TED演讲：努力工作真的能让你成为一个好人吗？
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:04 | Imagine for a second that your job was made redundant | 想象一下,你的工作是多余的 |
| 0:07 | by an advanced piece of software | 由高级软件制作 |
| 0:09 | that could do the work at the same level of quality for free. | 可以免费在同等质量水平上完成这项工作。 |
| 0:15 | But you happen to have three years left on a guaranteed contract, | 但你碰巧有三年的 合同保证, |
| 0:18 | and so your employer gives you two options. | 所以你的雇主给你两个选择 |
| 0:21 | Either you can keep getting paid as per your contract | 要么按照合同继续领钱 |
| 0:24 | but stay home as the software does your job, | 但当软件完成你的工作时 留在家里 |
| 0:28 | or you can keep going in and doing the work | 或者你可以继续工作 |
| 0:31 | that could have been audited | 本来可以审计的 |
| 0:33 | for the same money. | 为了同样的钱。 |
展开字幕全文（237 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Imagine for a second that your job was made redundant | 想象一下,你的工作是多余的 |
| 2 | by an advanced piece of software | 由高级软件制作 |
| 3 | that could do the work at the same level of quality for free. | 可以免费在同等质量水平上完成这项工作。 |
| 4 | But you happen to have three years left on a guaranteed contract, | 但你碰巧有三年的 合同保证, |
| 5 | and so your employer gives you two options. | 所以你的雇主给你两个选择 |
| 6 | Either you can keep getting paid as per your contract | 要么按照合同继续领钱 |
| 7 | but stay home as the software does your job, | 但当软件完成你的工作时 留在家里 |
| 8 | or you can keep going in and doing the work | 或者你可以继续工作 |
| 9 | that could have been audited | 本来可以审计的 |
| 10 | for the same money. | 为了同样的钱。 |
| 11 | What would you do? | 你会怎么做? |
| 12 | Now, most of you, I'm sure this is a no-brainer. | 现在,你们大多数人,我敢肯定,这是一个没有头脑。 |
| 13 | Take the money, go home, watch TED Talks. | 带钱回家看TED演讲 |
| 14 | But there's always some who would choose to keep working. | 但总有人会选择继续工作 |
| 15 | What do you think of those people? | 你觉得那些人怎么样? |
| 16 | What does it say about their character? | 他们的性格怎么说? |
| 17 | This is a scenario about a hypothetical medical scribe named Jeff | 这是假想的医生Jeff的情景 |
| 18 | that we gave to our research participants. | 我们给了我们的研究参与者。 |
| 19 | For half the people in the study, the story ends with Jeff choosing to go home, | 对于一半的人 在书房,故事结束 杰夫选择回家, |
| 20 | and for the other half, it ends with him choosing to keep working. | 而对于另一半,它结束 他选择继续工作。 |
| 21 | And then we asked everybody what they thought of Jeff. | 然后我们问每个人 他们怎么看杰夫。 |
| 22 | Those who heard about the Jeff who kept working | 听说杰夫继续工作的人 |
| 23 | saw him as less competent. | 认为他能力差。 |
| 24 | He does seem like a bit of a chump. | 他确实有点傻 |
| 25 | But they also saw him as warmer and more moral, | 但他们也认为他更温暖 更道德, |
| 26 | somebody who could be trusted to do the right thing. | 有人可以信任 做正确的事情。 |
| 27 | They saw him as a good person. | 他们把他当成一个好人 |
| 28 | Even though Jeff added no extra value, | 虽然杰夫没有增加额外的价值, |
| 29 | people saw him as virtuous for choosing to keep plugging away. | 人们把他看成是善于选择继续插管的人 |
| 30 | Why is it that we see mere effort as moral? | 为什么我们仅仅把努力看作是道德的? |
| 31 | I'm a psychology professor at the University of British Columbia | 我是不列颠哥伦比亚大学的心理学教授 |
| 32 | where I study morality. | 在那里我学习道德 |
| 33 | I've worked on religion and morality, | 我研究过宗教和道德 |
| 34 | I've worked on driverless cars and morality, | 我研究过无驾驶汽车和道德 |
| 35 | but recently, my collaborators and I have been working on work itself. | 但最近,我和我的合作者 一直在工作本身。 |
| 36 | And in study after study, | 在学习后, |
| 37 | we find that people attach moral worth to effort, | 我们发现人们把道德价值放在努力上, |
| 38 | regardless of what that effort produces. | 无论这种努力产生什么效果。 |
| 39 | So in another study, | 所以在另一项研究中 |
| 40 | we asked people about two widget makers. | 我们问人们关于两个部件制造厂。 |
| 41 | They produce the same number of widgets in the same amount of time | 它们在相同时间内产生相同数量的部件 |
| 42 | at the same level of quality, | 同等质量, |
| 43 | but for one of them, it takes a lot more effort to do so. | 但对于其中之一来说,要做到这一点需要付出更多的努力。 |
| 44 | People see that harder-working widget maker | 人们看到那更勤奋的部件制造者 |
| 45 | as, again, less competent, | 同样 能力更差 |
| 46 | but again, more moral. | 再说一遍,更道德一点 |
| 47 | And if you had to choose just one of those two | 如果你只选择其中之一 |
| 48 | as a cooperation partner, | 作为合作伙伴, |
| 49 | you would choose the one who struggles. | 你会选择一个挣扎的人。 |
| 50 | We call this effort moralization, | 我们称之为道德化的努力, |
| 51 | and it doesn't appear to just be a North American thing. | 这似乎不只是北美的事情。 |
| 52 | Work norms, of course, differ around the world, | 当然,工作规范 世界各地不同, |
| 53 | but we replicated our original American result in South Korea, | 但我们在韩国复制了我们最初的美国成果 |
| 54 | which is known by the numbers | 数字所知道的 |
| 55 | to be one of the hardest-working countries in the OECD, | 作为经合组织内最努力的国家之一, |
| 56 | and in France, | 在法国 |
| 57 | which is known for other strengths. | 以其他优势著称。 |
| 58 | (*Laughter*) | (* 笑声*) |
| 59 | In all of these places, | 在所有这些地方, |
| 60 | the harder-working person was seen as more moral | 工作困难的人 被视为更道德 |
| 61 | and a better cooperation partner, | 和一个更好的合作伙伴, |
| 62 | even though they added no extra value. | 即使它们没有增加额外的价值。 |
| 63 | And it looks like this is something broader than, say, the Protestant work ethic. | 这看起来比新教的工作道德还要广泛。 |
| 64 | Even the Hadza people, hunter-gatherers in Tanzania, | 甚至哈扎人 坦桑尼亚的狩猎采集者 |
| 65 | show something like it. | 显示类似的东西。 |
| 66 | When asked what qualities contribute to good character, | 当被问及什么品质有助于品格良好时, |
| 67 | they didn't agree on very much, but they did agree on two things. | 他们没有非常同意,但他们确实同意两件事。 |
| 68 | Generosity and hard work. | 慷慨而勤劳. |
| 69 | So this intuitive connection between effort and morality | 所以,这种直觉的联系 在努力和道德 |
| 70 | doesn't appear to be the quirk of any one culture, | 似乎不是任何一种文化的怪异, |
| 71 | but potentially something very deep indeed. | 但却有很深的潜质 |
| 72 | Now, effort moralization makes sense at the individual level. | 现在,努力的道德化在个人层面是有意义的。 |
| 73 | Somebody who's willing to show that they will put effort | 愿意证明自己会努力的人 |
| 74 | into even meaningless tasks, | 变成毫无意义的任务, |
| 75 | maybe even especially into meaningless tasks, | 也许甚至进入毫无意义的任务, |
| 76 | is somebody who's more likely to help you out. | 是更可能帮你的人 |
| 77 | So I have a friend from work, Paul. | 所以我有个同事,保罗 |
| 78 | Paul is an uncommonly charismatic man. | 保罗是个异常有魅力的人 |
| 79 | Paul wears stylish pairs of raw denim jeans, | 保罗穿着时髦的牛仔裤 |
| 80 | and Paul buys expensive bars of soap, | 保罗买了昂贵的肥皂条, |
| 81 | $60 bars of soap. | 60块肥皂 |
| 82 | And Paul is one of those types who wakes up every morning and goes running. | 保罗是那种每天早上醒来跑步的人 |
| 83 | And when I first heard this, | 当我第一次听到这个, |
| 84 | I sort of rolled my eyes at this being one of those Mr. | 我有点在眼里是那种人 |
| 85 | Perfect things. | 完美的东西。 |
| 86 | Actually, Dr. | 其实,博士。 |
| 87 | Perfect in this case. | 这个案子很完美 |
| 88 | But then one day, I saw Paul on one of his morning runs. | 但有一天,我看见保罗 在一个早晨跑。 |
| 89 | And instead of seeing a sleek Type A personality | 而不是看到一个Sleek A型人格 |
| 90 | confidently striding through life, | 自信地在一生中断绝, |
| 91 | I saw Paul struggling in an inelegant hobble | 我看见保罗在低俗的舞步中挣扎 |
| 92 | with a grotesque grimace of something between annoyance and agony on his face. | 他脸上的烦恼和痛苦之间 有着一股怪异的黑暗 |
| 93 | Running was hard for him. | 他很难逃命 |
| 94 | Every morning was effort. | 每天早上都努力着 |
| 95 | And the person who's willing to wake up for that, day after day, | 愿意醒来的人 日复一日 |
| 96 | is the kind of person you want in your corner. | 是那种你想要的人 在你的角落。 |
| 97 | And Paul is in mine. | 保罗是我的 |
| 98 | He's not just the inspiration behind some of the studies in this research, | 他不仅仅是研究的灵感所在 |
| 99 | he is a collaborator on them as well. | 他也是他们的同谋 |
| 100 | And he's a good man. | 则善男子. |
| 101 | The truth is, we're all in the market for finding the best collaborators in life, | 事实上,我们都在市场上 寻找最好的合作者 |
| 102 | and we're trying to show others that we are that person as well. | 我们试图向其他人证明我们也是那个人。 |
| 103 | The evolutionary psychologists call this partner choice. | 进化心理学家称这种伴侣选择. |
| 104 | Just as we're trying to be and select the best romantic partners, | 就像我们试图成为 和选择最好的浪漫伴侣, |
| 105 | we're also trying to be and select the best cooperation partners. | 我们还试图成为和选择最好的合作伙伴。 |
| 106 | We're all trying to surround ourselves with people | 我们都在试图把人包围起来 |
| 107 | who will help us out in the pinch, | 他将帮助我们, |
| 108 | who won't slack off, | 谁不会松懈, |
| 109 | who will share things fairly. | 他们将公平分享。 |
| 110 | And as a result, any quality which makes you a better cooperation partner, | 因此,任何质量 让你成为一个更好的合作伙伴, |
| 111 | say generosity or self-control or hard work, | 说慷慨或自控或勤劳, |
| 112 | is seen as a moral quality. | 被视为道德品质。 |
| 113 | And so we have this simple heuristic. | 所以,我们有一个简单的热力。 |
| 114 | People who work hard are good. | 勤劳者善. |
| 115 | It's why you're more likely to donate to your friend | 这就是为什么你更有可能 捐给你的朋友 |
| 116 | who pledges to run a marathon for cancer research | 保证为癌症研究举办马拉松 |
| 117 | than your other friend who pledges to watch a Sex and the City marathon | 而不是你另一个承诺看"性"和"城市马拉松"的朋友 |
| 118 | for the same cause. | 同样的事业。 |
| 119 | But what makes sense at the individual level | 但个人层面有什么意义 |
| 120 | can still become very problematic when scaled up to the societal level. | 如果扩大到社会一级,仍会变得很成问题。 |
| 121 | Our intuition that effort is good for its own sake, | 我们的直觉是努力是好的, |
| 122 | regardless of what it produces, | 无论它产生什么, |
| 123 | has created a work environment with perverse incentives. | 创造了一种带有不正当动机的工作环境。 |
| 124 | So when we start attaching worth to activity rather than to productivity, | 所以当我们开始重视活动而不是生产力时, |
| 125 | we start caring more about whether somebody is a hard worker | 我们开始更关心 一个人是不是一个艰苦的工作 |
| 126 | than whatever it is that that work was supposed to achieve. | 而不是那本该完成的 |
| 127 | And this can come at a very steep human cost. | 这会付出巨大的人力代价。 |
| 128 | So you'll remember our example of Jeff, the medical scribe, | 所以,你会记得我们的例子杰夫, 医生文士, |
| 129 | who chose to throw his time into the volcano | 选择把时间投入火山 |
| 130 | as a sacrifice to the gods of hard work. | 作为对勤劳神的牺牲. |
| 131 | That was just a contrived scenario. | 这只是一个预想。 |
| 132 | But how many Jeffs are out there, | 但有多少杰夫 在那里, |
| 133 | taking time that could have been spent on love or on leisure, | 花在爱情或休闲上的时间 |
| 134 | and spending it on signaling effort? | 用它来示警吗? |
| 135 | And how often are we, Jeff, | 我们有多频繁,杰夫 |
| 136 | wearing workaholism as a badge of honor, | 穿着工作服作为荣誉的徽章, |
| 137 | a way to reassure people that we are a good person, | 以此向人们保证我们是个好人 |
| 138 | even if the person that you're just trying to reassure is yourself? | 即使你只是想安抚自己? |
| 139 | The anthropologist David Graeber | 人类学家大卫·格雷伯 |
| 140 | wondered how capitalism could sustain so many of what he bluntly called | 想知道资本主义怎么能维持这么多 他直言不讳的称呼 |
| 141 | bullshit jobs. | 废话的工作。 |
| 142 | These are jobs in which even the people doing the work | 这些是工作,甚至工作的人 |
| 143 | see it as pointless, | 视其为无意义, |
| 144 | accomplishing nothing of societal worth. | 毫无社会价值 |
| 145 | A capitalistic system should root out those inefficiencies, | 资本主义制度应该根除这些效率低下的现象, |
| 146 | but it doesn't. | 但它没有。 |
| 147 | And the reason it doesn't is because alongside capitalism, | 原因不在于资本主义 |
| 148 | we also operate under another system, | 我们还在另一个系统中运作, |
| 149 | what the journalist Derek Thompson calls workism. | 记者德里克·汤普森所说的工作主义 |
| 150 | Workism is about your job not just being the source of your paycheck, | 工作主义是指你的工作 不仅仅是你薪水的来源 |
| 151 | but the source of your identity and your pathway to self-actualization. | 但你的身份来源和自我实现的路径 |
| 152 | Now, that works for some people, | 这对有些人是有用的 |
| 153 | but what makes workism a culture | 但是什么使工作主义成为文化 |
| 154 | is that we all get forced to participate. | 我们被迫参加。 |
| 155 | Partner choice is not just about being a good cooperation partner, | 伙伴的选择不仅仅是要成为一个良好的合作伙伴, |
| 156 | but a better cooperation partner than the next guy, | 但合作伙伴比下一个家伙更好, |
| 157 | not just hardworking, but harderworking. | 不仅努力工作,而且努力工作。 |
| 158 | And this can create these arms races of workism. | 这可以制造这些工作主义的军备竞赛。 |
| 159 | So you can imagine two office workers, | 所以你可以想象两个办公室工作人员 |
| 160 | both keen to show how industrious they are, | 两人都热衷于展示他们有多勤奋 |
| 161 | both keen to be the first car in the parking lot in the morning. | 都想成为早上停车场的第一辆车 |
| 162 | And so they start one-upping each other | 于是他们开始互相攻击 |
| 163 | by arriving earlier and earlier and earlier in the morning. | 早、早、早 |
| 164 | And everybody else just seems like more of a slacker every day. | 其他人似乎每天都更懒 |
| 165 | The culture punishes us for not keeping up, | 文化惩罚我们没有跟上 |
| 166 | and so we end up putting more and more in, | 所以,我们最终投入了越来越多的, |
| 167 | regardless of what comes out the other side. | 不管从另一边出来什么 |
| 168 | And the culture maintains the most laborious aspects of our jobs | 文化维持着我们最辛苦的工作 |
| 169 | because it most appreciates us when it sees us putting in that labor. | 因为它最欣赏我们 当它看到我们把 劳动力。 |
| 170 | And as a consequence, every other aspect of our job and our lives, | 结果,我们的工作和生活的其他方面 |
| 171 | however great, | 无论多么伟大, |
| 172 | is made just a little less important. | 变得不那么重要了 |
| 173 | Now, this is not an argument against hard work. | 现在,这不是反对辛勤工作的论点。 |
| 174 | It's not. | 这不是。 |
| 175 | Hard work can be extremely meaningful when it serves a purpose. | 艰苦的工作如果能够达到目的,就可能极其有意义。 |
| 176 | Hard work built civilization. | 艰苦奋斗建设文明. |
| 177 | But how much of the effort we spend now | 但是我们现在花费了多少精力 |
| 178 | is done to build nothing but our own moral reputations, | 为了建立我们自己的道德名声 |
| 179 | to just convince other people that we are hard workers? | 让别人相信我们是辛勤工作的人? |
| 180 | And how much of what we admire in others is just effort porn? | 在别人中我们所崇拜的只是努力色情片? |
| 181 | In one of his more candid moments, | 在他最坦率的时刻 |
| 182 | one of my graduate students said that he noticed | 我的一个研究生说他注意到了 |
| 183 | I would send emails out at all hours of the day, | 我会发电子邮件 在所有时间的一天, |
| 184 | 1 a.m., 2 a.m., 3 a.m. | 上午1时、2时、3时 |
| 185 | Now, this was because being a professor | 现在,这是因为作为一个教授 |
| 186 | allowed me to maintain an adolescent sleep schedule | 允许我保持一个青少年睡眠时间表 |
| 187 | deep into my 30s. | 深入我的30多岁。 |
| 188 | But what he then did was he got some app, | 但他后来做的是 他得到了一些应用, |
| 189 | which scheduled his replies to come to me at one or two in the morning, | 他安排他早上一两次来给我答复, |
| 190 | so as to make it seem like he was also working all hours of the day. | 这样看起来他整天都在工作 |
| 191 | I clearly sent the wrong message, | 我显然发了错误的信息, |
| 192 | so much so that my student was willing to delay the work | 以至于我的学生愿意推迟工作 |
| 193 | to make it seem like he was more industrious. | 让它看起来更勤奋 |
| 194 | It was literally bullshit work. | 简直是胡说八道 |
| 195 | I had to change my lab's culture. | 我不得不改变实验室的文化 |
| 196 | I had to convince my students | 我不得不说服学生 |
| 197 | that we weren't just about the show of work, | 我们不只是关于 工作秀, |
| 198 | but what we were actually producing. | 但实际上我们生产的东西。 |
| 199 | And it's not such a simple thing to do. | 且道不为甚么事. |
| 200 | The mental circuit that connects effort to morality | 将努力与道德联系起来的精神循环 |
| 201 | can be a stubborn one. | 可以是一个顽固的。 |
| 202 | When I teach about psychological biases to my intro psych students, | 当我教我的心理偏见 我的内科精神病学生, |
| 203 | I tell them that you can't always learn to resist a bias. | 我告诉他们你不能总是学会抵抗偏见 |
| 204 | They can be very deeply ingrained. | 它们可以非常深入地吸收。 |
| 205 | But you can learn to notice them, | 但你可以学会注意他们 |
| 206 | so that you can account for them when making important decisions. | 这样你就能在做出重要决定时 对他们负责 |
| 207 | We may not be able to break that mental circuit, | 我们可能无法打破精神循环 |
| 208 | but we can learn to recognize our biases, | 但我们可以学会认识到我们的偏见, |
| 209 | so they don't run our lives. | 这样他们就不会操控我们的生活 |
| 210 | There is a story, almost certainly apocryphal, | 有一个故事,几乎可以肯定的启示, |
| 211 | about perverse incentives in the era of British rule in India. | 在英国统治印度的时代, |
| 212 | Desperate to deal with the cobras that were overrunning colonial Delhi, | 渴望对付那些 占领了殖民地德里的眼镜蛇 |
| 213 | a bounty was put up for every cobra skin that was brought in. | 每个眼镜蛇的皮肤都被悬赏了 |
| 214 | But the plan backfired, | 但计划反弹了 |
| 215 | because enterprising Indians started breeding more cobras | 因为有创意的印第安人开始繁衍更多的眼镜蛇 |
| 216 | to kill them, bring in the skins and collect the bounty. | 杀死他们, 带进皮肤和收集赏金。 |
| 217 | And when the government finally abandoned the plan, | 当政府最终放弃了这个计划 |
| 218 | as the story goes, | 如故事所说, |
| 219 | the breeders then released the cobras into the city, | 繁殖者们将眼镜蛇放入城市, |
| 220 | and the snake problem was worse than ever. | 蛇的问题比以前更糟 |
| 221 | Oops. | 哎哟 |
| 222 | The plan went awry because of the distance between what they wanted, | 由于他们想要的距离太远,这个计划变得很曲折, |
| 223 | which was fewer cobras, | 眼镜蛇更少, |
| 224 | and what they asked for, | 他们要求什么? |
| 225 | which was an imperfect signal of fewer cobras, | 这是眼镜蛇数量减少的不完美信号, |
| 226 | dead cobras. | 死眼镜蛇。 |
| 227 | But I fear we've done something very real | 但恐怕我们做了一些非常真实的事 |
| 228 | and very similar with work. | 和非常类似的工作。 |
| 229 | We have built a culture that asks for the wrong thing. | 我们建立了一种要求错误事物的文化。 |
| 230 | If all we ask from each other is the effort that we put in, | 如果我们彼此要求的只是我们的努力 |
| 231 | we will create a world full of effort | 我们将创造一个充满努力的世界 |
| 232 | and of hard labor | 和劳役, |
| 233 | and of cobras. | 和眼镜蛇。 |
| 234 | But if what we ask from each other is to produce something meaningful, | 但如果我们彼此要求的 是产生有意义的东西, |
| 235 | we will create a world full of meaning. | 我们将创造一个充满意义的世界。 |
| 236 | And what could be more moral than that? | 还有什么比这更道德的? |
| 237 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
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