centers really use water, | 找出数据中心如何真正使用水, |
| 33 | what liquid cooling looks like, and where the companies running the biggest AI workloads have room to improve. | 液体冷却是什么样子的 管理最大AI工作量的公司还有改进的余地 |
| 34 | Inside data centers with closed-loop systems, | 内部数据中心有闭路系统, |
| 35 | hyperscalers often label their cooling systems as using zero water for a majority of the year. | 超标器经常将其冷却系统标注为全年大部分时间使用零水. |
| 36 | What they're not taking into account is once that heat is moved off the chip, | 他们不考虑的是一旦热量从芯片上移走 |
| 37 | it has to get moved out of the building, and that part takes water and power. | 它必须搬出大楼 这部分需要水和电 |
| 38 | In fact, saving water often means using more power for cooling. | 事实上,节水往往意味着使用更多的动力进行冷却. |
| 39 | There's no sort of silver bullet, but at some point you need to eject that heat out to the atmosphere, | 虽然没有银弹 但有时你需要把热量射出大气层 |
| 40 | and that's where those trade-offs occur. | 交易就是在这里发生的 |
| 41 | But inside the servers that zero water use is largely right. | 但是在服务器内部,零用水基本上是正确的。 |
| 42 | Once a closed-loop system is filled up, no more water is consumed in this part of the process, | 一旦一个闭路系统被填满, 不再消耗水 在这部分过程, |
| 43 | keeping those chips inside the servers cool. | 让服务器里面的芯片保持冷静 |
| 44 | This is one of the 18 compute trays. | 这是18个计算托盘之一。 |
| 45 | The GPUs sit underneath these copper cold plates that have liquid running through them to remove the heat from the system. | GPU坐在这些铜冷板下,这些铜冷板有液体流过它们以去除系统的热量. |
| 46 | 这是AMD的Helios, NVIDIA唯一真正的竞争者 工业领先的架子Vera Rubin和Grace Blackwell, | |
| 47 | and both companies designed their latest systems so they can be entirely liquid-cooled. | 两家公司都设计了最新系统 以便能完全冷却液体 |
| 48 | This is a cooling distribution unit that takes chilled water in from the facility, filters it, pumps it, | 这是一个冷却分配单元 从设施中取冷水 过滤它,泵它, |
| 49 | and distributes it to all of the Helios racks, keeping them cool. | 并分发到所有赫利俄斯的架子上,使之保持冷静。 |
| 50 | We're doing about 750 gallons per minute of chilled water, but unlike some cooling systems, | 我们每分钟做750加仑的冷却水 但不像一些冷却系统 |
| 51 | this one is completely closed-loop, and so it's not a drain upon the resources. | 这个是完全封闭的,所以它不是资源消耗。 |
| 52 | The biggest advantage of liquid cooling, however, comes from just how quickly it can bring chip temperatures down | 然而,液体冷却的最大优势在于 它能快速降低芯片温度 |
| 53 | so they can get back to work. | 这样他们就可以回去工作了 |
| 54 | Water is about 3,000 times more effective than air at removing heat from the chips. | 在去除芯片的热量时,水比空气有效约3000倍. |
| 55 | Therefore, you're able to increase the density in the same footprint. | 因此,你可以提高密度 在同一脚印。 |
| 56 | 建有巨型千兆瓦加网站,为SpaceX AI,OpenAI,Google,Meta,亚马逊等大型单一公司管理AI工作量. | |
| 57 | Then there's colocation data centers like this one. | 还有这样的一个数据中心 |
| 58 | Equinix, a big beneficiary of the AI boom, provides the building, power, network connections, | Equinix,AI繁荣的一大受益者,提供建筑,动力,网络连接, |
| 59 | and cooling to companies renting space for their server racks, | 和冷却公司租 空间的服务器架, |
| 60 | 就像这些NVIDIA Blackwell的架子由NVIDIA支持的AI软件启动Alembic拥有. | |
| 61 | So we went to an Equinix data center where these servers are running real workloads today | 所以我们去了一个Equinix数据中心 这些服务器今天正在运行真正的工作量 |
| 62 | to see how this looks when the systems are powered on. | 以观察系统启动时的情况。 |
| 63 | So these white pipes that are coming in are coming from our facility. | 所以,这些白色的管道 即将进入 我们的设施。 |
| 64 | So it's our chilled water infrastructure. | 所以这是我们冷水的基础设施。 |
| 65 | And then it goes across a heat exchanger plate. | 然后它穿过一个热交换器板。 |
| 66 | So that's how we're able to maintain the temperature and flow of the stainless steel piping that's distributed to each of the racks. | 这样我们才能维持分布在每一个架子上的不锈钢管的温度和流量. |
| 67 | This Equinix data center in San Jose is on a closed-loop system, but it does still consume water. | 这个位于圣何塞的Equinix数据中心在闭路系统上,但它仍然消耗着水. |
| 68 | Like many data center operators, Equinix doesn't disclose water consumption at individual sites like this. | 与许多数据中心运营商一样,Equinix没有披露类似单个站点的水消耗. |
| 69 | In 2025, though, all Equinix operations consumed 1.2 billion gallons of water, | 不过在2025年 Equinix的所有操作 消耗了12亿加仑的水 |
| 70 | up 10% from 2024. | 从2024年开始提高10%。 |
| 71 | We're in 77 metros. | 我们在77米。 |
| 72 | And our entire global water footprint is the equivalent of about 16 18-hole golf courses in the southwestern United States. | 我们整个全球的水足迹 相当于美国西南部 约16个18洞高尔夫球场。 |
| 73 | One of the leading suppliers of liquid cooling equipment to giants like NVIDIA and AMD is Cool IT. | 向NVIDIA和AMD等巨头提供液体冷却设备的主要供应商之一是Cool IT. |
| 74 | All the cold plates, the heat exchangers, and the connecting tissue between them, we've done that for 25 years. | 所有的冷板,热交换器, 和它们之间的连接组织, 我们已经做了25年。 |
| 75 | Cool IT was acquired by water treatment company Ecolab for $4.75 billion in July, | Ecolab公司7月以47.5亿美元收购了酷IT, |
| 76 | as AI drives huge demand for an especially efficient system called direct-to-chip cooling. | 由于AI驱动着对一种叫做直向芯片冷却的特别高效系统的巨大需求. |
| 77 | Direct-to-chip cooling uses a coolant that includes glycol to help stop corrosion, freezing, or biological growth inside the highly sensitive systems. | 直接对芯片冷却使用一种包括甘醇在内的冷却剂,以帮助阻止高度敏感的系统内的腐蚀、冻结或生物生长。 |
| 78 | But it's still primarily made of water. | 但仍然以水为主. |
| 79 | Legacy data centers were often air-cooled, in which large, noisy fans push cool air through heat exchangers to carry the heat away. | 后遗症数据中心经常是空气冷却的,其中大型的,吵闹的风扇通过热交换器推压凉爽的空气,将热量带走. |
| 80 | Air-cooled is for, let's say, CPU-based servers, cloud servers, storage servers, networking equipment. | 空气冷却是用于,比如,基于CPU的服务器,云服务器,存储服务器,网络设备. |
| 81 | They only need air-cooled because their heat density is much lower than GPUs. | 它们只需要空气冷却,因为它们的热密度远低于GPU. |
| 82 | And for GPUs, due to the high power density, air-cooled system is not enough. | 而对于GPU来说,由于功率密度高,空气冷却系统是不够的. |
| 83 | They run at such a high wattage, a high temperature, you would need nearly hurricane-force winds to actually cool them down if you were just using air, which is why water is so effective. | 它们运行在这么高的瓦特,高温下, 你需要接近飓风强度的风, 来真正冷却它们, 如果你只是利用空气, 这就是为什么水是如此有效。 |
| 84 | Still, the sheer scale of this data center build-out has many residents worried. | 然而,这个数据中心的建成规模让许多居民担忧。 |
| 85 | More than 2,000 new data centers are planned in communities all across the country, on top of nearly 1,400 already in operation. | 计划在全国各社区建立2 000多个新的数据中心,其中1 400个中心已经开始运作。 |
| 86 | In many places, the water supply simply can't support up to 8 million daily gallons needed at peak times for a 1 gigawatt site like Meta's in Lebanon, Indiana. | 在很多地方,供水 根本无法满足800万加仑的每日需求 在高峰时期,一个1千兆瓦的遗址,像梅塔在黎巴嫩,印第安纳州。 |
| 87 | Because in reality, there's a big way water is still used, even when it's a closed-loop system. | 因为在现实中,水仍然被使用的方式很大,即使它是一个封闭式的loop系统. |
| 88 | That water has to get cooled back down using external cooling, a separate step from closed-loop systems inside the building. | 水必须用外部冷却来冷却 与大楼内部的闭路系统分开 |
| 89 | And it turns out the less water you use for this, the more power you need. | 结果发现你用的水越少,你需要的动力就越多。 |
| 90 | So let's talk about the options. | 所以,让我们谈谈选择。 |
| 91 | The simplest approach is just use the outside air. | 最简单的方法只是利用外面的空气. |
| 92 | It works pretty well in wintertime when the air is cold. | 冬天空气冷的时候 效果还不错 |
| 93 | Using ambient air is indeed the least water-intensive method. | 使用环境空气确实是水耗最少的方法。 |
| 94 | Known as dry cooling, large fans blow air across heat exchangers, using that outside air to cool it down. | 被称为干冷却,大型风扇吹过热交换器的空气,利用外面的空气冷却. |
| 95 | Those fans don't work so well when the outside temperature is high, and that's when power-hungry cooling units, similar to household AC, need to kick on. | 这些风扇在外表温度高时效果不好,这时,与家用AC相似的渴望动力的冷却装置需要启动. |
| 96 | That's a very power-intensive process, and that's exactly why we have power shortages in the summer, because everybody else turns on their AC. | 这是一个非常耗电的过程, 正因为如此,我们才在夏天缺电, 因为其他人都会打开他们的空调。 |
| 97 | Evaporative cooling is the most water-intensive method, because water is lost in evaporation. | 蒸发式冷却是水费最高的方法,因为水在蒸发中丢失. |
| 98 | The hot water circulates through cooling towers or over wet pads that are exposed to air, and the portion that evaporates carries the heat away with it. | 热水通过冷却塔或暴露在空气中的湿垫循环,蒸发的部分随热而去. |
| 99 | In between those two extremes, hybrid methods are common as companies try to find a balance, | 在这两种极端之间,混合方法很常见,因为公司试图找到平衡, |
| 100 | such as dry cooling in the colder months and evaporative cooling when it's hot outside, | 例如,在较冷的月份里干燥冷却,在外热时蒸发冷却, |
| 101 | or a fine mist of water is sprayed to cool the incoming air before it passes through the dry cooling system. | 或喷洒细薄的水雾,在经过干燥冷却系统之前冷却进入的空气. |
| 102 | There are data centers in Texas and in Phoenix where it's 100 degrees during the day. | 德克萨斯州和凤凰城有数据中心 白天在百度 |
| 103 | They have the land to provide to the data centers, but they really are not the environment the data centers should be in. | 它们拥有向数据中心提供土地的土地,但它们实际上不是数据中心应当进入的环境。 |
| 104 | Companies often build water treatment plants to help treat and recycle the necessary water, | 公司经常建造水处理厂,以帮助处理和再循环必要的水, |
| 105 | like one promised by Elon Musk in Memphis that's meant to turn treated municipal wastewater into cooling water for SpaceX AI's Colossus data centers. | 就像Elon Musk在孟菲斯承诺的 要把经处理的城市废水 变成SpaceX AI Colossus数据中心的冷却水 |
| 106 | While Colossus 1 came online rapidly back in 2024, construction on the water treatment plant has stalled. | 虽然Colossus 1在2024年迅速上线,但水处理厂的建设却停滞不前. |
| 107 | Colossus is allocated up to 1.28 million gallons of water per day, and reports indicate it uses an average of 800,000 gallons per day. | Colossus每天分配多达128万加仑的水,报告显示它平均每天使用80万加仑的水. |
| 108 | As more data centers turn to water-efficient cooling methods, more power is needed. | 随着更多的数据中心转向节水冷却方法,需要更多的电力。 |
| 109 | That's in addition to the power needed to run all the servers and equipment. | 这也是运行所有服务器和设备所需的功率之外. |
| 110 | It's why new data centers will account for most of the projected increase in electricity demand over the next decade, | 这就是为什么新的数据中心 将占未来十年电力需求增长的大部分 |
| 111 | and why tech companies are building their own power plants, which also use a lot of water. | 以及为什么技术公司正在建造自己的电厂,这些电厂也大量使用水. |
| 112 | At the end of the day, cooling the massive projects needed to supply the AI boom currently requires either a large amount of water or power. | 归根结底,冷却提供AI繁荣所需的大规模项目目前需要大量水或电力. |
| 113 | There are, however, companies working hard on ways to make it better. | 但是,有些公司正在努力设法使其更好。 |
| 114 | One idea? | 一个主意? |
| 115 | Make the chips themselves run less hot. | 让芯片自己跑得更慢 |
| 116 | Lokwon Kim's South Korean chip startup, DeepX, makes a low-power AI processor that runs so cool it doesn't even melt butter placed on top, as shown in a demo filmed by DeepX. | Lokwon Kim的韩国芯片启动DeepX制造了一个低功率的AI处理器,运行的酷,甚至没有融化放在顶部的黄油,如DeepX拍摄的演示片所示. |
| 117 | We load, and then we just put the butter on. | 我们装货 然后把黄油穿上 |
| 118 | Every chip melted each butter, except for DeepX chip. | 每个芯片都融化了每个黄油,除了深X芯片. |
| 119 | Hyundai Motor Group Robotics Lab has announced that this year their first commercialized robots will use our chips. | 现代汽车集团机器人实验室宣布,今年他们的首个商业化机器人将使用我们的芯片. |
| 120 | Lower heat chips are also in the works at SK Hynex, the world's leading maker of high bandwidth memory crucial for AI. | 下热芯片也出现在SK Hynex的作品中,SK Hynex是世界上对AI至关重要的高带宽内存的主要制造者. |
| 121 | Its next generation, iHBM, is designed specifically to reduce heat generation, which would lower the water or power needed for cooling. | 其下一代iHBM是专门为降低热量而设计的,这将降低冷却所需的水或电量. |
| 122 | At CoolIT, it's working on getting the liquid even closer to the chips. | 在CoolIT公司,它正在努力使液体更接近芯片. |
| 123 | There's some really cool instances of water almost in the chip or just on top of the chip. | 芯片上或芯片顶部都有一些非常酷的水的例子。 |
| 124 | That's all about being able to deliver even warmer water to the data center and continuing this ride towards ever more efficient use of liquid cooling in data centers. | 也就是能够向数据中心提供更温暖的水 并继续在数据中心更有效地使用液体冷却。 |
| 125 | And at data centers like Equinix, efficient water use is crucial, as AI workloads and business from customers continues to grow. | 而像Equinix这样的数据中心,高效的用水至关重要,因为人工智能的工作量和来自客户的业务持续增长. |
| 126 | At Equinix, we take it very, very seriously. | 在Equinix,我们非常,非常认真。 |
| 127 | Communities rightly have begun to ask the right questions. | 社区开始提出正确问题是正确的。 |
| 128 | Data centers consume energy, they consume resources like water, but they also provide a very critical function to modern society. | 数据中心消耗能源,消耗水等资源,但也为现代社会提供了非常关键的功能. |
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