为什么好人也会作恶
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | Question, why do people do horrible things? | 问,为什么人们做可怕的事情? |
| 0:03 | Slave owners and Nazis, any of the perpetrators of histories, atrocities, how do they so successfully | 奴隶主和纳粹 任何历史和暴行的肇事者 他们是如何成功的 |
| 0:10 | dehumanize other people for so long? | 让别人失去人性这么久? |
| 0:12 | At a smaller scale, how do bullies in the lunchroom manage to treat other kids with | 在较小的尺度上,午餐室的恶霸如何对待其他孩子 |
| 0:16 | such cruelty and then go home and pet their dog and call their grandma and say happy birthday? | 这么残忍 然后回家去宠养他们的狗 打电话给他们的奶奶说生日快乐? |
| 0:20 | Most of what we've been studying so far has focused on the individual. | 目前为止我们所研究的大多集中在个人身上. |
| 0:23 | We've covered some fields of psychology like cognitive, personality, and clinical psychology, | 我们研究了一些心理学领域 比如认知、人格和临床心理学 |
| 0:28 | which tend to address the phenomena contained within a single person's mind. | 它倾向于处理 包含在一个人的思想中的现象。 |
| 0:32 | But there's also social psychology, which focuses on the power of the situation. | 但也有社会心理学,注重形势的力量. |
| 0:36 | It examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another in certain conditions. | 它审视了我们在某些情况下如何思考、影响和相互联系。 |
展开字幕全文（170 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Question, why do people do horrible things? | 问,为什么人们做可怕的事情? |
| 2 | Slave owners and Nazis, any of the perpetrators of histories, atrocities, how do they so successfully | 奴隶主和纳粹 任何历史和暴行的肇事者 他们是如何成功的 |
| 3 | dehumanize other people for so long? | 让别人失去人性这么久? |
| 4 | At a smaller scale, how do bullies in the lunchroom manage to treat other kids with | 在较小的尺度上,午餐室的恶霸如何对待其他孩子 |
| 5 | such cruelty and then go home and pet their dog and call their grandma and say happy birthday? | 这么残忍 然后回家去宠养他们的狗 打电话给他们的奶奶说生日快乐? |
| 6 | Most of what we've been studying so far has focused on the individual. | 目前为止我们所研究的大多集中在个人身上. |
| 7 | We've covered some fields of psychology like cognitive, personality, and clinical psychology, | 我们研究了一些心理学领域 比如认知、人格和临床心理学 |
| 8 | which tend to address the phenomena contained within a single person's mind. | 它倾向于处理 包含在一个人的思想中的现象。 |
| 9 | But there's also social psychology, which focuses on the power of the situation. | 但也有社会心理学,注重形势的力量. |
| 10 | It examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another in certain conditions. | 它审视了我们在某些情况下如何思考、影响和相互联系。 |
| 11 | And it's better equipped to answer this question about people doing horrible things. | 更能回答关于人们做可怕事情的问题。 |
| 12 | Social psychology can not only give us some of the tools we need to understand why people | 社会心理学不仅可以给我们一些工具 我们需要理解为什么人们 |
| 13 | behave brutally, it can also help us understand why we sometimes act heroically. | 这也能帮助我们理解 为什么我们有时会英勇行动 |
| 14 | Like why did Jean Valjean reveal his true identity to save some stranger from being | 像为什么让·阿让 透露他的真实身份来拯救陌生人 |
| 15 | tried in his place? | 代替他受审? |
| 16 | Why did Nazi Oskar Schindler risk his own hide to save over a thousand Jewish people? | 为什么纳粹奥斯卡尔·辛德勒冒着自己的险去拯救一千多名犹太人? |
| 17 | What made Darth Vader throw the Emperor down that hole, even as he was being electrocuted? | 是什么让达斯·维德把皇帝扔下那个洞,即使他被电死? |
| 18 | I can't say there are any easy answers about either humanity's greatness or its horribleness. | 我不能说,对于人类的伟大或恐怖,有什么简单的答案。 |
| 19 | Certainly, there aren't any that we can find in the next ten minutes. | 当然了 接下来的10分钟里我们找不到任何东西 |
| 20 | But we can point ourselves in the right direction, and it starts with social thinking. | 但我们可以指向正确的方向,它从社会思维开始. |
| 21 | When we're trying to understand why people act like villains or heroes, one of the things | 当我们试图理解 为什么人们的行为 像坏人或英雄, 其中一件事 |
| 22 | we're really asking is, did they do what they did because of their personality or their situation? | 我们真的要问的是,他们是否因为个性或处境而这样做? |
| 23 | Austrian psychologist Fritz Heider began plumbing the depths of this question in the 1920s, | 奥地利心理学家弗里茨·海德(英语:Fritz Heider)在1920年代开始为这个问题的深度铺设管道, |
| 24 | when he was developing what's now known as the attribution theory. | 当他正在开发 所谓的归属论。 |
| 25 | This theory simply suggests that we can explain someone's behavior by crediting either their | 这个理论只是暗示 我们可以解释某人的行为 通过功劳或他们的 |
| 26 | stable, enduring traits, also known as their disposition, or the situation at hand. | 稳定、持久的特点,又称其处置,或手头的情况。 |
| 27 | And we tend to attribute people's behavior to either one or the other. | 而我们往往把人们的行为归结为一种或另一种。 |
| 28 | Sounds pretty simple, but it can be surprisingly hard to tell whether someone's behavior is | 听起来很简单 但很难分辨别人的行为 |
| 29 | dispositional or situational. | 处置或情况。 |
| 30 | Say you see Bruno at a party, and he's acting like a wallflower all night. | 说你看见布鲁诺在派对上 他整晚都像个壁花 |
| 31 | You might assume that he just has a shy personality, but maybe he doesn't. | 你可能认为他只是有害羞的个性 但也许他没有 |
| 32 | Maybe he'd ordinarily be reenacting all of the moves from Footloose at this party. | 也许他通常会在这个派对上 重现Footloose的所有动作 |
| 33 | But on this night, he had a twisted ankle, or a headache, or he'd just seen his ex with | 但是在今晚 他的脚踝扭曲 或头痛 或者他刚刚看到他的前夫 |
| 34 | somebody new. | 一个新的人。 |
| 35 | Those are all situational explanations. | 这些都是情况解释。 |
| 36 | Overestimating the forces of personality, while underestimating the power of the situation, | 高估了人格的力量,同时低估了形势的力量, |
| 37 | is called the fundamental attribution error. | 称为基本归属错误。 |
| 38 | And as you can imagine, making this kind of error can really end up warping your opinion | 正如你能想象的, 制造这种错误 最终真的会扭曲你的意见 |
| 39 | of another person, and lead to false snap judgments. | 并导致错误的判决。 |
| 40 | This might not be such a big deal when it comes to Bruno and his awesome dance moves, | 这也许没什么大不了的 当布鲁诺和他的出色舞蹈动作, |
| 41 | but according to one study of college students, 7 in 10 women report that men have misread | 但根据对大学生的一项研究,每10名妇女中有7人报告说,男子读错 |
| 42 | their polite friendliness, which would be appropriate for the situation, as a sexual | 他们的礼貌的友好, 适合情况,作为性 |
| 43 | come-on. | 来吧。 |
| 44 | We choose how we explain other people's behavior every day, and what we choose to believe can | 我们每天选择如何解释别人的行为 我们选择相信什么 |
| 45 | have big consequences. | 后果很严重 |
| 46 | For example, our political views will likely be strongly influenced by whether we decide | 例如,我们的政治观点可能会受到我们是否决定 |
| 47 | to attribute poverty or homelessness to personal dispositions, like being lazy and looking | 将贫穷或无家可归归咎于个人的倾向,如懒惰和寻找 |
| 48 | for a handout, or social circumstances, like lack of education and opportunity. | 施舍,或社会环境,如缺乏教育和机会。 |
| 49 | And these attitudes can in turn affect our actions. | 这些态度反过来会影响我们的行动。 |
| 50 | Activists and politicians know this well, and they can use it to their advantage to | 积极分子和政治家都清楚这一点,他们可以利用这一点来达到他们的目的。 |
| 51 | persuade people in different ways. | 以不同的方式说服人们。 |
| 52 | In the late 1970s and 80s, psychologists Richard Petty and John Cacioppo developed a dual process | 在20世纪70年代末和80年代,心理学家理查德·佩蒂和约翰·卡西奥波(John Cacioppo)发展了一个双重过程. |
| 53 | theory of understanding how persuasion works. | 理解的理论如何说服。 |
| 54 | The first part of their model is known as the central route persuasion, and it involves | 他们的模型的第一部分被称为中央路线说服,它涉及 |
| 55 | calling on basic thinking and reasoning to convince people. | 依靠基本的思想和推理来说服人们。 |
| 56 | This is what's at work when interested people focus on the evidence and arguments at hand | 当感兴趣的人把注意力放在 手头的证据和争论上时,这就是工作 |
| 57 | and are persuaded by the actual content of the message. | 并被信息的实际内容说服. |
| 58 | So when you're watching a political debate, you might be persuaded by a candidate's particular | 所以,当你在看政治辩论时, 你可能会被一个候选人的特异性说服 |
| 59 | policies, positions, or voting history. | 政策、立场或投票历史。 |
| 60 | That is, the stuff they're actually saying. | 这就是他们真正在说的那些话 |
| 61 | But we all know that persuasion involves more than that. | 但我们都知道,说服不仅涉及这一点。 |
| 62 | There's also peripheral route persuasion at work. | 工作中也有外围路线劝导. |
| 63 | This influences people by way of incidental cues, like a speaker's physical attractiveness | 这通过附带提示来影响人们, 就像演讲者的身体吸引力 |
| 64 | or personal relatability. | 或个人相对性。 |
| 65 | There's not a lot of hard thinking going on here. | 此中无多难思. |
| 66 | It's more of a gut reaction. | 它更是一个肠道反应。 |
| 67 | So you might decide to vote for a particular candidate because you think they're cute, | 所以你可能决定投票给某个候选人 因为你觉得他们很可爱 |
| 68 | or because they're from your hometown. | 或者因为他们来自你的家乡。 |
| 69 | Peripheral route persuasion happens more readily when you're not paying a ton of attention, | 周边路线的说服比较容易发生 当你不注意, |
| 70 | which is why billboards and television ads can be scarily effective. | 所以广告牌和电视广告 才会非常有效 |
| 71 | So that's how politicians and advertisers, and maybe bosses and teachers and pushy friends, | 这就是政客和广告商 以及老板和老师 和有冲动的朋友 |
| 72 | try to change our behavior by changing our attitudes. | 尝试改变我们的行为 通过改变我们的态度。 |
| 73 | But it turns out that the reverse is true, too. | 但事实证明,反之亦然。 |
| 74 | Our attitudes can be affected by our behaviors. | 我们的态度可能会受到我们行为的影响. |
| 75 | You might have heard of the phrase, fake it till you make it, meaning if you smile when | 你可能听说过这句话, 假装它直到你做出它, 这意味着如果你微笑,当 |
| 76 | you're actually sad, the act of smiling may carry you through an attitude change until | 你其实很伤心,微笑的行为 可能让你通过态度改变,直到 |
| 77 | you actually feel better. | 你真的感觉好多了。 |
| 78 | Sometimes we can manipulate ourselves this way, but it's also an incredibly effective | 有时候我们可以这样操控自己 但也是非常有效的 |
| 79 | method that people use to persuade each other. | 人们用来说服对方的方法。 |
| 80 | It generally works best in increments through what psychologists call the foot in the door | 一般来说,通过心理学家所说的门脚,在递增方面最有效 |
| 81 | phenomenon. | 现象。 |
| 82 | People tend to more readily comply with a big request after they've first agreed to | 人们在第一次同意后 往往更愿意满足一个大的要求 |
| 83 | smaller, more innocuous requests. | 更小,更无害的请求。 |
| 84 | Like Darth Vader didn't just go from go get a mannequin to dark lord overnight. | 就像达斯・维德不是一夜之间 得到一个模特儿到黑暗的领主 |
| 85 | He was slowly enticed to the dark side by a series of escalating actions and attitude | 他被一系列不断升级的行动和态度 慢慢地诱惑到黑暗的一面 |
| 86 | changes. | 变化。 |
| 87 | Do this favor for me, now run this errand, now heal these padawans, now blow up a planet. | 帮我做这个忙,现在跑这个任务, 现在治愈这些巴达人, 现在炸毁一个星球。 |
| 88 | What started as small actions went on to become big ones, subtly transforming Vader's beliefs | 开始于小动作 变成大动作 潜移改变维德的信仰 |
| 89 | about himself and others. | 关于他自己和其他人。 |
| 90 | There's plenty of experimental evidence that moral action really does strengthen moral | 有很多实验证据证明 道德行动确实能加强道德 |
| 91 | convictions, just as amoral action strengthens amoral attitudes. | 正如不道德的行为会加强不道德的态度一样。 |
| 92 | And there is perhaps no better example of this than the Stanford prison experiment. | 也许没有比斯坦福监狱实验更好的例子了。 |
| 93 | Back in 1971, Stanford psych professor Philip Zimbardo and his team put an ad in the local | 1971年,斯坦福心理学教授菲利普·津巴多和他的团队在当地登广告 |
| 94 | paper looking for volunteers to participate in a 14-day experiment. | 找志愿者参加14天的实验 |
| 95 | After screening around 70 applicants, 24 male college students were deemed physically and | 在对大约70名申请人进行筛选后,有24名男性大学生被视为身体残疾, |
| 96 | mentally fit enough to participate in the study. | 精神上足以参与研究. |
| 97 | For their troubles, they'd each be given 15 bucks a day. | 由于他们的麻烦,他们每人每天得到15美元. |
| 98 | The participants didn't know the exact nature of the experiment, just that it involved a | 参与者不知道实验的确切性质,只是涉及到一个 |
| 99 | fake prison situation, and with a coin flip, half were randomly deemed prisoners and the | 假监狱的情况, 和硬币翻转, 一半被随机 认为囚犯和 |
| 100 | other half guards. | 其他一半的警卫。 |
| 101 | The guards were told that it was the prisoner's behavior that was being studied. | 看守被告知正在研究的是犯人的行为. |
| 102 | The prisoners weren't told much of anything, aside from that they'd been arrested and | 囚犯们没有被告知什么 除了他们被捕了之外 |
| 103 | taken to prison. | 被关进监狱 |
| 104 | Other than that, neither group had many specific instructions. | 除此之外,两个团体都没有许多具体的指示。 |
| 105 | Zimbardo wanted to observe how each party adapted to their roles. | 津巴多希望观察每个政党如何适应各自的角色. |
| 106 | And so, on a quiet Sunday summer morning in Palo Alto, real cops swooped in and arrested | 所以,在星期天夏天在帕洛阿尔托的一个安静的早晨, 真正的警察冲进来并逮捕了 |
| 107 | the prisoners in their homes under charges of robbery. | 犯人在家中 被控抢劫 |
| 108 | They were frisked, handcuffed, and read their rights. | 他们被搜身,戴上手铐,阅读他们的权利。 |
| 109 | Back at the station, they were formally booked and then blindfolded in a holding cell wearing | 回到车站,他们被正式预订,然后被蒙上双眼,关在一间看守所里 |
| 110 | only hospital gowns. | 只有医院的礼服。 |
| 111 | The researchers had taken great care to make sure that the setting was extremely realistic, | 研究者们非常小心地确保 环境非常现实 |
| 112 | which is one reason why they used real cops in the arrest before handing the prisoners | 这是他们逮捕犯人之前 使用真正的警察的原因之一 |
| 113 | over to the fake guards. | 到假警卫那里去 |
| 114 | And it took no time at all for this role-playing to become really, really real. | 而这个角色扮演完全没有时间 变得真正,真正真实。 |
| 115 | The initial trauma of the humiliation of the arrest, the booking, strip searching, and | 逮捕的羞辱、预订、脱衣搜查和 |
| 116 | waiting immediately kicked off a loss of identity in the prisoners. | 立即驱赶囚犯失去身份。 |
| 117 | A few prisoners only made it through the first night before they became too emotionally distressed | 有几个犯人在情绪太紧张前 才熬过第一晚上 |
| 118 | and had to be released. | 并不得不被释放。 |
| 119 | Things only went downhill from there. | 事情只从那里下坡。 |
| 120 | Though the guards could act any way they wanted, as long as they didn't physically hurt anyone, | 虽然警卫可以随意行事 只要他们不伤害任何人 |
| 121 | encounters quickly became cruel, hostile, and dehumanizing. | 遭遇迅速变得残忍、敌对和不人道。 |
| 122 | Guards hurled insults and commands, referred to the prisoners only by number, and put some | 警卫们发出侮辱和命令,只按人数向囚犯提及,并放一些 |
| 123 | of them in solitary confinement. | 他们被单独监禁。 |
| 124 | Prisoners started breaking down, others rebelled, and still others became passively resigned, | 囚犯们开始瓦解 其他人反叛 还有一些则被动地辞职 |
| 125 | as if they deserved to be treated so badly. | 好像他们应该受到如此恶劣的待遇一样。 |
| 126 | Things got bad enough that the experiment ended after only six days, causing relief | 事情变得很糟 实验只过了六天就结束了 造成了缓解 |
| 127 | in the fake prisoners, while interestingly leaving some fake guards feeling angry. | 在假囚犯中, 有趣的是留下一些假警卫感到愤怒。 |
| 128 | Luckily, everyone involved bounced back to normal once out of the prison setting. | 幸运的是,每个人都回到了正常的 一次出狱。 |
| 129 | All of those negative moods and abusive behaviors were situational. | 所有这些负面情绪和虐待行为都是情势性的。 |
| 130 | And that fact reinforced the important concept that the power of a given situation can easily | 这一事实强化了一个重要的概念,即特定情况的力量可以很容易地 |
| 131 | override individual differences in personality. | 超越个人的个性差异。 |
| 132 | Although it would never fly by today's ethical standards, Zimbardo's famous study remains | 虽然它永远不会飞过今天的道德标准, 津巴多的著名研究仍然 |
| 133 | influential today because it sheds such a harsh light on the nature of power and corruption. | 因为它如此严酷地揭示了权力和腐败的性质。 |
| 134 | And yet, people differ. | 然而,人们却不同。 |
| 135 | Many people succumb and become compliant in terrible situations, but not everyone does. | 许多人在可怕的局势中屈服并服从命令,但并不是每个人都这样做。 |
| 136 | Lots of people risk their lives to hide Jewish people in World War II, help run away slaves | 很多人冒着生命危险 在二战中隐藏犹太人 帮助逃离奴隶 |
| 137 | along the Underground Railroad, keep Tutsi refugees safe during the Rwandan Genocide, | 在卢旺达大屠杀期间保护图西族难民的安全 |
| 138 | or generally refuse to comply or participate in actions they didn't believe in. | 或一般拒绝服从或参与他们不相信的行动. |
| 139 | Some people can and do resist turning to the dark side, even when it seems like everyone | 有些人可以也确实抵制 转向黑暗的一面, 即使似乎每个人都 |
| 140 | around them is going mad. | 周围的人会发疯的 |
| 141 | And yet, the fact is, these people tend to be in the minority. | 然而,事实是,这些人往往属于少数。 |
| 142 | So why? | 为什么? |
| 143 | Why does it seem so easy to rationalize a negative action or attitude, and so hard to | 为什么似乎很容易使消极行动或态度合理化,而且很难 |
| 144 | muster the positive ones? | 召集积极者? |
| 145 | One partial explanation comes from American social psychologist Leon Festinger's theory | 一个部分解释来自美国社会心理学家Leon Festinger的理论 |
| 146 | of cognitive dissonance. | 认知不和谐 |
| 147 | It's one of the most important concepts in psychology. | 这是心理学中最重要的概念之一. |
| 148 | Festinger's theory begins with the notion that we experience discomfort, or dissonance, | 费斯廷格的理论开始于 我们经历不适或不和的概念, |
| 149 | when our thoughts, beliefs, or behaviors are inconsistent with each other. | 当我们的思想、信仰或行为 彼此不一致时 |
| 150 | Basically, we don't like to confuse ourselves. | 基本上,我们不喜欢混淆自己。 |
| 151 | For example, if Bruno is generally considered a peaceful person, but finds himself suddenly | 例如,如果布鲁诺一般被认为是和平的人,但突然发现自己 |
| 152 | punching at his friend over a vendor bender, he's likely experiencing some level of cognitive | 他可能会经历某种程度的认知 |
| 153 | dissonance. | 让人不快 |
| 154 | So by Festinger's thinking, Bruno might relieve this tension by actually modifying his beliefs | 所以通过Festinger的想法,布鲁诺可能通过改变他的信仰来缓解这种紧张. |
| 155 | in order to match the actions he's already committed. | 为了配合他已经做出的行为 |
| 156 | Like telling himself, turns out I'm not such a nice guy after all. | 就像告诉自己 我毕竟不是一个好人 |
| 157 | Maybe I'm actually a bully. | 也许我是个恶霸 |
| 158 | On the other hand, he might resolve his internal tension by changing how he thinks about the | 另一方面,他可能通过改变自己对内部紧张的看法来解决内部紧张。 |
| 159 | situation. | 情况 |
| 160 | He might still think of himself as a peaceful person, but realize that an unusual situation | 他可能仍然认为自己是一个和平的人, 但意识到一个不寻常的情况 |
| 161 | led to an unusual action. | 导致一个不寻常的行动。 |
| 162 | Like he'd had a bad day, and it was his mom's new car, or his friend was just really asking | 好像他今天过得很糟 是他妈妈的新车 或者他朋友只是问 |
| 163 | for it. | 对于它。 |
| 164 | So he can keep being the ordinarily peaceful guy he was before. | 所以他可以继续做他以前平和的人 |
| 165 | It's kind of an inverted fundamental attribution error if you think about it, attributing a | 这是一种倒置 基本归属错误 如果你考虑它, 将一个 |
| 166 | person's actions mainly to the situation instead of his personality. | 人的行为主要针对情况而不是他的个性. |
| 167 | The point is that this mismatch between what we do and who we think we are induces tension, | 关键是,我们的行为和我们所认为的人之间的这种不匹配 导致了紧张, |
| 168 | cognitive dissonance, and that we tend to want to resolve that tension. | 认知上的不和谐,我们倾向于解决这种紧张。 |
| 169 | That's part of what turns an Anakin into a Darth Vader, and then if we're lucky, back | 这就是把安纳金变成达斯维德的一部分 如果我们走运了 就回来 |
| 170 | into an Anakin. | 变成安纳金人 |
该视频共有字幕 170 条。解锁更多字幕为会员功能，请移动到 价格