核灾难现场，他们如何封住死神？

发布于 2026-07-15 · 时长 11:25

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:00	April 26, 1986.	1986年4月26日 (英语).
0:03	Chernobyl's reactor number four explodes, triggering the worst nuclear disaster	切尔诺贝利四号反应堆爆炸引发了最严重的核灾难
0:07	in history.	在历史上。
0:09	The reactor's core is exposed, emitting radiation equivalent to dozens of atomic	反应堆核心暴露辐射相当于数十个原子
0:14	bombs every single day.	每天都有炸弹
0:16	Engineers faced an impossible challenge.	工程师们面临着一个不可能的挑战。
0:19	How do you contain the	你怎样控制
0:20	open core when you can't even get close to it?	无法接近时打开核心?
0:23	I spent hours digging through archives,	我花了几个小时挖掘档案
0:26	reconstructing what might be the first animated model of this near-impossible engineering feat,	重建这个近乎不可能的工程成就的第一个动画模型

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序号	英文	中文
1	April 26, 1986.	1986年4月26日 (英语).
2	Chernobyl's reactor number four explodes, triggering the worst nuclear disaster	切尔诺贝利四号反应堆爆炸引发了最严重的核灾难
3	in history.	在历史上。
4	The reactor's core is exposed, emitting radiation equivalent to dozens of atomic	反应堆核心暴露辐射相当于数十个原子
5	bombs every single day.	每天都有炸弹
6	Engineers faced an impossible challenge.	工程师们面临着一个不可能的挑战。
7	How do you contain the	你怎样控制
8	open core when you can't even get close to it?	无法接近时打开核心?
9	I spent hours digging through archives,	我花了几个小时挖掘档案
10	reconstructing what might be the first animated model of this near-impossible engineering feat,	重建这个近乎不可能的工程成就的第一个动画模型
11	one that almost ended in complete disaster.	它几乎以灾难结束
12	My name is Turgier and I'm a Senior Structural	我叫图吉耶,我是高级结构
13	Engineer, and this is the story of the Chernobyl sarcophagus, the most complex building project	工程师这是切尔诺贝利石棺的故事最复杂的建筑工程
14	in history.	在历史上。
15	After the accident, a team of Soviet engineers led by Lev Butcharov was tasked with	事故发生后,由列夫·布查洛夫率领的苏联工程师团队承担了以下任务:
16	designing a structure to contain reactor four.	设计一个包含反应堆4的结构。
17	Numerous design solutions were proposed, but only	提出了许多设计解决方案,但仅
18	three were seriously considered.	3项受到认真考虑。
19	Each had to be judged on feasibility, cost, manpower, and most	每一个都要根据可行性、成本、人力以及大多数
20	crucially, time.	关键是时间
21	The mount concept proposed burying the reactor under a massive mountain of sand,	山体概念建议把反应堆埋在巨大的沙子山下,
22	but this would make reactor three inaccessible.	但这将使反应堆三无法进入。
23	It could even cause the structure to collapse,	它甚至会导致结构崩溃,
24	potentially triggering another explosion.	可能会引发另一起爆炸
25	The monolith concept involved encasing the	单层概念涉及将 " .
26	entire reactor in concrete, turning it into a massive immovable brick.	整个反应堆都装在混凝土里变成一块巨大的不可移动砖头
27	But there was a fatal	但有一个致命的
28	flaw.	缺陷。
29	Reactor four sat on loose, sandy soil.	四号反应堆坐落在松散的沙质土壤上。
30	The weight of the concrete could send it sinking into	混凝土的重量会使它沉入水中
31	the groundwater, contaminating drinking water, or even worse, causing a large thermal explosion.	地下水,污染饮用水,甚至更严重地造成大热爆炸。
32	That left a shelter object, later known as a sarcophagus.	留下了一个掩体,后来被称为石棺.
33	Unlike the others, this design	不像其他的设计
34	wouldn't disturb the unstable reactor.	不会扰乱不稳定的反应堆
35	It required more planning, but it was the only option that	需要更多的规划,但这是唯一的选择
36	didn't risk making the disaster even worse.	没有冒险让灾难更严重。
37	To build a shelter, workers needed heavy equipment, like cranes and concrete trucks,	为了建造一个避难所,工人需要重型设备,如起重机和水泥卡车,
38	to access the site.	进入网站。
39	But there was a massive problem.	但有一个巨大的问题。
40	The entire area was buried under deadly	整个区域都埋在致命的
41	reactive debris.	反应性碎片。
42	Lead-shielded and armored vehicles were sent in to push the wreckage	挡铅和装甲车辆被派去推残骸
43	closer to the reactor.	靠近反应堆
44	In tight spaces, remote-controlled rovers were deployed.	在紧凑的空间中,部署了遥控的骑手.
45	But there was another obstacle.	但还有另一个障碍。
46	The reactor's roof.	反应堆的屋顶
47	Unmanned vehicles were too slow.	无人驾驶车辆太慢。
48	The extreme radiation fried their circuits in minutes, and yet the roof had to be cleared.	极端辐射在几分钟内炸掉了他们的电路,然而屋顶却不得不被清除.
49	There was only one solution.	只有一个解决办法。
50	To send in people.	以送众生.
51	This was the deadliest place on the planet,	这是地球上最致命的地方
52	but despite the risk, thousands of men were sent onto the roof.	但尽管有风险数千人被送到屋顶
53	They were known as the liquidators.	他们被称为清算者。
54	As workers cleared debris from the reactor's roof,	当工人清除反应堆屋顶上的碎片时,
55	a concrete foundation is being made around reactor 4 to help contain the contaminated soil.	4号反应堆周围正在形成一个混凝土基础,以帮助控制受污染的土壤。
56	To separate reactor 3 and 4, a large concrete wall is cast between them.	为了分离反应堆3号和4号,在它们之间铸造了一道巨大的混凝土墙.
57	This was one of the	这是其中之一
58	most complex parts of the project, requiring thousands of pipes to be cut, rerouted and	该项目最复杂的部分,需要数千根管道被切割、改道和
59	reconnected, all while working in a highly radiation environment.	重新连接,同时在高辐射环境下工作。
60	At the same time,	同时,
61	a perimeter wall is being built around the site, made of steel cages filled with concrete.	现场周围正在修建围墙,用钢笼装满混凝土。
62	This	这个
63	barrier provides an initial layer of shielding, making it safer for workers to approach the	屏障提供了最初一层屏蔽,使工人更安全地接近
64	building with equipment.	使用设备的建筑物。
65	To get closer to the reactor itself, workers build a stair-like	为了更接近反应堆本身,工人建造了类似楼梯
66	structure by casting concrete in layers.	将混凝土铸成层。
67	Contaminated vehicles and containers are	受污染的车辆和集装箱
68	even used as fill material.	甚至用作填充材料。
69	Staying at lower levels provides some shielding from radiation	停留在较低水平上可以防止辐射
70	as they continue construction.	他们继续建造。
71	Large prefabricated steel panels were used as formwork for the	大型预制钢板被用作制造
72	concrete walls, lifted into place with DMAG cranes.	混凝土墙,与DMAG起重机一起升起来。
73	The largest cranes in the world,	世界上最大的鹤,
74	and three are bought from Germany.	三个是从德国买的
75	But transporting them to Chernobyl is a major	但运送到切尔诺贝利是一件大事
76	challenge.	挑战。
77	The roads and bridges leading to the site weren't designed for such heavy loads.	通往场地的道路和桥梁不是为这种沉重的负荷设计的.
78	Some bridges have to be reinforced or even replaced, and materials must be transferred	有些桥梁必须加固甚至更换,材料必须转移
79	between clean and contaminated trucks before reaching the construction zone.	在到达施工区之前,
80	Most of the trucks used for the operation were of the KRAS model.	用于行动的大部分卡车是KRAS型。
81	To protect the drivers from	保护驾驶员免受
82	radiation, their cabins were fitted with a specially designed lead capsule, providing an	他们的舱室装有专门设计的铅囊,提供
83	extra layer of shielding during transport.	在运输过程中增加一层屏蔽。
84	A total of 400,000 cubic meters of concrete were used in	总共使用了40万立方米的混凝土。
85	the project, enough to form a cube nearly as tall as the Statue of Liberty.	足以形成一个和自由女神像一样高的立方体
86	To support this massive	支持这个庞大的
87	amount of material, three dedicated concrete factories were built specially for the construction	专门为建造建造了3个专用混凝土工厂
88	effort.	努力起来。
89	The western side of the reactor hall was enclosed by the western counter force wall,	反应堆大厅西侧被西面的反坦克墙包围
90	a structure made of prefabricated modules standing 40 meters tall.	由40米高的预制模块组成的结构。
91	Originally, these modules were	这些模块最初是
92	designed to be filled with concrete.	用混凝土设计
93	However, this step was never completed.	然而,这一步骤从未完成。
94	Once the walls	一旦墙壁
95	around the reactor are complete, work begins on the roof, the most critical part of the project.	反应堆周围是完整的, 工程开始在屋顶上, 这是项目最关键的部分。
96	The main section above the reactor's core consists of a massive pre-built structure,	反应堆核心上方的主要部分包括一个巨大的预建结构,
97	designed to be lifted into place in one piece.	被设计成一个整体
98	This structure was known as the plane.	这种结构被称为平面.
99	By assembling	通过集合
100	it in a safe location, engineers minimized the need for on-site welding and bolting,	在一个安全的地方, 工程师将现场焊接和螺栓的需求降到最低,
101	reducing worker exposure to radiation.	减少工人受到辐射的影响。
102	Structural engineers typically approach designs in one of	结构工程师一般在其中之一接近设计
103	two ways.	两条路
104	One way is calculating a building from the ground up, where every structural element is	一种方法是从地上计算一个建筑, 在那里每个结构元素都是
105	planned and accounted for.	计划并核算。
106	The second and more complex way involves extending an existing	第二种更为复杂的方式是扩大现有的
107	structure.	结构。
108	In this case, engineers must analyze the original building structural system, often	在这种情况下,工程师必须分析最初的建筑结构系统,常常
109	without having designed it themselves.	并没有自己设计
110	This can be challenging, as original drawings and calculations	这可能是挑战,因为原始的图画和计算
111	may be incomplete, lost, or even contain undocumented modifications made during construction.	可能不完整、丢失,甚至含有施工期间未经证明的修改。
112	At Chernobyl, this uncertainty was even greater.	在切尔诺贝利,这种不确定性甚至更大。
113	The explosion had likely weakened the remaining	爆炸可能削弱了其余的
114	structure, but the full extent of the damage was unknown.	但损害的全部程度不详。
115	Adding to the challenge, the roof itself	再加上挑战,屋顶本身
116	was one of the heaviest structural elements ever built.	是有史以来最重的结构元素之一
117	A collapse could lead to further radioactive	崩塌会导致更多的放射性
118	releases, or worse, another nuclear explosion.	释放,或更糟糕的是,另一次核爆炸。
119	Failure was simply not an option.	失败绝不是一个选择。
120	Fortunately,	幸运的是,
121	a specialized device was made for closer inspection, the bathyscap.	为更仔细的检查做了专用设备,即浴缸。
122	This 25-ton chamber	这个25吨的舱
123	made of lead, equipped with a small observation window, was the only way to examine the remains	由铅制成,装有小型观察窗口,是检查遗骸的唯一方法。
124	of the reactor's structural system close up.	反应堆的结构系统关闭。
125	The volunteers who entered this claustrophobic	进入幽闭恐惧症的志愿者们
126	metallic coffin were called the cosmonauts, a name fitting for those venturing into the unknown,	金属棺材被称作宇航员这个名字适合那些进入未知地点的人
127	but there are chilling rumors surrounding these missions.	但传闻却令人寒心
128	Some claim that in moments of crisis,	有些人声称,在危机时刻,
129	the bathyscap's door had to be opened, exposing those inside to direct radiation from the exposed	不得不打开浴缸的门让里面的人暴露在暴露的辐射之下
130	core.	核心键。
131	Also, a blimp with a 40 kilowatt lamp was used for work during nighttime.	此外,在夜间还使用了装有40千瓦灯的蓝宝石进行工作。
132	The workers	工人
133	nicknamed it the chandelier, and it was later buried being highly contaminated.	外号"吊灯",后来被埋藏,污染严重.
134	During the	期间
135	inspection, engineers found that two existing ventilation shafts had survived the explosion,	检查,工程师发现两个现有的通风井在爆炸中幸存下来,
136	but they were never designed to support the immense weight of the plane beams.	但是它们从未被设计来支撑飞机梁的巨大重量.
137	In a rather	相当的
138	unsuccessful attempt, they were filled with concrete.	失败的尝试,他们充满了混凝土。
139	Meanwhile, on the west side,	同时,在西边,
140	the plan was to rest the plane beams on what was left of the central hall's walls.	计划是把飞机梁架在中央大厅的墙上
141	The massive DMAG crane was the only machine on the planet capable of lifting the plane into place,	巨型DMAG起重机是地球上唯一能够把飞机升空的机器,
142	but the crane operator only had a grainy TV screen for guidance.	但起重机操作员只有谷状电视屏幕来指导
143	To make things worse,	让事情更糟
144	the crane's maximum lifting capacity was 159 tons, the exact weight of the plane,	起重机的最大起重能力是159吨飞机的重量
145	but that was without counting for the diagonal cross beams.	但是那不算对角横梁
146	The plane was lifted and everything	飞机升空了,一切
147	seemed stable, but then, as they lowered the boom, a loud crack echoed through the site.	似乎很稳定,但随着他们降低繁荣, 一个响亮的裂缝通过站点反射。
148	People turned to see the unthinkable.	人们转而看到不可思议的。
149	The rear wheels of the crane were one meter off the ground.	起重机的后轮离地面只有1米.
150	The entire machine was tilting forwards, balancing on its toes.	整个机器都向前倾斜脚趾保持平衡
151	For a moment, nobody moved.	有一瞬间没人动过
152	If the crane tipped over, it could crash straight into the exposed reactor.	如果起重机倾覆了它可能直接撞到暴露的反应堆
153	In a last second decision, a 40-ton lead-filled container was placed onto the crane's counterweight,	在最后一项决定中,一个40吨的铅装箱被放在起重机的反重量上,
154	slowly settling the wheels back onto the ground.	慢慢地把轮子放回地上
155	Disaster had been avoided.	灾害已经避免。
156	With great relief, the installation of the plane was successful.	在极大的缓解下,飞机的安装成功.
157	To add another layer of protection,	为了增加另一层保护,
158	massive concrete pipes were placed on top, originally meant to be filled with concrete,	大型混凝土管道被放置在顶部, 原意是装满混凝土,
159	but because of the extra weight, they remained empty.	但由于体重增加,它们仍然空虚。
160	Next came a web of steel trusses before	接下来是钢丝网
161	the top of the plane was sealed off with heavy shield plates.	飞机的顶部被封上了厚厚的盾牌
162	Four additional beams had to be	还要再加四根梁
163	installed.	已安装。
164	Two ran alongside the main roof, as well as the octopus beam and the mammoth beam.	两人在主屋顶旁奔跑,还有章鱼梁和毛oth梁.
165	The mammoth beam was the largest beam in the entire project, weighing 50 tons.	猛毛梁是整个工程中最大的梁,重达50吨.
166	These beams	这些梁
167	would support the final shield plates and the so-called hockey sticks.	支持最后的盾牌和所谓的冰球棒。
168	The project is then	那么项目就是了
169	finished off by reinforcing and covering up the remains of the turbine hull roof.	通过加固和掩蔽涡轮机体屋顶的残骸而完成.
170	In November, almost seven months after the explosion, the sarcophagus was completed.	爆炸发生近7个月后的11月,石棺完工.
171	The project required almost 90,000 workers, and the workers celebrated their completion	该项目需要近90,000名工人,工人庆祝他们完成
172	by signing the last element that was installed.	,并签名最后安装的元素。
173	The sarcophagus was never meant to be a permanent	石棺从来就不是永久的
174	structure.	结构。
175	With an expected lifespan of only 20 to 30 years, it is now crumbling.	由于预计寿命只有20至30年,现在正在崩溃。
176	That's	这是
177	why the entire sarcophagus is now enclosed by an even larger structure, the New Safe Confinement,	为什么整个石棺被一个更大的结构,新的安全封存,
178	or NSC.	或国家安全委员会。
179	This massive shelter houses a large crane, designed to dismantle both the old sarcophagus	这座大型避难所一座大型的起重机旨在拆除两个旧石棺
180	and the remains of reactor 4.	和4号反应堆的残骸
181	If you would like me to make a part two of this video,	如果你想让我拍下录像的第二部分
182	deep diving into the largest movable structure ever built, let me know in the comments below.	深入到有史以来最大的可移动结构中,请在下面的评论中告诉我。
183	Thank you for watching!	谢谢你的观看!

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