TED演讲：一种抗病毒生物体——以及它对未来可能的意义

发布于 2026-10-21 · 时长 11:07

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:03	So, we built a virus-resistant organism.	因此,我们建立了一种抗病毒生物。
0:07	Why?	为什么?
0:08	It's not about disease or not directly.	非病非直论.
0:12	It's about building the clean factories of the future.	是为未来造清净工厂.
0:16	Let me explain by taking a big step back.	让我向后退一步来解释
0:20	All life runs on DNA.	所有生命都靠DNA维生
0:23	DNA codes for proteins,	蛋白质的DNA密码,
0:25	and proteins run life.	蛋白质运行生命。
0:29	DNA is composed of four bases.	DNA由四个基础组成.
0:32	A, T, G和C. (英语).

展开字幕全文（189 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	So, we built a virus-resistant organism.	因此,我们建立了一种抗病毒生物。
2	Why?	为什么?
3	It's not about disease or not directly.	非病非直论.
4	It's about building the clean factories of the future.	是为未来造清净工厂.
5	Let me explain by taking a big step back.	让我向后退一步来解释
6	All life runs on DNA.	所有生命都靠DNA维生
7	DNA codes for proteins,	蛋白质的DNA密码,
8	and proteins run life.	蛋白质运行生命。
9	DNA is composed of four bases.	DNA由四个基础组成.
10	A, T, G和C. (英语).
11	And triplets of these bases, known as codons,	这些基地的三胞胎被称为Codons,
12	encode each of the amino acid building blocks in proteins.	编码蛋白质中的每个氨基酸构件.
13	The genetic code is a rule book	遗传密码是一本规则书
14	that defines which codon encodes which amino acid.	定义了哪个Codon编码了哪些氨基酸.
15	So, for example,	所以,举例来说,
16	the triplet codon TCG encodes the amino acid serine.	三胞胎Codon TCG编码了氨基酸盐
17	And the order of triplet codons in DNA	DNA中三胞胎的顺序
18	encodes the order of amino acid building blocks in a protein.	编码蛋白质中氨基酸构件的顺序。
19	There are 64 triplet codons in DNA	DNA里有64个三胞胎
20	and just 20 common amino acids.	只有20种常见的氨基酸
21	And this means that most amino acids are encoded by more than one triplet codon.	这意味着大多数氨基酸被一个以上的三联体编码.
22	So, for example, the amino acid serine	例如氨基酸盐
23	is encoded by six different triplet codons.	由六个不同的三胞胎编码
24	And triplet codons that encode the same amino acid	编码同一种氨基酸的三胞胎Codons
25	are defined as synonymous codons.	被定义为同义词codons。
26	The DNA code used for life is near-universal.	用于生命的DNA代码几乎是通用的.
27	All forms of life and viruses	所有形式的生命和病毒
28	use essentially the same genetic code.	使用基本相同的遗传密码。
29	And that's a trait that we can exploit.	这是我们可以利用的特征。
30	Here's what we did.	这就是我们做了什么。
31	We asked whether life needs multiple synonymous codons	我们问生命需要多种同义词吗?
32	to encode a single amino acid.	以编码单一氨基酸。
33	For example, does life need six different codons	比如说,生活需要六个不同的科登
34	which all code for the amino acid serine?	氨基酸盐的编码是什么?
35	We took the four-million-character DNA of E. coli, its genome,	我们拿走了大肠杆菌四百万的DNA 基因组
36	and completely rewrote the code of this microbe in a very specific way	完全改写这个微生物的代码以非常具体的方式
37	by replacing targeted codons in its genome	取代基因组中的目标Codons
38	with synonymous codons that encode the same amino acid.	和编码相同氨基酸的同义词codons。
39	So, for example,	所以,举例来说,
40	我们替换了TCG和TCACodons,
41	which encode the amino acid serine,	编码氨基酸盐,
42	与AGT和AGCCodons,
43	which also encode the amino acid serine.	还编码了氨基酸盐
44	By doing this across the whole four-million-base genome,	通过在400万个基因组中这样做,
45	we completely removed the targeted codons	我们完全清除了目标codons
46	from the genetic code of E. coli.	E. 大肠杆菌的基因密码
47	Overall, we compressed the genetic code	总的来说,我们压缩了基因密码
48	from using 64 codons to using 61 codons.	从使用64科登到使用61科登.
49	How did we do it?	我们怎么做到的?
50	We first took the four-million-character code in a computer	我们先在电脑里拿了四百万元的密码
51	and used a find-and-replace operation	并使用了查找和替换操作
52	to replace targeted codons with their synonyms.	以同义词取代目标codon。
53	This created our new genome design,	这创造了新的基因组设计,
54	which contained more than 18,000 changes	超过18 000个变化
55	with respect to the original genome.	关于原始基因组。
56	We then asked whether we could build an organism	然后我们问我们是否可以造出一个生物体
57	that runs on our synthetic genome design.	我们的合成基因组设计
58	We built the synthetic genome starting from short pieces of DNA.	我们从短片DNA开始构建合成基因组。
59	These were made by chemistry in a test tube,	这些是化学用试管做的,
60	something that would have been prohibitively expensive to do on this scale	这么高的价钱
61	just a decade or two ago.	就在一两十年前
62	We then assembled these short pieces of DNA into longer stretches of DNA,	然后我们把这些短片的DNA组装成较长的DNA
63	which we then used to step-by-step replace	然后,我们逐渐地代替它,
64	all four-million bases of the E. coli genome.	所有四百万的E大肠杆菌基因组基础
65	This created the largest synthetic genome ever made,	这创造了有史以来最大的合成基因组,
66	and the resulting cell was alive.	由此产生的细胞还活着。
67	Think about that.	考虑一下
68	We streamlined the genetic code,	我们简化了基因密码
69	and yet the cell lived.	牢房却还活着
70	We can create life with a compressed genetic code.	我们可以用压缩基因密码创造生命.
71	Now, because our organism with a compressed genetic code	现在,因为我们的机体有压缩的基因密码
72	doesn't use all 64 triplet codons to make proteins,	不使用全部64 三胞胎Codons 制作蛋白质,
73	we could remove some of the machinery from the cell	我们可以从牢房里取出一些机器
74	that normally reads the near-universal genetic code.	通常读取近乎普遍的基因密码。
75	Specifically, we could remove components of the translational machinery,	具体来说,我们可以去掉翻译机器的部件,
76	具体的tRNA,
77	that normally read the codons that we've removed from the genome.	通常读到我们从基因组中移除的Codons。
78	Now, the key point here is that we've created a cell	现在,这里的关键是,我们已经建立了一个细胞
79	that no longer reads all the codons in the near-universal genetic code.	在近乎通用的基因密码中不再读到所有Codons
80	Now, viruses infect cells.	现在,病毒感染细胞。
81	These might be the cells of our bodies	这些可能是我们身体的细胞
82	or single-cell microbes like E. coli.	或单细胞微生物如E.coli.
83	They commonly have their own DNA,	他们通常都有自己的DNA
84	which uses the near-universal genetic code	使用近乎普遍的基因密码
85	to encode the proteins necessary to make copies of the virus.	编码病毒复制所需的蛋白质。
86	But viruses don't have the machinery to read the genetic code in their DNA,	但是病毒没有机器来读取DNA中的基因密码,
87	and instead, they rely on the host cell,	相反,他们依赖主机
88	the machinery of the host cell,	东道单元的机器,
89	to read the genetic code in their DNA	在DNA中读取基因密码
90	and make copies of the virus.	并拷贝病毒。
91	It's these copies of the virus that go on to infect other cells,	正是这些病毒复制品感染了其他细胞,
92	and this is how viruses spread.	这就是病毒的传播方式。
93	But viruses are unable to make copies of themselves in our new organism	但是病毒无法在新生物中复制自己
94	because our new organism doesn't have the machinery	因为我们的新机体没有机器
95	读出病毒DNA中的所有Codons。
96	The code in the DNA used in the virus	病毒使用的DNA密码
97	and the host cell's machinery to read that code are incompatible.	和主机的机器读取代码是不兼容的。
98	Therefore, the virus doesn't spread in the new organism,	因此,病毒不会在新生物中传播,
99	and the new organism is resistant to viruses.	新的生物体对病毒有抗药性
100	In fact, we showed that our new organism was resistant to a wide range of viruses,	事实上,我们显示,我们的新生物对各种各样的病毒具有抗药性,
101	suggesting that rewriting the genetic code	建议重写基因密码
102	provides a route to creating broadly virus-resistant life.	提供了创造广泛抗病毒生命的路径.
103	By extending the approaches we've developed to other organisms,	通过将我们开发的方法扩展到其他生物,
104	it may be possible to create virus-resistant crops and animals	可能创造出抗病毒作物和动物
105	with important applications in agriculture and beyond.	在农业及其他领域都有重要应用。
106	But our advances also provide a foundation for turning cells	但我们的进步也为转身提供了基础
107	into the clean factories of the future.	进入未来的清洁工厂
108	How?	怎么会?
109	So to explain, let me take another step back	所以说,让我退一步
110	to how organisms read their genetic code to make proteins.	以及生物如何读取它们的基因密码来制造蛋白质
111	回顾DNA中三胞胎Codons的顺序
112	encodes the order of amino acid building blocks in a protein.	编码蛋白质中氨基酸构件的顺序。
113	And it's the translational machinery of cells	这是细胞的翻译机器
114	读取三胞胎Codons
115	and builds the corresponding sequence of amino acids.	并构建相应的氨基酸序列.
116	The translational machinery of natural cells	自然细胞的翻译机制
117	包括ribosomes、氨基乙酰-tRNA-合成酶酶和tRNAs
118	is a unique and special system for making proteins	是制作蛋白质的独特而特殊的系统
119	in which the 20 common amino acids are strung together in a chain.	其中20种常见的氨基酸被串成链状排列在一起.
120	Now, proteins are amazing,	现在,蛋白质惊人,
121	but they're just one example from a vast class of molecules	但它们只是大类分子的一个例子
122	known as polymers,	称为聚合物,
123	which includes plastics, materials and drugs.	包括塑料、材料和药物。
124	And a polymer, or a linear polymer,	和聚合物,或线性聚合物,
125	is really any molecule in which simpler chemical building blocks	是一个更简单的化学构件
126	are strung together in a chain.	被捆在铁链里
127	We wanted to unlock the potential of the translational machinery	我们想释放翻译机器的潜力
128	for making plastics, materials and drugs	制造塑料、材料和药物
129	that simply can't be made in any other way,	根本无法以其他方式制造
130	or that could be made more cleanly and efficiently	更干净、更有效率
131	using engineered versions of the cell's translational machinery.	使用细胞的翻译机械的工程版.
132	The building blocks for these polymers	这些聚合物的构件
133	go well beyond the 20 common amino acids used to make proteins.	远超20种常见的氨基酸制造蛋白质.
134	It's been impossible to unlock the potential of the translational machinery	翻译机器的潜力是不可能解开的
135	for making plastics, materials and drugs for two reasons.	用于制造塑料、材料和药物,原因有二。
136	First, all 64 triplet codons in natural cells	首先,自然细胞中所有64个三胞胎
137	are used for making natural proteins,	用来制造天然蛋白质,
138	根本就没有Codons
139	to encode the synthesis of new polymers.	编码新聚合物的合成。
140	Second, the natural translational machinery	第二,自然翻译机械
141	specifically uses natural amino acids	专门使用天然氨基酸
142	and simply can't use the chemical building blocks	无法使用化学构件
143	required to make new polymers.	要求制造新的聚合物。
144	However, our virus-resistant organism	然而,我们的抗病毒生物
145	doesn't use all 64 triplet codons to make proteins	不使用所有64个三胞胎Codons来制作蛋白质
146	and doesn't contain the machinery to read the codons	也不包含读codons的机器
147	that have been deleted from its genome.	被从基因组中删除。
148	And this cell provides the starting point	这个单元格提供了起点
149	for genetically encoded polymer synthesis.	用于转基因编码聚合物合成.
150	To realize genetically encoded polymer synthesis	实现基因编码聚合物合成
151	in our virus-resistant organism,	在我们抗病毒的生物体内
152	we added synthetic DNA	我们加入了合成DNA
153	containing the triplet codons we'd removed from the genome of the cell	包含我们从细胞基因组中分离出来的三胞胎
154	and engineered translational machinery to read these codons	并设计了翻译机读取这些codons
155	and reassign them to new chemical building blocks for new polymers.	并将其重新分配给新的聚合物的化学构件。
156	This system can be programmed to make diverse synthetic polymers.	这个系统可以被编程成多种合成聚合物.
157	By changing the order of the triplet codons in the synthetic DNA,	通过改变合成DNA中三胞胎的顺序,
158	we can change the order of the chemical building blocks	我们可以改变化学构件的顺序
159	that we program into the resulting polymer.	我们编程到产生的聚合物。
160	And by changing the identity of the engineered translational machinery	通过改变翻译机器的特性
161	that we add to the cell,	我们加入细胞,
162	we can change the identity of the chemical building blocks	我们可以改变化学构件的特性
163	from which we compose the polymer.	我们用它来组成聚合物
164	Overall, we've created a cellular factory	总的来说,我们创建了一个蜂窝工厂
165	that we can reliably and predictably program to make synthetic polymers.	我们可以可靠和预测地编程制造合成聚合物。
166	Using our approach, we've already been able to program cells	用我们的方法,我们已经可以编程细胞
167	to make new molecules,	制造新分子,
168	including molecules from an important class of drugs	包括一种重要药物的分子
169	known as depthsypeptide macrocycles.	称为深sy宏观循环。
170	Molecules in this class include antibiotics,	本类分子包括抗生素,
171	immunosuppressives and antitumor compounds.	免疫抑制剂和抗肿瘤化合物。
172	We've also been able to program cells to make completely synthetic polymers	我们还可以编程细胞完全合成聚合物
173	containing the chemical linkages	含有化学品关联的化学品
174	found in several classes of biodegradable plastics.	在几类可生物降解塑料中发现。
175	As we build new polymer molecules using our cellular factories,	随着我们利用细胞工厂制造新的聚合物分子
176	we have the opportunity to consider, from the beginning,	我们有机会考虑,从一开始,
177	how we might also use engineered biological cells	我们如何使用工程生物细胞
178	to break these polymers down into their constituent chemical building blocks	将这些聚合物分解成其化学构件
179	that could be recycled and used for new encoded polymers.	用于新的编码聚合物。
180	We envision a circular bioeconomy	我们设想一个循环生物经济
181	in which our new, genetically encoded plastics and materials	我们的新基因编码塑料和材料
182	are manufactured and ultimately broken down	被制造出来,最终被拆解
183	using low-energy cellular processes	使用低能电池工艺
184	taking advantage of existing bioreactors and fermentors	利用现有生物反应器和发酵器
185	by taking inspiration from nature	从自然界获得灵感
186	and reimagining what life can become,	并重新设想生命将变成什么样,
187	we have the opportunity to build	我们有机会建立
188	the sustainable industries of the future.	未来的可持续产业。
189	Thank you.	谢谢

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