钻石真相：不是煤炭，是火山喷发
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | In the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History lies a mysterious object. | 在史密森尼自然历史博物馆中,藏有一件神秘物品. |
| 0:04 | It's drawn millions of visitors from across the world. | 吸引了来自世界各地的数百万游客. |
| 0:07 | And not just for its beauty, but for its curse. | 不仅因为它的美丽 也因为它的诅咒 |
| 0:09 | I'm talking about this. | 我说的是这个。 |
| 0:11 | The Hope Diamond. | 希望钻石。 |
| 0:12 | A gem taken from India in the 1660s whose various owners are rumored to have mysteriously died. | 1660年代从印度取来的宝石,据传其不同主人神秘死亡. |
| 0:17 | From everything, from wild dog attacks to beheadings. | 从野狗攻击到斩首 |
| 0:20 | Shh. | 嘘 |
| 0:20 | It's okay, Dwayne. | 没事的,杜恩 |
| 0:21 | The scary gem is safe in a museum. | 可怕的宝石是安全的 在博物馆。 |
展开字幕全文（173 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | In the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History lies a mysterious object. | 在史密森尼自然历史博物馆中,藏有一件神秘物品. |
| 2 | It's drawn millions of visitors from across the world. | 吸引了来自世界各地的数百万游客. |
| 3 | And not just for its beauty, but for its curse. | 不仅因为它的美丽 也因为它的诅咒 |
| 4 | I'm talking about this. | 我说的是这个。 |
| 5 | The Hope Diamond. | 希望钻石。 |
| 6 | A gem taken from India in the 1660s whose various owners are rumored to have mysteriously died. | 1660年代从印度取来的宝石,据传其不同主人神秘死亡. |
| 7 | From everything, from wild dog attacks to beheadings. | 从野狗攻击到斩首 |
| 8 | Shh. | 嘘 |
| 9 | It's okay, Dwayne. | 没事的,杜恩 |
| 10 | The scary gem is safe in a museum. | 可怕的宝石是安全的 在博物馆。 |
| 11 | For now. | 现在。 |
| 12 | The Hope Diamond's curse might be a myth. | 希望钻石的诅咒可能是一个神话。 |
| 13 | But one thing's for sure. | 但有一点是肯定的。 |
| 14 | Not the only myth out there about diamonds. | 不是唯一关于钻石的神话 |
| 15 | Hi, I'm Sage. | 嗨,我是赛奇。 |
| 16 | And this is Crash Course Geology. | 这是克拉舍课程地质。 |
| 17 | Diamonds. | 钻石 |
| 18 | They're bright, flawless, and a girl's best friend. | 他们是明亮的,无瑕疵的, 和一个女孩最好的朋友。 |
| 19 | These aren't real, by the way. | 顺便说一句 这些不是真的 |
| 20 | What, do you think rocks are made of money? | 你觉得石头是钱做的吗? |
| 21 | But to a geologist, diamonds are much more than a symbol of glamour, timelessness, and love. | 但对于地质学家来说,钻石远不止是魅力,无时无刻和爱的象征. |
| 22 | And there are a lot of misconceptions about them. | 并且对于它们也有许多误解. |
| 23 | Starting with their structure. | 从他们的结构开始。 |
| 24 | Diamond is a clear mineral made of one main ingredient. | 钻石是一种由一种主要成分制成的矿物。 |
| 25 | 碳 Carbon. | |
| 26 | Although sometimes small amounts of other elements can give them different color. | 虽然有时少量的其他元素可以给他们不同的颜色. |
| 27 | Like that deep hue in the Hope Diamond comes from boron. | 就像"希望钻石"里那个深厚的呼声 来自于硼 |
| 28 | While carbon itself is a pretty common element, diamonds do something special with it. | 虽然碳本身是一个相当常见的元素, 钻石做一些特别的东西。 |
| 29 | The carbon atoms are puzzled together super tightly into a crystal structure that's nearly indestructible. | 碳原子被紧紧地拼凑在一起 形成一个几乎不可破坏的晶体结构 |
| 30 | In fact, diamond is the hardest naturally occurring substance on Earth. | 事实上,钻石是地球上自然产生的最难的物质。 |
| 31 | So hard, we use it to cut through concrete and stone. | 我们用它来切割混凝土和石头 |
| 32 | But how do you get a structure like that? | 但你如何得到这样的结构? |
| 33 | Spoiler alert. | 破坏者警报 |
| 34 | Not from coal. | 不从煤. |
| 35 | You've probably heard that myth before. | 你可能听过那个神话 |
| 36 | That diamonds are made of a lump of coal and a lot of pressure. | 钻石是由一块煤和大量压力制成的。 |
| 37 | A great motivational metaphor, but not a scientifically accurate one. | 一个伟大的激励比喻,但科学上并不准确。 |
| 38 | Sure, coal is also made of carbon. | 当然,煤也是用碳做的。 |
| 39 | But the way diamonds actually form is way cooler than squishing a sooty rock. | 但钻石的形成方式 远比打碎一块溶土要酷 |
| 40 | Let's dig a little deeper. | 更深入一点 |
| 41 | For hundreds of years, humans didn't know where diamonds came from. | 几百年来,人类一直不知道钻石的来源. |
| 42 | We could only find them by searching riverbeds for washed away sediment, also known as alluvial mining. | 我们只能通过搜索河床来寻找被冲走的沉积物,也称为冲积矿开采。 |
| 43 | But there was no way of knowing what type of rock they came from. | 但无法知道他们来自哪类岩石。 |
| 44 | Until 1870, when miners in South Africa struck gold, or, well, diamond. | 直到1870年,南非的矿工袭击黄金或钻石。 |
| 45 | In the town of Kimberley, they found tons of diamond. | 在金伯利镇,他们发现了数吨钻石. |
| 46 | Not on the riverbed, but in the ground. | 不在河床,却在地上. |
| 47 | It was the first time diamonds had ever been found in the volcanic rock they came from. | 这是第一次在他们来自的火山岩中发现钻石. |
| 48 | The discoverers named the source rock Kimberlite after the town and started to study it. | 发现者以该镇命名源岩金伯利特并开始研究. |
| 49 | And after a hundred odd years, we finally figured out how those special stones got there. | 过了一百年的奇数 我们终于知道这些特别的石头是怎么到那里的了 |
| 50 | It turns out diamonds form in cratons, the deep down roots of continents. | 原来钻石是用钻石形成的, 是各大洲的深层根基。 |
| 51 | They're stable, hot, and pressurized enough to form carbon into that super-dense crystal | 它们稳定,热,加压 足以形成碳 形成超强的晶体 |
| 52 | structure that diamonds are known for. | 用于钻石的结构。 |
| 53 | Most diamonds form in Earth's upper mantle, the part right below the outer crust. | 大部分钻石形成于地球的上部地幔, 部分位于外壳下方。 |
| 54 | But some diamonds, like the Hope Diamond, form even deeper down in the transition zone | 但有些钻石,如"希望钻石" 在过渡区更深处形成 |
| 55 | and the lower mantle, more than 600 kilometers below the surface. | 和下地幔, 低于水面600多公里。 |
| 56 | Maybe that's why the Hope Diamond is allegedly cursed. | 也许这就是希望钻石被诅咒的原因 |
| 57 | It's seen things no one was ever meant to see. | 它看到的东西 没有人注定要看到。 |
| 58 | So how do they get to the surface? | 那么,他们是如何到达表面的? |
| 59 | 以一 bang. | |
| 60 | When continents break apart, they disrupt the mantle, leading to a millions of years | 当大陆破裂时,它们会破坏地幔,导致数百万年 |
| 61 | long domino effect. | 长期多米诺效应. |
| 62 | Eventually, carbon dioxide and water trapped within deep pockets of magma explode into | 最终,被困在岩浆深处的二氧化碳和水会爆炸 |
| 63 | powerful Kimberlite eruptions. | 强大的金伯利火山爆发。 |
| 64 | Molten rocks shoot upward, blasting out carrot-shaped pipes through the surface. | 熔岩向上射击 将胡萝卜状的管子炸穿表面 |
| 65 | And the violent flow rips up chunks of deep rock that, if you're lucky, are studded with | 猛烈的潮流 撕裂了一大块深层岩石 如果你幸运的话 |
| 66 | diamonds. | 钻石。 |
| 67 | As for super-deep diamonds like the Hope, they have to rise a bit higher in the mantle first. | 至于像"希望"这样的超深层钻石,它们必须先在地幔上提升一点. |
| 68 | Possibly by hitching a ride on an extra hot rock that flows from the lower mantle to the | 可能通过搭便车搭乘额外的热岩 从下层地幔流向 |
| 69 | upper. | 上层 |
| 70 | Then Kimberlite eruptions can blast them to the surface. | 然后金伯利特喷发可以把它们炸到表面. |
| 71 | Most Kimberlite eruptions happened between 250 and 50 million years ago. | 大多数金贝利特喷发发生在2.5亿至5千万年前. |
| 72 | And their diamonds started forming long before the blasts. | 他们的钻石早在爆炸前就开始形成 |
| 73 | Up to three billion years ago. | 至三十亿年前. |
| 74 | Talk about classic rock. | 谈经典摇滚. |
| 75 | That one was so bad, it's good. | 那个太糟糕了,很好 |
| 76 | Which helps us see diamonds for what they really are. | 帮助我们看到钻石的真面目。 |
| 77 | Time capsules of the past. | 过去时光胶囊. |
| 78 | They have a lot to teach us about the super-deep Earth and its super-long geologic history. | 他们有很多东西可以教给我们 关于超深的地球 及其超长的地质历史。 |
| 79 | Mineral and fluid inclusions trapped in diamond can give us clues about what the mantle was | 被困在钻石中的矿物质和流体 能够告诉我们地幔是什么 |
| 80 | like back when they formed, which has helped geologists unravel all kinds of geologic | 帮助地质学家破解了各种地质 |
| 81 | mysteries. | 谜团。 |
| 82 | Like Dr. Kate Keseva has examined garnet inclusions in diamonds using advanced scientific | 就像Kate Keseva博士用先进的科学技术 研究了钻石中的加网 |
| 83 | tools to get more information about the composition of the deep mantle. | 获取更多关于深层地幔构成的信息的工具。 |
| 84 | The last Kimberlite eruption was 13 million years ago. | 最后一次金伯利火山爆发是在1300万年前. |
| 85 | And we don't know if another will ever happen again. | 而且我们不知道是否还会再发生 |
| 86 | So while diamonds continue to grow deep underground, we're left to mine the ones that ancient | 所以当钻石继续深埋地下时 我们只能开采那些古老的 |
| 87 | eruptions have already lofted into Earth's crust. | 喷发已经进入地壳 |
| 88 | That may have given you the impression that diamonds are super rare. | 这也许给你的印象是钻石是极其罕见的。 |
| 89 | After all, we humans have prized them for centuries. | 毕竟,我们人类几百年来一直珍视他们。 |
| 90 | And there's only so many that are accessible to us. | 我们只有这么多人可以访问。 |
| 91 | But diamonds' rarity is also a myth. | 但钻石的稀有性也是一个神话. |
| 92 | Largely perpetuated by a corporation. | 很大程度上是由公司维持的。 |
| 93 | We'll get to that in a sec. | 我们马上去办 |
| 94 | It's true that we've valued diamonds for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. | 确实,我们珍视钻石已有数百年,甚至几千年. |
| 95 | And at first, they were scarce enough that only royalty and the extremely wealthy owned | 一开始,他们很少 只有皇室和非常富有的人拥有 |
| 96 | them. | 他们。 |
| 97 | Like, by 1668, the Hope Diamond had reached the hands of the French king Louis XIV, who | 就像,到1668年,希望钻石已经到达了法国国王路易十四的手中, |
| 98 | would later die of gangrene. | 会死于坏疽 |
| 99 | Finding the Kimberlite diamonds in South Africa had huge effects. | 在南非寻找金伯利钻石产生了巨大影响。 |
| 100 | For the next almost century, the African continent produced 98% of all the diamonds in the world. | 在接下来的近一个世纪里,非洲大陆生产了全世界98%的钻石。 |
| 101 | And with so many diamonds flooding the market, they weren't just for royalty anymore. | 如此众多的钻石淹没了市场, 它们不再只是为皇室服务。 |
| 102 | And that's when British finance bro Cecil Rhodes saw an opportunity. | 这时英国财阀塞西尔·罗兹看到了机会. |
| 103 | He bought shares in a bunch of diamond mines and eventually controlled enough of them to | 他购买了一堆钻石矿的股份 最终控制了足够多的股份 |
| 104 | form the De Beers Mining Company. | 组建德比尔斯矿业公司。 |
| 105 | By 1887, the company owned every diamond mine in South Africa. | 到1887年,该公司拥有南非的每一个钻石矿. |
| 106 | For the next seven decades, it controlled just about every diamond mine in the world. | 在接下来的70年里 它控制着世界上所有的钻石矿 |
| 107 | De Beers used its monopoly to keep up the illusion that diamonds were scarce, a perception | 德比尔斯公司利用自己的垄断 来维持钻石稀缺的幻想 |
| 108 | that sold tons of overpriced diamonds. | 卖了很多超价钻石 |
| 109 | By the 2000s, De Beers finally lost their monopoly. | 到2000年代,德比尔斯最终失去了垄断地位. |
| 110 | But the myth that diamonds are rare has stuck around, despite the fact that they're more | 但钻石稀有的神话 却一直停留在身边 尽管它们更多 |
| 111 | commonly found than lots of other gems. | 通常比很多其他的宝石更常见. |
| 112 | Today, diamond value can be determined by the four Cs, color, clarity, cut, and carat | 今天,钻石价值可以由四C(颜色、清晰度、切割度和克拉)确定 |
| 113 | weight, which tell us what diamond crystals look like, how they're cut, and how big | 重量,这告诉我们钻石晶体是什么样子, 如何切割,多大 |
| 114 | they are. | 他们是。 |
| 115 | For example, the average diamond stud earring is between 0.25 and 1 carat, which can roughly | 例如,平均钻石螺旋耳环在0.25至1克拉之间,大致可以 |
| 116 | range from a few hundred to a few thousand dollars based on the type of diamond. | 根据钻石种类从几百美元到几千美元不等。 |
| 117 | By comparison, the Hope diamond is a whopping 45.52 carats, which is why it's valued at | 相比之下,希望钻石是一块45.52克拉的钻石,因此它的价值是: |
| 118 | up to 350 million dollars. | 高达3.5亿美元。 |
| 119 | But those ordinary diamond studs might not be made of natural diamonds at all. | 但是,这些普通的钻石皮可能根本不是天然钻石做的。 |
| 120 | Which brings me to our last myth. | 这让我想起我们最后的神话 |
| 121 | While many may think that lab-grown diamonds are fake, they are in fact very much real. | 虽然许多人可能认为实验室生产的钻石是假的,但事实上它们非常真实。 |
| 122 | See, in the 1940s, scientists at General Electric started working on a way to skip the whole | 在20世纪40年代,通用电气的科学家们 开始研究如何跳过整个 |
| 123 | billion-year mantle-to-mine timeline and grow diamonds in the lab instead. | 在实验室里种植钻石 |
| 124 | The effort was called Project Superpressure. | 这一努力被称为"超压工程". |
| 125 | Coincidentally, that's also what I called my all-night study sessions in college. | 巧合的是,这也是我在大学里所说的 通宵学习 |
| 126 | The scientists put some graphite, which is also made of carbon, under super intense heat | 科学家们把石墨 也用碳制成 在超强的热量下 |
| 127 | And in just a few weeks, they had made their own diamond. | 在短短的几周内,他们自己做了钻石。 |
| 128 | In fact, it sort of worked the same way many people think coal turns into diamonds. | 事实上,它的工作原理 和很多人认为煤炭变成钻石一样。 |
| 129 | Within a couple decades, lab-grown diamonds were just as hard, sparkly, and impressive | 数十年来 实验室生产的钻石同样坚硬 闪闪发光 令人印象深刻 |
| 130 | as the originals. | 作为原件。 |
| 131 | Modern processes used tiny fragments of natural diamonds to seed new, lab-grown ones and work | 现代工艺利用天然钻石的微小碎片来培育新的、由实验室制造的钻石和工作 |
| 132 | way more efficiently than the old techniques. | 比老技术更有效 |
| 133 | Lab-grown diamonds are real diamonds. | 实验室的钻石是真正的钻石。 |
| 134 | They just have a slightly different origin story. | 他们只是有 略有不同的起源故事。 |
| 135 | Today, lab-grown diamonds are more popular than ever. | 今天,实验室生产的钻石比以往更加流行。 |
| 136 | For one, they are way cheaper than natural diamonds, costing up to 85% less than their | 就其中之一而言,它们比天然钻石便宜得多,其成本比天然钻石低85%。 |
| 137 | counterparts. | 对口单位。 |
| 138 | Plus, many people, myself very much included, consider lab-grown diamonds a much more ethical | 而且,很多人,我本人非常包括, 认为实验室的钻石 更道德 |
| 139 | purchase. | 购买。 |
| 140 | Diamond mines severely damage the environment. | 钻石矿严重破坏环境。 |
| 141 | The Big Hole Mine in Kimberley can literally be seen from space and contributes to all | 在金伯利的大洞矿场 可以从太空中看到 并且为所有人做出贡献 |
| 142 | sorts of environmental problems, from erosion to water pollution. | 各种环境问题,从侵蚀到水污染。 |
| 143 | And importantly, conditions in diamond mines can be terribly dangerous for the miners themselves. | 更重要的是,钻石矿的条件对矿工本身来说可能非常危险。 |
| 144 | That's especially the case in places with less social stability, like parts of Central | 社会稳定程度低的地方尤其如此,如中央的部分地区 |
| 145 | and West Africa, where regional conflicts cut communities off from their social and | 区域冲突使社区与社会和 |
| 146 | resource networks. | 资源网络。 |
| 147 | In those places, small-scale mining operations often use forced and child labor and sell | 在这些地方,小规模采矿作业往往使用强迫劳动和童工,并出售 |
| 148 | diamonds to fund violent conflicts. | 钻石资助暴力冲突。 |
| 149 | We call those blood diamonds. | 我们称之为血钻石。 |
| 150 | Even though international organizations have tried to crack down on them, they're still | 尽管国际组织试图打击他们,但他们仍然 |
| 151 | out there in the diamond market. | 在钻石市场上 |
| 152 | Now that's a deeply complex topic, so check out the links below to learn even more. | 现在这是一个非常复杂的话题, 请检查下面的链接, 以学习更多。 |
| 153 | Some folks still make a case for natural diamonds, saying that diamond mining can be good for | 有些人仍为天然钻石辩护 说钻石开采对 |
| 154 | local economies in some of the world's poorest countries, and that it's less environmentally | 世界上一些最贫穷国家的地方经济 环境条件较差 |
| 155 | harmful than other kinds of mining. | 比其他类型的采矿有害。 |
| 156 | So yeah, there are lots of cultural, political, and environmental factors at play when choosing | 所以,在选择时,有很多文化、政治和环境因素在起作用。 |
| 157 | a lab-grown or natural diamond. | 实验室的或天然的钻石。 |
| 158 | But geologically speaking, they're one and the same. | 但地质学上说,它们是一样的。 |
| 159 | Whether grown in a lab or blasted from the Earth's mantle, diamonds are part of our | 无论是在实验室里生长还是从地球的地幔上爆炸 钻石都是我们的一部分 |
| 160 | world, and they're not just nice to look at. | 世界,他们不只是看的好。 |
| 161 | They're remnants of volcanic eruptions that happened millions of years ago. | 它们是数百万年前发生的火山爆发的残余. |
| 162 | They unravel mysteries about deep Earth and deep time. | 他们解开了关于地球深处和时间的奥秘 |
| 163 | They're so hard, they beat rock and rock-paper-scissors every time. | 它们很硬,每次都会击败岩石和岩石剪纸机. |
| 164 | And maybe they're cursed. | 也许他们被诅咒了 |
| 165 | At least the Hope Diamond. | 至少希望钻石。 |
| 166 | Ah, Dwayne! | 啊,杜温! |
| 167 | Next time, we'll talk about another force to be reckoned with. | 下次我们再谈另一股力量 |
| 168 | Water水. | |
| 169 | See you then! | 再见! |
| 170 | Thanks for watching this episode of Crash Course Geology, which was filmed at our studio | 感谢收看这集《克拉舍课程地质》 在我们工作室拍摄 |
| 171 | in Indianapolis, Indiana, and was made with the help of these glittering, glorious people. | 在印第安纳波利斯,印第安纳州, 是在这些闪闪发光的光荣人的帮助下制作的。 |
| 172 | If you want to help keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can join our community | 如果你想帮助让Crash课程免费 给所有人,永远,你可以加入我们的社区。 |
| 173 | on Patreon. | 佩特龙号 |
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