TED演讲：世界能从中国的创新模式中学到什么？
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:04 | So, when I was born in China in the early 1980s, | 1980年代初我出生在中国时 |
| 0:08 | my country was still a place of scarcity. | 我国仍然是一个匮乏的地方。 |
| 0:11 | We lived on rationed food, cooked from communal kitchens, | 我们靠配给食物生活 从社区厨房做饭 |
| 0:15 | and even in Beijing, had three nights of blackouts every week. | 甚至在北京,每周都有三晚的停电 |
| 0:20 | I remember reading poems with my father by candlelight, | 我记得我和父亲在烛光下读诗 |
| 0:24 | a special memory from times when Chinese people had little. | 一个中国人很少的时代的特殊记忆. |
| 0:29 | And fast-forward three decades, | 和快速前进三十年, |
| 0:30 | China has turned into a country of abundance, | 中国已经变成富饶的国家 |
| 0:33 | especially when it comes to technological power. | 特别是当涉及到技术力量时。 |
| 0:37 | From high tech to business tech to everyday tech, | 从高科技到商业科技 到日常科技 |
展开字幕全文（229 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | So, when I was born in China in the early 1980s, | 1980年代初我出生在中国时 |
| 2 | my country was still a place of scarcity. | 我国仍然是一个匮乏的地方。 |
| 3 | We lived on rationed food, cooked from communal kitchens, | 我们靠配给食物生活 从社区厨房做饭 |
| 4 | and even in Beijing, had three nights of blackouts every week. | 甚至在北京,每周都有三晚的停电 |
| 5 | I remember reading poems with my father by candlelight, | 我记得我和父亲在烛光下读诗 |
| 6 | a special memory from times when Chinese people had little. | 一个中国人很少的时代的特殊记忆. |
| 7 | And fast-forward three decades, | 和快速前进三十年, |
| 8 | China has turned into a country of abundance, | 中国已经变成富饶的国家 |
| 9 | especially when it comes to technological power. | 特别是当涉及到技术力量时。 |
| 10 | From high tech to business tech to everyday tech, | 从高科技到商业科技 到日常科技 |
| 11 | there isn't anything you can't find, only things you can't imagine. | 没有什么是你找不到的 只有你无法想象的东西 |
| 12 | I can buy a can of Coke by scanning my face. | 我可以通过扫描我的脸来买一罐可乐 |
| 13 | A few years ago, I called for toothpaste from my hotel room, | 几年前,我叫牙膏 从我的酒店房间, |
| 14 | and it was delivered to me by a robot. | 是机器人送来的 |
| 15 | I've seen people live in remote Tibetan mountains, | 我见过有人住在遥远的西藏山区 |
| 16 | blast off cool music with Walkmans powered by solar cells. | 用太阳能电池驱动的随身随身听引爆酷酷音乐. |
| 17 | And Chinese solar technology light up homes for African kids | 而中国太阳能科技为非洲孩子点燃了家园 |
| 18 | who used to study by candlelight, just like me when I was growing up. | 曾经在烛光下学习过 就像我小时候一样 |
| 19 | So this striking swell of innovation happened | 所以这个惊人的 创新潮流发生了 |
| 20 | even though China remains a developing country | 虽然中国仍然是发展中国家 |
| 21 | with just a little more than $10,000 of per capita GDP. | 人均国内生产总值略高于1万美元。 |
| 22 | So today, I want to offer you a different lens to look through, | 所以今天 我想给你换个透镜 |
| 23 | one that shows a unique model | 显示一个独特的模型 |
| 24 | that has fostered innovation and technological growth. | 这促进了创新和技术增长。 |
| 25 | Now, the system is far from perfect, | 系统远非完美 |
| 26 | and like you, I worry about the rising tensions of the tech race and beyond, | 和你一样,我担心 科技赛和赛事的紧张程度不断上升 |
| 27 | but I also believe that, as in any relationship, | 但我也相信 就像任何关系 |
| 28 | a better understanding of each other | 更好地理解彼此 |
| 29 | is going to help us more likely to find common goals to work on | 将会帮助我们找到共同的目标 |
| 30 | rather than a downward spiral that harms all. | 而不是一个会伤害一切的螺旋下降 |
| 31 | So I'm an economist, | 我是经济学家 |
| 32 | straddling multiple worlds, as it turns out, | 跨越多个世界 事实证明 |
| 33 | one foot in London, where I do my research, | 在伦敦一英尺,在那里我做我的研究, |
| 34 | and one foot in China, where I spend time with my family | 和中国的一英尺,在那里我与我的家人在一起 |
| 35 | and also do a bit of work. | 还有做点工作 |
| 36 | And if I had a third foot, | 如果我有三脚, |
| 37 | it would be in the US, where I was educated. | 它会在美国, 我在那里接受教育。 |
| 38 | So I can totally see why there's so much misunderstanding and incomprehension | 我完全明白为什么有这么多的误解和不理解 |
| 39 | about this mega-country that has defied conventional wisdom. | 关于这个违背传统智慧的超级国家 |
| 40 | So let's start out with how China's innovating. | 因此,让我们从中国的创新方式开始. |
| 41 | Now, innovation isn't just about inventing the next new thing, | 现在,创新不只是 发明下一个新事物, |
| 42 | like the iPhone or 3D printing or sending people to Mars, | 比如iPhone或3D打印或派人去火星, |
| 43 | technologies that go from zero to one. | 从零到一的技术。 |
| 44 | It could be new applications, business models, | 可能是新的应用 商业模式 |
| 45 | better processes that lower costs. | 改进流程,降低成本。 |
| 46 | These one-to-n innovations are just as important. | 这些一对一的创新同样重要. |
| 47 | Whatever makes us leaner, cleaner and more productive all count. | 不管是什么让我们更瘦,更干净,更有成效。 |
| 48 | So TikTok might not be the first short video app, | 所以TikTok可能不是第一个短视频应用软件, |
| 49 | but it has garnered more than a billion users around the world. | 但它已经在全世界吸引了十亿多个用户。 |
| 50 | The Chinese EV company, BYD, didn't make the first prototype. | 中国EV公司BYD没有制造第一个原型机. |
| 51 | But compared to Tesla's price point, | 但与特斯拉的价点相比, |
| 52 | the $15,000 EV cats that I've taken with half a million kilometers of range | 我用50万公里的航程 |
| 53 | can meaningfully lead to lower emissions and mass adoption. | 能够有意义地减少排放量和大规模采用。 |
| 54 | And in the same way, | 同样, |
| 55 | Chinese mobile phones might not be as revolutionary as iPhone, | 中国手机可能不像iPhone那么革命, |
| 56 | but in African countries, their market share is well over half. | 但非洲国家的市场份额远超过一半。 |
| 57 | So this actually solves one big problem for developing countries, | 这实际上解决了发展中国家的一个大问题, |
| 58 | which is the lack of access to suitable technologies | 缺乏获得适当技术的机会 |
| 59 | that they can actually use. | 他们可以实际使用。 |
| 60 | And even if China doesn't do many zero-to-one technologies yet, | 即使中国还没有做很多零比一的技术 |
| 61 | at least not yet, | 至少还没有, |
| 62 | it doesn't mean that it can't master high tech, right? | 这并不意味着它不能掌握高科技 对吧? |
| 63 | It conducted the first quantum video call | 它进行了第一次量子视频通话 |
| 64 | and it launched the first drone that can carry a passenger in air. | 并发射了第一架无人机 可以在空中载客 |
| 65 | So let's go behind the scenes. | 故曰后场. |
| 66 | Now, yes, many of you would say China's got money, markets, talent | 现在,是的,你们很多人会说中国有钱,有市场,有人才 |
| 67 | and troves of data, | 和许多数据, |
| 68 | which is so critical in this information age. | 这在信息时代是如此关键。 |
| 69 | But it wasn't just that. | 但不只是这样 |
| 70 | Part of the success was also a whole-nation approach | 成功的一部分也是全民族办法 |
| 71 | or what they call a ju guo system. | 或者他们称之为ju guo系统。 |
| 72 | So turning an idea or scientific discovery into commercial success | 因此,将一个想法或科学发现转化为商业成功 |
| 73 | requires an innovation ecosystem. | 需要一个创新的生态系统。 |
| 74 | The collaboration of universities, national labs and industries, | 大学、国家实验室和工业界的合作, |
| 75 | not to mention enormous amount of funding | 更不用提大量资金 |
| 76 | that covers long and uncertain investment cycles. | 涵盖长期和不确定的投资周期。 |
| 77 | Now, many of you might think that groundbreaking technologies | 现在,很多人可能会认为 开创性的技术 |
| 78 | are the products of stars, | 是众星的产物, |
| 79 | the likes of Steve Jobs or Elon Musk. | 像史蒂夫・乔布斯或伊隆・穆斯克 |
| 80 | But every time you use the internet, the GPS, | 但每次你使用互联网,GPS, |
| 81 | or yell at your Alexa, | 或者对Alexa大吼大叫 |
| 82 | you have the US government to thank for. | 你让美国政府感谢。 |
| 83 | We often forget that the Apollo program, | 我们经常忘记阿波罗计划 |
| 84 | the Manhattan Project, | 曼哈顿计划, |
| 85 | even Japan's rise to semiconductor stardom | 甚至日本的半导体星系上升 |
| 86 | were all horizontal systems with critical state backing. | 这些系统都是横向的,有关键的国家支持。 |
| 87 | Now, China's ju guo system is an entire nation | 现在,中国的儒家制度是整个国家 |
| 88 | behind one strategic goal, | 在一个战略目标背后, |
| 89 | mobilizing national resources, casting the netwine, | 调动国家资源,铸造净酒, |
| 90 | not tallying costs. | 不计成本。 |
| 91 | And it's the same system that's used to reap | 也是用来收割的系统 |
| 92 | as many Olympic gold medals as possible. | 尽可能多的奥运会金牌. |
| 93 | And so thanks to this ecosystem, | 多亏了这个生态系统 |
| 94 | China became the largest consumer and producer of EVs | 中国成为EVs最大的消费者和生产者 |
| 95 | in less than a decade, | 在不到十年的时间里 |
| 96 | with more cars sold there than in the rest of the world combined in 2020. | 与2020年世界其他地方相比,那里销售的汽车总和更多。 |
| 97 | Now, in the West, | 现在在西方 |
| 98 | we often talk about nudging consumers to make better choices. | 我们经常谈论 裸体消费者 做出更好的选择。 |
| 99 | But in China, mass adoption of next-gen transportation | 但在中国,大规模采用下一代运输 |
| 100 | happened like that. | 事情是这样的 |
| 101 | Well, in part, thanks to the state | 这部分要归功于国家 |
| 102 | rolling out four million charging stations around the country, | 在全国推出四百万个充电站 |
| 103 | coordinating supply chains from battery makers | 协调电池制造商的供应链 |
| 104 | to control systems and manufacturers. | 控制系统和制造商。 |
| 105 | Today, there are 140,000 chargers in the US, | 今天,美国有14万个充电器, |
| 106 | in the entire country. | 整个国家。 |
| 107 | So that is kind of the whole-nation approach, | 因此,这是一种 整体方法, |
| 108 | but that's not actually the story I want to tell you. | 但这不是我想告诉你的故事 |
| 109 | There's an even more nuanced story that happens on the ground, | 有一个更细微的故事 发生在地面上, |
| 110 | and we call it the mayor economy. | 我们称之为市长经济。 |
| 111 | And it's a decentralized economic model | 这是一个分散的经济模式 |
| 112 | that galvanizes creativity from the ground up. | 激发创造力 |
| 113 | And contrary to popular perception, | 和大众的看法相反 |
| 114 | it isn't a centralized approach dominated by an almighty state. | 这不是一个以万能国家为主的集中式方法。 |
| 115 | And so here's how it works. | 因此,这里是这样运作的。 |
| 116 | So NIO is one of the top three EV companies in China. | 因此NIO是中国EV公司前三名之一. |
| 117 | Its cars are driven everywhere on the streets of Beijing and Shanghai. | 其车在北京和上海的街道上到处行驶. |
| 118 | Now, two years after it was listed on NASDAQ in 2018, | 2018年在纳斯达克上市两年后 |
| 119 | it was on the verge of bankruptcy. | 它濒临破产 |
| 120 | Now, at this point, | 现在,现在, |
| 121 | the local government of Hefei, | 黑菲地方政府, |
| 122 | a small town in eastern China with five million people, | 在中国东部的小镇,有500万人, |
| 123 | convinced it to move its headquarters there. | 说服它把总部搬到那里 |
| 124 | The local government injected a billion dollars | 当地政府注入了十亿美元 |
| 125 | in exchange for a 25 percent stake, | 以25%的股份作为交换 |
| 126 | arranged more loans for the company, | 为公司安排了更多的贷款, |
| 127 | and most importantly, | 最重要的是, |
| 128 | organized an entire supply chain around NIO. | 在NIO周围组织了整个供应链. |
| 129 | It took only a year before NIO's production grew by 81 percent, | NIO的产量只花了一年就增长了81%, |
| 130 | its market cap went from four to a hundred billion dollars, | 它的市场上限从40亿到1000亿美元 |
| 131 | and the local government of Hefei cashed out within a year, | 和合肥的地方政府 在一年内兑现, |
| 132 | and NIO's life was saved. | 和NIO的生命被拯救。 |
| 133 | And so for every local government behind a NIO, | 因此,对于每一个地方政府 在NIO背后, |
| 134 | there's another mayor behind a competitor. | 竞争者后面还有一位市长 |
| 135 | And there are literally hundreds of EV companies | 还有几百家EV公司 |
| 136 | vying for survival in ruthless competition. | 在残酷的竞争中求生存 |
| 137 | So if you are actually a promising tech company, | 所以,如果你实际上是一个有前途的技术公司, |
| 138 | local governments will move mountains to help. | 地方政府会移山去帮忙 |
| 139 | Remove red tape, check. | 删除繁体字, 请检查 。 |
| 140 | Find you more financing, check. | 找到更多的资金,检查。 |
| 141 | Get a job for your spouse, check. | 为你的配偶找份工作,检查。 |
| 142 | Piece of cake. | 小事一桩 |
| 143 | They are a one-stop shop, as they like to call themselves. | 他们是一站式商店,他们喜欢自称。 |
| 144 | Now, in the vigorous bid for Amazon's second headquarters, | 在亚马逊第二总部的激烈竞标中 |
| 145 | there were some creative offers. | 有一些创造性的提议。 |
| 146 | One state sent a giant cactus as a gift, | 有一个州送了一个巨大的仙人掌作为礼物 |
| 147 | another state offered to rename a town Amazon. | 另一个州提议重命名一个小镇亚马逊. |
| 148 | But it basically came to some tax breaks, | 但它基本上有一些减税, |
| 149 | not quite like what the Chinese mayors had to offer. | 并不像中国市长那样 |
| 150 | But of course, the US government is no stranger to supporting big-shot companies | 当然,美国政府支持大公司并不陌生 |
| 151 | 像SpaceX和Tesla,提供数十亿福利。 | |
| 152 | But in China, it's really this marriage between hypercharged local officials | 但是,在中国,这是真正的婚姻 当地官员充电 |
| 153 | and intrepid entrepreneurs of all ilk that is at the heart of its model. | 和无畏的企业家 所有Ilk是其模式的核心。 |
| 154 | And here's why. | 且道个甚么. |
| 155 | So the local government of Hefei, the one that made a killing with NIO? | 黑菲的地方政府 跟NIO一起杀人的那个? |
| 156 | Well, it wasn't just after the return on investment, per se. | 不仅仅是在投资回报之后 |
| 157 | But it was by alluring companies like NIO | 但这是通过诱导公司 像NIO |
| 158 | that is looking to create a mini Silicon Valley of sorts, | 想要创造一个微型硅谷, |
| 159 | an industrial clutter, a talent pool, | 工业杂货 人才库 |
| 160 | a flourishing retail and service industry. | 一个繁荣的零售和服务业。 |
| 161 | That gets them more jobs, more tax revenues. | 这让他们有更多的工作,更多的税收。 |
| 162 | And guess what? | 你猜怎么着? |
| 163 | Even the real estate and land they own are suddenly worth more, | 他们拥有的地产和土地 都值钱了 |
| 164 | all because of the economics of agglomeration and multiplier effects, | 所有由于经济学 凝聚和倍增效应, |
| 165 | because the local mayors are actually an equity stakeholder of the entire city. | 因为地方市长实际上是整个城市的公平利益相关者。 |
| 166 | So in sum, | 总之, |
| 167 | it's this political centralization and economic decentralization | 是这种政治集中制和经济权力下放 |
| 168 | that is actually a simple representation of China's model. | 这实际上是中国模式的简单体现。 |
| 169 | It's the same model used to urbanize, to grow and now to innovate. | 其模式与城市化,增长和现在的创新相同. |
| 170 | Now, for all of its successes, there were huge costs, I admit. | 现在,对于它的所有成功,我承认有巨大的代价。 |
| 171 | Waste left in the wake, inefficient investments, wrong bets. | 之后留下的浪费,投资效率低下,投注错误. |
| 172 | Now, some of these challenges are being addressed, thankfully, | 现在,其中一些挑战正在得到解决,幸亏, |
| 173 | like environmental degradation, | 像环境退化, |
| 174 | but there are others that remain in urgent need of fixing. | 但还有一些人仍然急需修复。 |
| 175 | So I'm not suggesting that there's some universal recipe, | 所以,我不是说有一些通用的食谱, |
| 176 | or that it's perfect, or that it can be easily replicated. | 或者说它很完美 或者它很容易被复制 |
| 177 | But what we do know is that there's more than one way of making things work. | 但我们所知道的是,有不止一种方法使事物发挥作用. |
| 178 | And recognizing that there's some wisdom to China's approach | 并且承认中国的做法有些智慧 |
| 179 | doesn't mean endorsing all of it, | 这并不意味着支持这一切, |
| 180 | but I guess there's something to learn from each other. | 但我想应该互相学习 |
| 181 | And for one, China didn't sit on the tarmac, | 首先,中国没有坐在停机坪上 |
| 182 | waiting for a technological takeoff. | 等待技术起飞 |
| 183 | Instead, it was the big push from the ground up. | 相反,这是从地面上大举推进。 |
| 184 | So I came to the US as an exchange student in 1997, | 所以我在1997年作为交换生来到美国 |
| 185 | and I was mesmerized. | 我被迷住了,我被迷住了。 |
| 186 | I saw enormous possibility between the East and the West | 我在东西方之间看到了巨大的可能性 |
| 187 | as they competed, collaborated and spurred each other forward. | 他们互相竞争,合作,相互激励 |
| 188 | I still believe in this, | 我仍然相信这一点, |
| 189 | even though frost has set in and there may be chill in the air for some time | 虽然冰霜已经融化 空气中可能会冷却一段时间 |
| 190 | between the two largest economies in the world. | 在世界上两个最大的经济体之间。 |
| 191 | Some may fear China's juggernaut innovation. | 有些人可能害怕中国的杂耍创新. |
| 192 | Some may not like competition, which is rarely comfortable. | 有些人可能不喜欢竞争,竞争很少是舒适的。 |
| 193 | But having someone in your rear-view mirror | 但有人在你后视镜里 |
| 194 | helps you keep up the pace. | 帮助你跟上步伐。 |
| 195 | Japan's technological rise in the 1980s | 1980年代日本技术崛起. |
| 196 | pushed the US to overhaul its innovation system | 推动美国改革其创新体系 |
| 197 | and regain the lead in the 1990s. | 并在1990年代恢复领先地位。 |
| 198 | The US subsequently did the same for Japan, | 美国后来对日本也做了同样的事情, |
| 199 | and as a result, we all have cheaper and better products. | 因此,我们都有更便宜、更好的产品。 |
| 200 | Today, Chinese EV company BYD is pushing Tesla to new heights, | 今天,中国EV公司BYD将特斯拉推向新的高度, |
| 201 | and vice versa. | 而反之亦然。 |
| 202 | Tesla opted for a Chinese battery maker, | 特斯拉选择了中国电池制造商 |
| 203 | which is pushing the German government to do more in that space. | 这促使德国政府在这个空间做更多的工作。 |
| 204 | And it's that mutual learning and constant threat of being overtaken | 是相互学习和不断被超越的威胁 |
| 205 | that pushes the technology frontier further and beyond. | 将技术前沿推得越远越好 |
| 206 | But one thing's for sure true, | 但有一点是真的 |
| 207 | it just doesn't happen in geographical isolation. | 它只是不会发生 在地理隔离。 |
| 208 | So I've come here, | 所以我来到这里, |
| 209 | and I imagine the possibilities between the two countries, | 我想象两国之间的可能 |
| 210 | and I understand that there are national security concerns | 我理解有国家安全问题 |
| 211 | that countries will have to respect. | 国家将不得不尊重。 |
| 212 | But not everything is about national security. | 但并非一切都涉及国家安全。 |
| 213 | The trillion dollars or more at stake with economic disengagement | 与经济脱离接触有关的万亿美元或更多 |
| 214 | between the two largest countries | 两个最大的国家之间 |
| 215 | can do so much as eradicate malaria, end world hunger, | 消灭疟疾 结束世界饥饿 |
| 216 | conserve biodiversity and more. | 保护生物多样性等等。 |
| 217 | So let's not forget that there are more sacred things in life, | 所以,我们不要忘记 生活中有更多的神圣的东西, |
| 218 | such as a brighter future for our children | 给孩子们带来美好的未来 |
| 219 | and a cleaner Earth. | 和清洁的地球。 |
| 220 | Let's not forget that in the developing world, | 我们不要忘记,在发展中世界, |
| 221 | there's still so much unnecessary misery, | 还有这么多不必要的痛苦, |
| 222 | and that its people also have the right to enjoy the dignity in life | 人民也有权在生活中享有尊严 |
| 223 | as those who are more fortunate. | 象那些更幸运的人 |
| 224 | And so for all of this to happen, | 因此,为了这一切发生, |
| 225 | it seems to me that what we ultimately need | 在我看来我们最终需要的 |
| 226 | is the cheapest and best technologies, | 是最便宜的最好的技术, |
| 227 | rather than worry about where they come from | 而不是担心他们来自哪里 |
| 228 | or who will dominate. | 或谁将主宰。 |
| 229 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
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