21分钟看懂金钱全图
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | Nobody teaches you the truth about money. | 没人教你钱的真相 |
| 0:02 | I studied at an economics faculty for six years | 我在经济学系学习了六年 |
| 0:06 | and still didn't understand it. | 但还是不明白 |
| 0:09 | Nine years ago, I started reading every serious finance | 九年前,我开始读 每一个严肃的金融 |
| 0:12 | and money book I could find and summarizing them on YouTube. | 在YouTube上可以找到和总结钱书 |
| 0:16 | What I found contradicted almost everything I was taught. | 我发现的东西几乎与我所学到的一切相矛盾。 |
| 0:20 | So one day I went back to the professor I trusted most | 有一天我回到教授身边 我最信任的 |
| 0:24 | and asked him if what I was discovering was true. | 问他我发现的是否是真的 |
| 0:27 | He looked at me and said, | 他看着我说, |
| 0:29 | yes, all of it. | 是的,所有这一切。 |
展开字幕全文（379 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nobody teaches you the truth about money. | 没人教你钱的真相 |
| 2 | I studied at an economics faculty for six years | 我在经济学系学习了六年 |
| 3 | and still didn't understand it. | 但还是不明白 |
| 4 | Nine years ago, I started reading every serious finance | 九年前,我开始读 每一个严肃的金融 |
| 5 | and money book I could find and summarizing them on YouTube. | 在YouTube上可以找到和总结钱书 |
| 6 | What I found contradicted almost everything I was taught. | 我发现的东西几乎与我所学到的一切相矛盾。 |
| 7 | So one day I went back to the professor I trusted most | 有一天我回到教授身边 我最信任的 |
| 8 | and asked him if what I was discovering was true. | 问他我发现的是否是真的 |
| 9 | He looked at me and said, | 他看着我说, |
| 10 | yes, all of it. | 是的,所有这一切。 |
| 11 | He knew, but the textbook said otherwise. | 他知道,但教科书上说相反。 |
| 12 | That's when I understood the confusion isn't an accident. | 那时我明白混乱不是偶然 |
| 13 | This video is the entire map of money. | 这段视频是钱的整个地图. |
| 14 | Everything those 15 years taught me condensed into one place. | 那十五年的一切都让我凝聚在一个地方 |
| 15 | Let's start from zero. | 从零开始吧 |
| 16 | In 1903, an American doctor named William Furness | 1903年,美国医生威廉·弗内斯 |
| 17 | travels to a tiny island called Yap, | 前往一个叫Yap的小岛 |
| 18 | a small piece of land in the middle of the Pacific Ocean | 太平洋中部的小块土地 |
| 19 | that most people have never heard of. | 大多数人从来没有听说过。 |
| 20 | And he is confused by what he sees. | 而为所见所惑. |
| 21 | The people of Yap use enormous stone disks as money. | 雅浦人民把巨大的石盘当作钱. |
| 22 | Some of them are four tons of solid limestone, | 其中一些是4吨固体石灰岩, |
| 23 | the weight of an elephant. | 大象的重量。 |
| 24 | You cannot carry them, you cannot move them. | 你无法携带,也无法移动 |
| 25 | They just sit there in the village, | 他们只是坐在村里, |
| 26 | by the road, outside someone's house. | 在路边,有人家外面 |
| 27 | And here's the thing, they never move, ever. | 事情是这样的 他们永远动不了 |
| 28 | When someone buys something, ownership transfers, | 当有人买东西,所有权转让, |
| 29 | but the stone stays exactly where it is. | 但石头一直留在原处 |
| 30 | Everyone in the village simply agrees | 村里的每个人都同意 |
| 31 | that stone now belongs to this family. | 那块石头现在属于这个家族 |
| 32 | But the story doesn't end there. | 但故事并没有在那里结束. |
| 33 | Years ago, one family was transporting | 几年前,一个家庭正在运送 |
| 34 | a particularly large stone by canoe. | 一只特别大的石头靠独木舟 |
| 35 | A storm came and the stone sank to the bottom of the ocean. | 一场暴风雨来袭,石头沉到海底. |
| 36 | Nobody can take it out, nobody can even see it. | 没人能拿出来,没人能看见 |
| 37 | It still kept circulating as money. | 它仍然以钱的形式流通。 |
| 38 | The entire island agreed that stone exists | 全岛都同意 石头存在 |
| 39 | and it belongs to this family, so they can spend it. | 它属于这个家庭,所以他们可以花它。 |
| 40 | The stone was never the point. | 石头从来都不是重点 |
| 41 | The agreement was. | 协议是。 |
| 42 | Two of the greatest economists in history, | 两位史上最伟大的经济学家 |
| 43 | Keynes and Milton Friedman, | 凯恩斯和米尔顿·弗里德曼 |
| 44 | disagreed on almost everything. | 几乎什么都有分歧 |
| 45 | These two guys argued about economics their entire lives. | 这两个家伙争论经济学 他们的整个生活。 |
| 46 | Both of them independently read about Yap Island | 两人都独立读过雅浦岛 |
| 47 | and both of them said the exact same thing. | 他们都说了同样的话 |
| 48 | These people understand money better than we do. | 这些人比我们更了解钱 |
| 49 | So if money is just an agreement, | 所以如果钱只是协议 |
| 50 | where did that agreement come from? | 协议从何而来? |
| 51 | How did it start? | 怎么开始的? |
| 52 | You've probably heard the barter story. | 你可能听过易货的故事 |
| 53 | First, humans bartered. | 首先,人类交换。 |
| 54 | You give me your fish, I give you my bread. | 你给我你的鱼,我给你我的面包。 |
| 55 | Then it got complicated, so we invented money. | 后来事情变得复杂了 所以我们发明了钱 |
| 56 | That story is not true. | 这故事不是真的。 |
| 57 | In 1776, economist Adam Smith wrote it down in his book. | 1776年,经济学家亚当·斯密(Adam Smith)在书中将其写下来. |
| 58 | He wasn't describing history, | 他没有描述历史, |
| 59 | he was making a logical argument. | 他在进行逻辑辩论 |
| 60 | But for 250 years, economists treated it as a fact. | 但250年来,经济学家将它视为事实. |
| 61 | Teachers taught it, textbooks printed it. | 老师教它,教科书也印刷它. |
| 62 | Nobody checked if it was actually true. | 没人查是否是真的 |
| 63 | When anthropologists finally checked, they found nothing. | 当人类学家最终检查时,他们什么也没发现. |
| 64 | Cambridge anthropologist Caroline Humphrey | 剑桥人类学家卡罗琳·汉弗莱 |
| 65 | spent her career looking for it. | 花了她的职业生涯寻找它。 |
| 66 | Her conclusion was simple. | 她的结论很简单。 |
| 67 | No example of a barter economy has ever been described. | 从未描述过易货经济的例子。 |
| 68 | Not in any culture, not in any era, not on this planet. | 在任何文化中,在任何时代,在这个星球上,都不行。 |
| 69 | All evidence suggests there never has been such a thing. | 所有证据显示,从来没有发生过这种事。 |
| 70 | And here's the part that flips everything upside down. | 而此部分翻转一切颠倒. |
| 71 | Barter didn't come before money, it came after. | 巴特尔没有来之前的钱, 它来之后。 |
| 72 | People only bartered when their money system collapsed | 只有钱系统崩溃时 人们才会交换 |
| 73 | and they had nothing else. | 他们没有别的了 |
| 74 | Russia in the 1990s, Argentina in 2002. | 1990年代俄罗斯,2002年阿根廷. |
| 75 | When the currency disappeared, | 当货币消失时 |
| 76 | people went back to swapping things directly. | 人们回去直接交换东西。 |
| 77 | It wasn't the beginning of money. | 这不是钱的开始。 |
| 78 | It was the emergency backup when money was gone. | 钱没了就是紧急支援 |
| 79 | What actually came first was much simpler. | 最先出现的是简单得多。 |
| 80 | You helped your neighbor build his roof. | 你帮邻居盖屋顶 |
| 81 | He helped you with your harvest later. | 他后来帮助你收割。 |
| 82 | No transactions, no haggling. | 没有交易,没有争吵。 |
| 83 | Just people remembering what they owed each other. | 只是人们记得 他们欠对方。 |
| 84 | The oldest writing ever discovered isn't love stories. | 最古老的写作不是爱情故事 |
| 85 | It isn't prayers. | 这不是祈祷 |
| 86 | It isn't laws. | 这不是法律。 |
| 87 | It's a debt record from over 5,000 years ago. | 五千多年前的债务记录. |
| 88 | Found in Mesopotamia, what is today Iraq. | 在美索不达米亚发现的 今天是什么伊拉克。 |
| 89 | Someone borrowed tools and promised | 有人借工具答应 |
| 90 | to pay back after harvest. | 收获后还钱 |
| 91 | Merchants writing down what people owed them, | 商人写下人们欠他们的 |
| 92 | all of it scratched into clay tablets | 全部刮成粘土片 |
| 93 | that you can actually go and see in museums today. | 今天你可以去博物馆看看 |
| 94 | No coins, just promises recorded in clay. | 没有硬币,只是用粘土记录的许诺。 |
| 95 | The first coins showed up 2,700 years later | 2700年后第一批硬币出现 |
| 96 | in Lydia, what is called Turkey. | 在莉迪亚, 所谓的土耳其。 |
| 97 | Think about that. | 考虑一下 |
| 98 | For over 2,000 years, humans built cities, paid workers, | 两千多年来,人类建造了城市,有报酬的工人, |
| 99 | ran entire civilizations on nothing but recorded promises. | 整个文明无所事事,只许有承诺。 |
| 100 | The coin came after the promise came first. | 硬币是先承诺的 |
| 101 | So let's put this all together. | 因此,让我们把这一切放在一起。 |
| 102 | Yap Island, ancient Mesopotamia, | 雅浦岛 古美索不达米亚 |
| 103 | two completely different places, | 两个完全不同的地方, |
| 104 | two completely different times, same discovery. | 两个完全不同的时代 同样的发现 |
| 105 | The value was never in the object. | 该值从未出现在对象中 。 |
| 106 | It was always in the agreement about the object. | 它总是在协议 关于对象。 |
| 107 | Money was supposed to work like a measuring tool, | 钱应该像一个测量工具 |
| 108 | like a ruler. | 像一个统治者。 |
| 109 | A ruler only works because everyone agrees on a measurement. | 一个尺子之所以有效,只是因为每个人都同意测量. |
| 110 | Think about a minute. | 考虑一下 |
| 111 | Minute is 60 seconds whether you're in Tokyo, | 一分钟是60秒 不管你在东京, |
| 112 | New York or Cairo, always. | 纽约或开罗,总是。 |
| 113 | Nobody can change that. | 没有人可以改变这一点。 |
| 114 | Nobody wakes up one morning and says, | 没有人醒来 一天早上说, |
| 115 | okay, today a minute is 55 seconds. | 好吧,今天一分钟是55秒。 |
| 116 | That stability is exactly what makes it useful. | 这种稳定正是它有用的原因。 |
| 117 | You can plan around it, trust in it completely. | 你可以计划,完全相信它。 |
| 118 | Money was supposed to work exactly the same way, | 钱应该用同样的方式 |
| 119 | a stable, reliable measure of value. | 一个稳定可靠的价值衡量标准。 |
| 120 | But here's the difference. | 但此分别. |
| 121 | A minute exists in nature, nobody controls it. | 自然界存在一分钟 没人能控制它 |
| 122 | Money is a human agreement | 钱是人类的约定 |
| 123 | and human agreements can be changed silently | 人类协议可以默默改变 |
| 124 | without telling you. | 不告诉你。 |
| 125 | That's exactly why for thousands of years, | 这就是为什么几千年来, |
| 126 | people tied money to something physical, | 人们把钱绑在身体上 |
| 127 | gold, silver, metal, something nobody could fake, | 金子、银子、金属,没人能伪造的东西, |
| 128 | something that behaved more like a minute, | 某种行为更像是一分钟, |
| 129 | fixed and impossible to print. | 固定且无法打印。 |
| 130 | That physical anchor kept everyone honest. | 那个物理锚使每个人都诚实。 |
| 131 | Then some guy came along and said, | 然后有人来了 说, |
| 132 | forget the gold, just use paper. | 忘了金子,用纸吧 |
| 133 | And the whole world said, yes. | 全世界都说,是的 |
| 134 | You are now trusting a measuring tool | 你现在信任一个测量工具 |
| 135 | held by the same person who benefits | 由受益的同一人持有 |
| 136 | from making it shorter. | 从缩短。 |
| 137 | And here's what I couldn't stop thinking about. | 这就是我一直想着的 |
| 138 | How are people so naive? | 人们怎么这么天真? |
| 139 | How did nobody just say no to paper money? | 怎么没人拒绝纸币? |
| 140 | But then I actually looked at how it happened | 但后来我又看了一下事情的经过 |
| 141 | and I realized I would have said yes too. | 我意识到我也会答应的 |
| 142 | So would you. | 你也一样。 |
| 143 | It turns out that you don't have to convince people | 原来你不必说服别人 |
| 144 | to trust something you can print. | 相信可以打印的东西。 |
| 145 | China, about a thousand years ago, | 中国,大约一千年前, |
| 146 | during the Song dynasty in a region called Sichuan, | 宋朝时期,在四川一带, |
| 147 | they had a strange problem with money. | 他们有奇怪的问题 与钱。 |
| 148 | Their money was made of iron, heavy, low value, | 他们的钱是铁制的,又重又低 |
| 149 | and you needed a lot of it just to buy anything important. | 而你需要很多钱来买任何重要的东西 |
| 150 | Carrying enough iron to make a serious trade | 携带足够的铁 进行严肃的交易 |
| 151 | meant carrying kilos of metal through the vast empire. | 意思是带着一公斤的金属 穿过庞大的帝国 |
| 152 | It was slow, dangerous, and exhausting. | 它很慢,很危险,很累 |
| 153 | So ordinary merchants came up with something smarter. | 所以普通商人想出了更聪明的办法 |
| 154 | Leave your iron with a trusted local shop. | 把你的铁留给一家可信任的本地商店 |
| 155 | Get a receipt. | 拿张收据 |
| 156 | Trade the receipt instead of the metal. | 用收据换金属 |
| 157 | Lighter, faster, nobody gets robbed on the road. | 更轻,更快,没有人在路上被抢劫。 |
| 158 | Nobody invented this from above, | 没有人从上面发明这个, |
| 159 | just regular people solving an annoying problem | 只是普通人解决一个烦人的问题 |
| 160 | in the most obvious way available. | 以最明显的方式 |
| 161 | And it worked, genuinely worked. | 和它的工作,真正的工作。 |
| 162 | Trade got easier, people's lives got better. | 贸易变得更加容易,人们的生活更加美好. |
| 163 | Then the government noticed. | 后来政府注意到了. |
| 164 | They stepped in and made it official, | 他们介入并正式宣布 |
| 165 | creating government-issued paper money called jiaozi, | 创建政府发行的纸币 叫做Jiaozi, |
| 166 | which looked something like this. | 看起来像这样 |
| 167 | This was not a bad idea either. | 这主意也不错 |
| 168 | Instead of hundreds of different shop receipts, you had one. | 而不是几百张不同的店面收据, 你有一个。 |
| 169 | The problem came later. | 问题后来才出现。 |
| 170 | War is expensive, | 战争是昂贵的 |
| 171 | and printing paper is cheaper than finding silver. | 印刷纸比找银更便宜 |
| 172 | So they printed a bit more, then a bit more, | 所以,他们打印多一点,然后多一点, |
| 173 | then more again. | 再来一次 |
| 174 | The ruler was shrinking. | 统治者在缩小。 |
| 175 | And once people noticed, | 一旦人们注意到 |
| 176 | they stopped trusting the measurement entirely. | 他们不再完全相信测量。 |
| 177 | They went back to the heavy iron coins | 他们回到重铁硬币上 |
| 178 | they spent generations trying to escape. | 他们花了几代人试图逃跑。 |
| 179 | The Chinese were the first to invent paper money. | 中国人最早发明纸币. |
| 180 | And the first to be destroyed by it. | 而先被其灭者. |
| 181 | London, 17th century, same pattern, different place. | 伦敦,17世纪,相同的图案,不同的地方. |
| 182 | Imagine you live in this time. | 想象一下你活在这个时候 |
| 183 | You have gold, but the streets are dangerous. | 你有黄金,但街道很危险。 |
| 184 | Thieves are everywhere, wars, fires. | 盗贼无处不在,战火不息. |
| 185 | Keeping it at home means risking everything you own. | 把它留在家里 意味着冒险你拥有的一切。 |
| 186 | So you leave it with the local goldsmith. | 所以你把它留给当地的金匠 |
| 187 | He already built vaults for his jewelry business. | 他已经为珠宝生意盖了金库 |
| 188 | For a small fee, he agrees to store your gold too, | 为了小费,他同意 储存你的黄金太, |
| 189 | and hands you a receipt. | 并给你一张收据。 |
| 190 | A piece of paper saying exactly how much gold | 一张纸上写着多少黄金 |
| 191 | he is keeping safe for you. | 他保证你的安全 |
| 192 | And here's the thing, | 事情是这样的 |
| 193 | almost everyone in town used the same goldsmith. | 镇上几乎每个人都用同样的金匠 |
| 194 | So when you bought something from your neighbor, | 当你从邻居那里买东西时 |
| 195 | he had gold stored there too. | 他有黄金储存在那里。 |
| 196 | Instead of you walking across town to collect your gold, | 而不是你走过镇上收集你的黄金, |
| 197 | walking back to hand it to him, | 走回去交给他, |
| 198 | and him walking across town to deposit it again, | 然后他走过镇上再存一次 |
| 199 | you just handed him the receipt. | 你刚刚把收据交给他 |
| 200 | He could walk in any time and collect the gold himself. | 他随时可以自己走 自己拿金子 |
| 201 | Same result, 10 times easier. | 同样的结果,十倍的容易。 |
| 202 | Why would anyone do it any other way? | 为什么有人会这么做? |
| 203 | One night, the goldsmith is lying awake in his bed | 一天晚上,金匠躺在床上 |
| 204 | and a thought creeps in. | 和一个想法爬入。 |
| 205 | All that gold is just sitting there doing nothing. | 那些金子只是坐在那里无所事事 |
| 206 | On any given day, maybe 10% of people | 在任何一天,也许10%的人 |
| 207 | actually come to collect it. | 其实是来收集的 |
| 208 | The rest just trade the paper receipts. | 其余的只是交换收据 |
| 209 | So what if, what if I lend some of it out? | 那么,如果,如果我借一些出来呢? |
| 210 | Charge interest, nobody would ever know. | 收取利息,没人知道 |
| 211 | So he starts lending it out. | 所以他开始借出去 |
| 212 | A merchant needs money to start a business. | 商人需要钱来创业. |
| 213 | The goldsmith hands him a receipt | 金匠给他一张收据 |
| 214 | and charges interest when he pays it back. | 并收取利息 当他偿还它。 |
| 215 | But whose gold is he lending? | 他借谁的金子? |
| 216 | Yours, and you get nothing from that earned interest. | 你的,你从这赚来的利息一文不值 |
| 217 | You don't even know your gold is out there | 你甚至不知道你的金子在外边 |
| 218 | making money for someone else. | 为别人赚钱 |
| 219 | You think it's safely sitting in a vault. | 你认为它安全地坐在保险库里 |
| 220 | The goldsmith collects the interest. | 金匠收集利息. |
| 221 | You carry the risk, he keeps the reward. | 你冒着风险,他留着赏金 |
| 222 | It's like you park your car in a garage for safekeeping | 就像你把车停在车库里保管 |
| 223 | and the owner secretly rents it out, | 主人偷偷地把它租了出来, |
| 224 | making money from your car every day. | 每天用你的车赚钱 |
| 225 | Well, you think it's just sitting there safe. | 你认为它只是坐在那里安全。 |
| 226 | Now, the lending itself was actually useful. | 现在,贷款本身其实是有用的。 |
| 227 | Idle gold builds nothing. | 枯金无所建. |
| 228 | Put to work and it creates jobs, | 投入工作并创造就业机会, |
| 229 | builds things that wouldn't exist otherwise. | 建立的东西是不会存在的 否则。 |
| 230 | That part was a real discovery. | 那部分是一个真正的发现。 |
| 231 | But then the goldsmith gets greedy | 但金匠却贪得无厌 |
| 232 | and prints more paper receipts. | 并打印更多的纸张收据。 |
| 233 | He has, let's say 100 pieces of gold, | 他有100块金币 |
| 234 | but he prints 150 receipts. | 但他打印了150张收据。 |
| 235 | The extra 50 have nothing behind them. | 额外50人后面什么都没有 |
| 236 | He just made them up. | 是他编的 |
| 237 | A real receipt and a fake one looked identical. | 一个真正的收据和一个假的 看起来是一样的。 |
| 238 | There was no difference, so nobody could notice. | 没有区别,所以没人会注意到 |
| 239 | Soon prices start rising. | 价格很快开始上涨。 |
| 240 | Nobody knows why. | 没人知道为什么 |
| 241 | When everything was finally exposed, | 当一切终于被曝光时, |
| 242 | you might expect outrage reform. | 你可能会期待愤怒改革。 |
| 243 | Instead, they made it official. | 相反,他们把它变成正式的。 |
| 244 | King William III was desperate for money to fund his wars. | 威廉三世国王急于寻求金钱来资助他的战争. |
| 245 | Nobody would lend to him. | 没有人会借给他。 |
| 246 | So he looked at what the goldsmith had been doing | 所以他看了那个金匠一直在做的事 |
| 247 | and thought, I want that same power. | 我想,我想要同样的力量。 |
| 248 | In 1694, they founded the Bank of England. | 1694年,他们成立了英格兰银行. |
| 249 | A group of merchants loaned the crown 1.2 million pounds. | 一批商人借出王冠120万斤. |
| 250 | In return, the king gave them an official license | 作为回报,国王给了他们正式的执照 |
| 251 | to issue paper money, | 发行纸币, |
| 252 | backed not by gold in a vault, | 没有金子支撑在金库里, |
| 253 | but by the king's promise to repay. | 但是国王承诺要偿还 |
| 254 | The goldsmith created money from nothing | 金匠一无所获 |
| 255 | and called it a receipt. | 并称之为收据。 |
| 256 | The Bank of England created money from nothing | 英格兰银行从无到有创造力 |
| 257 | and called it a bank note. | 并称之为一张钞票。 |
| 258 | Different name, same trick. | 不同名字,同样的诡计。 |
| 259 | The fraud didn't get shut down. | 欺诈没有被关闭。 |
| 260 | It got a crown on top of it. | 其顶戴一冠. |
| 261 | The ruler was now in the hands of the people | 统治者现在掌握在人民手中 |
| 262 | who benefited from shrinking it. | 他们从缩小中得益。 |
| 263 | And the rest of the countries didn't just watch. | 而其余诸国不单观. |
| 264 | They copied it, almost every single one of them. | 他们复制了它,几乎每一个。 |
| 265 | That is why they call the Bank of England | 所以他们才叫英格兰银行 |
| 266 | the mother of all central banks. | 所有中央银行的母亲。 |
| 267 | Every central bank, every bank you have ever walked into, | 每个中央银行,每一个你走进的银行, |
| 268 | all running on the same system the goldsmith invented, | 所有运行在同一系统 金匠发明, |
| 269 | lying awake in his bed. | 躺在他床上醒着 |
| 270 | But the world wasn't ready to give up on honest money. | 但世界还没有准备好放弃诚实的金钱. |
| 271 | 1944, the war was almost over. | 1944年,战争几乎结束. |
| 272 | And before the smoke even cleared, | 在烟熏之前 |
| 273 | the entire Western world sat down and agreed on one rule. | 整个西方世界坐下来 商定了一条规则 |
| 274 | Let us tie every currency to the dollar | 让我们把每种货币与美元挂钩 |
| 275 | and tie the dollar to gold. | 然后把美元和黄金绑起来 |
| 276 | Fixed, $35 for one ounce. | 固定,35美元一盎司。 |
| 277 | And for a while it worked. | 有一阵子了 |
| 278 | Europe rebuilt from rubble. | 欧洲从废墟中重建。 |
| 279 | People lived better than they ever had. | 人们的生活比以前更好。 |
| 280 | But underneath it all, a quiet problem was growing. | 但是,在这一切之下, 一个安静的问题正在增长。 |
| 281 | America was spending heavily | 美国花了很多钱 |
| 282 | on wars, on programs at home, | 关于战争, 关于家庭方案, |
| 283 | and quietly it started printing to cover the gap. | 并悄悄地开始印刷以覆盖空白. |
| 284 | The dollars were piling up. | 美元积聚。 |
| 285 | The gold wasn't. | 金子没有。 |
| 286 | And other countries started asking one very simple question. | 其他国家开始问一个非常简单的问题。 |
| 287 | If we all showed up at once, | 如果我们都马上出现 |
| 288 | would the gold actually be there? | 金子真的会在那里吗? |
| 289 | The answer was no. | 答案是否定的。 |
| 290 | Countries slowly started showing up. | 各国慢慢地开始出现。 |
| 291 | France was the first to demand their gold. | 法国最早要求他们的黄金. |
| 292 | The vault was emptying fast. | 保险库很快就空了 |
| 293 | The US President Nixon didn't wait for it to run out. | 美国总统尼克松没有等待它耗尽. |
| 294 | On a Sunday evening in August, 1971, | 1971年8月的星期日晚间 |
| 295 | he went on television and announced | 他上电视宣布 |
| 296 | that the dollar would no longer be convertible to gold. | 美元不再可以兑换成黄金 |
| 297 | The last anchor was gone. | 最后一个锚不见了 |
| 298 | Overnight, every currency in the world | 一夜之间,世界上所有的货币 |
| 299 | became just paper backed by nothing but trust. | 成了只有信任的纸 |
| 300 | Think about what that meant for anyone sitting at home | 想想这对坐在家里的人意味着什么 |
| 301 | watching that broadcast. | 看广播 |
| 302 | If you had $100 in your pocket that night, | 如果那晚你口袋里有100块 |
| 303 | today the same $100 would buy you only $8 worth of things. | 今天同样的100美元只给你买8美元的东西 |
| 304 | Sit with that for a second. | 你坐一会吧 |
| 305 | 92% of the value was gone | 价值的92%没有了 |
| 306 | while the number on the note stayed exactly the same. | 纸条上的号码完全不变 |
| 307 | That was 1971, half a century ago. | 那是1971年,半个世纪前。 |
| 308 | You would think in 50 years, | 你会认为50年后 |
| 309 | someone would have fixed this, built something better. | 有人会修好它, 建造更好的东西。 |
| 310 | Nobody did. | 没有人知道。 |
| 311 | In fact, the situation got even stranger. | 事实上,情况甚至变得陌生。 |
| 312 | Remember the goldsmith printing receipts he had no gold for? | 还记得金匠印收据 他没有金子? |
| 313 | Private banks are still doing the exact same thing, | 私人银行也在做同样的事情 |
| 314 | just on a computer screen now. | 就在电脑屏幕上 |
| 315 | 97% of all money today is digital | 今天97%的钱都是数字的 |
| 316 | and it is created by them, | 它是由他们创造的, |
| 317 | not the central bank, not the government. | 不是中央银行,不是政府 |
| 318 | Most people think that banks are just the middlemen. | 大多数人认为银行只是中间人. |
| 319 | They take deposits, keep 10% as reserve | 他们收存款,留10%作为储备 |
| 320 | and lend the rest out and that is how they make money. | 然后把剩下的借出去 这就是他们赚钱的方法 |
| 321 | This is also what I learned in my economics classes. | 这也是我在经济学课程中学到的. |
| 322 | That is not what happens, not even close. | 事情不是那样的,甚至没有接近。 |
| 323 | Imagine you walk into your local bank. | 想象一下你走进你的当地银行 |
| 324 | You need $10,000, you sign a loan contract. | 你需要一万美元,你签个贷款合同 |
| 325 | That exact moment, two things happen. | 那一刻 发生了两件事 |
| 326 | The bank records your promise to repay | 银行记录你答应还钱 |
| 327 | as an asset on their books | 作为他们的账本上的资产 |
| 328 | and types $10,000 into your account. | 并且输入一万元入帐 |
| 329 | In that exact moment, money is created. | 钱就是在那一刻创造出来的 |
| 330 | Your signature is what created that money. | 你的签名就是创造这些钱的原因 |
| 331 | Now you can spend it, do whatever you want with it | 现在你可以花掉它,随心所欲 |
| 332 | as long as you pay back the $10,000 plus the interest. | 只要你还了一万美元加利息 |
| 333 | They didn't use their savings | 他们没有用他们的积蓄 |
| 334 | or use somebody else's deposits to give you that loan. | 或者用别人的存款给你贷款 |
| 335 | They just typed numbers on a screen | 他们只是在屏幕上输入数字 |
| 336 | but they still collect real interest on it. | 但他们仍然对它很感兴趣 |
| 337 | But wait, it gets even stranger than that. | 但等等,它会变得更陌生。 |
| 338 | You borrowed $10,000, but with interest, | 你借了一万块,但有利息 |
| 339 | let's say you owe $11,000 back. | 假设你欠我11,000美元 |
| 340 | That extra $1,000, where does it come from? | 那额外的1000美元,它从哪里来的? |
| 341 | It was never created. | 它从未被创造。 |
| 342 | It doesn't exist in the system. | 系统不存在. |
| 343 | The only way you can get it | 只有这样你才能得到它 |
| 344 | is if someone else borrows it first. | 如果别人先借的话 |
| 345 | But that someone owes back more than they borrowed too. | 但是有人欠的还比他们借的还多 |
| 346 | So another person has to borrow and another and another. | 所以,另一个人必须借款,另一个人和另一个人。 |
| 347 | The only way anyone can ever pay back their debt | 只有这样才能还清债务 |
| 348 | is if someone else is constantly taking on new debt forever. | 如果别人 不断承担新的债务 永远。 |
| 349 | The system doesn't just prefer this, it requires it. | 系统并不只是喜欢这个,它需要它。 |
| 350 | So more and more money keeps getting created | 所以,越来越多的钱 不断得到创造 |
| 351 | but the amount of goods and services in the world | 但世界上货物和服务的数量 |
| 352 | doesn't grow at the same pace. | 增长速度不同 |
| 353 | So each dollar you own buys a little less | 所以,你拥有的每一个美元 买少一点 |
| 354 | than it did yesterday. | 比昨天还糟 |
| 355 | And here's the part that took me a long time to accept. | 我花了很长时间才接受这个角色 |
| 356 | That is not an accident. | 这不是意外。 |
| 357 | Someone decided this. | 有人决定的 |
| 358 | Every major central bank in the world | 世界每个主要中央银行 |
| 359 | targets 2% inflation per year. | 每年通胀2%的目标。 |
| 360 | They call it price stability. | 他们称之为价格稳定。 |
| 361 | 2% sounds harmless but compound it over a lifetime | 2%听起来无害 但它是终生的 |
| 362 | and it cuts the value of your savings roughly in half | 让你的积蓄减少一半 |
| 363 | every 35 years. | 每35年一次。 |
| 364 | The ruler is being shortened on purpose every single year. | 统治者每年都被故意缩短。 |
| 365 | Now here's the question. | 现在的问题是: |
| 366 | If someone decided this, who did they decide it for? | 如果有人决定了, 他们决定是谁? |
| 367 | Borrowers. | 借款人 |
| 368 | Inflation is good for borrowers. | 通货膨胀对借款人有利。 |
| 369 | You borrow with strong currency. | 你借的是强币 |
| 370 | You pay back with a weaker one. | 你用弱者还钱 |
| 371 | So the debt quietly shrinks. | 所以,债务悄悄的收缩。 |
| 372 | Now think about who the biggest borrower on earth is. | 现在想想世界上最大的借款人是谁 |
| 373 | Governments, every single one of them. | 政府,每一个政府。 |
| 374 | Debt so large it could never realistically be paid back | 这么大的债 根本还不回来 |
| 375 | but inflated away quietly over decades | 几十年来悄悄膨胀 |
| 376 | and suddenly it becomes manageable. | 突然变得可以控制 |
| 377 | The saver pays, the borrower benefits. | 储蓄者支付,借款者受益. |
| 378 | This is not a flaw in the system. | 这不是制度上的缺陷。 |
| 379 | This is the system. | 这就是系统。 |
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