学语言真相：输入比背单词更有效
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | Language. | 语言. |
| 0:01 | It's a pretty cool thing, quite useful. | 这是一个相当酷的事情,相当有用。 |
| 0:04 | I can still remember back when I was | 我还记得,当我是 |
| 0:05 | a toddler about two years old learning my first language, English. | 一个两岁左右的幼儿 学习我的第一语言,英语。 |
| 0:09 | My mom taught me | 我妈妈教我的 |
| 0:09 | how the order in English is subject-verb-object and helped me make flashcards so I could memorize | 英文的顺序如何是主题动词对象,帮助我制作闪卡,以便我记住 |
| 0:14 | vocabulary and help me for hours and hours to get the different verb tenses right. | 帮助我数小时和数小时 把不同的动词调整好 |
| 0:19 | Fast | 快点 |
| 0:19 | forward several years and in college I came over to Japan on a foreign exchange program | 几年后,我来到日本参加外汇计划 |
| 0:24 | where I would learn another language. | 在那里我会学习另一种语言。 |
展开字幕全文（221 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Language. | 语言. |
| 2 | It's a pretty cool thing, quite useful. | 这是一个相当酷的事情,相当有用。 |
| 3 | I can still remember back when I was | 我还记得,当我是 |
| 4 | a toddler about two years old learning my first language, English. | 一个两岁左右的幼儿 学习我的第一语言,英语。 |
| 5 | My mom taught me | 我妈妈教我的 |
| 6 | how the order in English is subject-verb-object and helped me make flashcards so I could memorize | 英文的顺序如何是主题动词对象,帮助我制作闪卡,以便我记住 |
| 7 | vocabulary and help me for hours and hours to get the different verb tenses right. | 帮助我数小时和数小时 把不同的动词调整好 |
| 8 | Fast | 快点 |
| 9 | forward several years and in college I came over to Japan on a foreign exchange program | 几年后,我来到日本参加外汇计划 |
| 10 | where I would learn another language. | 在那里我会学习另一种语言。 |
| 11 | About two years after arriving in the country I | 大约两年后抵达该国 |
| 12 | took and passed the highest level of the Japanese language proficiency test. | 考了最高水平的日语能力测试 |
| 13 | To be fair, I did | 公平地说,我做到了 |
| 14 | live in the country but the concepts I'll discuss in this video will be effective even | 住在乡下,不过我在这段录像里讨论的概念甚至有效 |
| 15 | if you don't have access to native speakers. | 如果你无法接触讲母语的人 |
| 16 | Lately there are all kinds of great resources | 最近有各种各样的资源 |
| 17 | and techniques on language learning. | 语言学习技术。 |
| 18 | In particular, space repetition system-based virtual flashcard | 特别是基于空间重复系统的虚拟闪卡 |
| 19 | programs like Anki are very popular and can be very useful. | 安琪这样的节目很受欢迎,可以非常有用. |
| 20 | But is that really the most | 但这是最 |
| 21 | efficient way to sync language into our brains so it can be used on the fly? | 如何有效地将语言同步到我们的大脑中,以便它能够用于苍蝇? |
| 22 | After all, how | 毕竟如何 |
| 23 | many parents have to give their child a deck of flashcards for review to help their kids | 许多父母必须给孩子一张答覆卡 来帮助孩子 |
| 24 | reach fluency in their mother tongue? | 他们的母语能流利吗? |
| 25 | Of course I was kidding earlier about my experience | 我之前当然在开玩笑 |
| 26 | as a toddler, I learned English through magic like every other baby. | 作为一个孩子,我学会了英语 通过魔法,像其他的婴儿。 |
| 27 | In this video I would | 在这个视频中,我会 |
| 28 | like to discuss four not too often discussed points that I think are important when it | 喜欢讨论四点,不经常讨论 我认为当它很重要 |
| 29 | comes to language learning. | 来学习语言 |
| 30 | Acquiring language efficiently through context. | 通过上下文有效地掌握语言。 |
| 31 | Two is maximizing | 二是最大化 |
| 32 | input. | 输入。 |
| 33 | Three is practicing your listening and pronunciation at the same time. | 三是同时练习听和发音. |
| 34 | And four | 还有四个 |
| 35 | is making sure the experience of learning is positive. | 正在确保学习经验是积极的。 |
| 36 | First, allow me to take a moment | 首先,让我静一静 |
| 37 | to demonstrate something, so just listen for now. | 来展示一些东西, 所以只是听着现在。 |
| 38 | If you already speak Japanese it might | 如果你已经说日语了,也许 |
| 39 | be harder to get my point but hopefully you'll still see what I mean. | 但希望你还能明白我的意思 |
| 40 | Okay, so just listening to me, how much Japanese did you learn from this? | 好吧,所以只是听我说, 你从这个学习了多少日语? |
| 41 | Maybe 0%. | 也许只有0% |
| 42 | What if | 狦 |
| 43 | I repeated it or spoke slower? | 我重复了还是说得慢? |
| 44 | Would you learn more Japanese? | 你会学更多的日语吗? |
| 45 | Most likely not. | 很可能不会 |
| 46 | Let's try | 让我们试试 |
| 47 | it one more time but pay attention to the screen. | 再来一次,但注意屏幕 |
| 48 | How about now? | 现在呢? |
| 49 | Maybe 10%, 20%, or even just one word. | 也许10%,20%,甚至只有一个词。 |
| 50 | This is the simple difference between | 这是简单的区别 |
| 51 | acquiring language and not. | 获取语言而不是。 |
| 52 | What I'm trying to demonstrate is the concept of comprehensible | 我想展示的就是理解的概念 |
| 53 | input, as did second language acquisition scholar Stephen Krashen did in this lecture | 输入,第二语言获取学者Stephen Krashen在本次讲座中所做的 |
| 54 | Das ist meine Hand. | 达斯是美因手。 |
| 55 | In my opinion, we all acquire language the same way. | 我认为,我们都以同样的方式获得语言。 |
| 56 | We acquire | 我们得到 |
| 57 | language in one way when we understand messages or when we understand what we read. | 在理解信息或理解我们读到的内容时,用一种方式表达语言。 |
| 58 | We call | 我们打电话 |
| 59 | this comprehensible input. | 此可理解输入 。 |
| 60 | We've tried everything else. | 我们尝试了其他一切。 |
| 61 | We've tried grammar teaching, drills | 我们尝试过语法教学,钻孔 |
| 62 | and exercises, computers, but the only thing that seems to count is getting messages you | 练习,电脑,但唯一值得考虑的 是收到你的信息 |
| 63 | understand comprehensible input. | 理解可理解的输入。 |
| 64 | So anything that helps make input comprehensible, pictures, | 所以,任何有助于 输入理解,图片, |
| 65 | knowledge of the world, realia, etc. | 了解世界,现实等. |
| 66 | helps language acquisition. | 帮助获取语言。 |
| 67 | In the 1970s and 80s Krashen put forward a group of hypotheses about language learning. | 在1970年代和80年代,克拉申提出了一组关于语言学习的假设. |
| 68 | The first claim of his will look at is that there is acquisition and learning, and Krashen | 他的意志的第一个要求是 有收购和学习, 和克拉申 |
| 69 | says improvement in language ability is only dependent on acquisition and not learning. | 说语言能力的提高只取决于获得而不是学习. |
| 70 | The difference between acquisition and learning is tricky, but it's kind of like the difference | 获得和学习的区别是微妙的, 但它有点像区别 |
| 71 | between getting a joke and having someone explain the precise reasons why the joke should | 在开个玩笑和让别人解释 笑话为何应该 |
| 72 | be funny. | 开玩笑吧 |
| 73 | For example, a horse walks into a bar and the bartender says, hey, why the | 例如,一匹马走进酒吧 酒保说,嘿,为什么 |
| 74 | long face? | 长脸? |
| 75 | Or a whale walks into a bar and the whale says, if you thought this was funny, | 或者鲸鱼走进酒吧 鲸鱼说 如果你觉得这很有趣 |
| 76 | you didn't have to consciously work out why it was funny. | 你不必自觉地想出为什么好玩 |
| 77 | The processing was done | 处理完毕 |
| 78 | on a subconscious level. | 在潜意识层面。 |
| 79 | In Krashen's book Principles and Practice in Second Language | 在Krashen的著作《第二语言的原则和实践》中 |
| 80 | Acquisition, he says acquisition of language is a natural, intuitive and subconscious process | 获取,他说获取语言是一个自然,直觉和潜意识的过程 |
| 81 | of which individuals need not be aware. | 个人不需要知道。 |
| 82 | Similarly, you can learn words by having someone tell | 类似地,你可以通过让别人说来学词 |
| 83 | you the Japanese word for persimmon is kaki. | 您的日语是卡基语。 |
| 84 | On the other hand, what's necessary for | 另一方面,什么是必需的 |
| 85 | acquisition is sufficient, comprehensible input. | 获取是足够的,可理解的输入。 |
| 86 | Something like this, | 像这样 |
| 87 | So, even though you might not know any of the words I just said, you could comprehend | 所以,即使你可能不知道 我刚刚说的话,你可以理解 |
| 88 | the pictures I supplied. | 我提供的照片。 |
| 89 | And based on that context, you could acquire the meaning of | 基于这个背景,你可以得到 |
| 90 | a ringo and taberu. | 一个铃声和塔勒鲁语。 |
| 91 | When I provide you with another example, biru o nomu, you may have | 当我给你另一个例子,Biru o nomu,你也许有 |
| 92 | deduced something about the Japanese grammar as well. | 也推断出日本语法的道理 |
| 93 | That's right, the verb comes at | 没错,动词来了 |
| 94 | the end. | 结束。 |
| 95 | The point is, you have this massive pattern recognition device jammed into your | 重点是,你有一个巨大的图案识别装置 卡在你的 |
| 96 | head and when you understand the meaning of the message, your brain will naturally pick | 当你明白信息的意义时 你的大脑自然会选择 |
| 97 | out vocabulary and deconstruct grammar patterns based on the context. | 输出词汇,并根据上下文解构语法模式。 |
| 98 | And this is not something | 这不是什么 |
| 99 | you actively and consciously perform. | 你积极和有意识地表演。 |
| 100 | This leads me to one of the most helpful things, simply watching television series | 这让我想到了最有帮助的事情之一, 就是看电视连续剧 |
| 101 | without English subtitles with focused attention even though I couldn't understand most of | 没有英语字幕,有重点的注意 虽然我不明白大部分 |
| 102 | it. | 这个 |
| 103 | And today, I want to talk about dictionaries. | 今天,我想谈谈词典。 |
| 104 | You can look up the word get in the dictionary | 你可以查查字典上的词 |
| 105 | and you get eight or nine different definitions and you can read that, close the dictionary | 你得到八九个不同的定义 你可以读到,关闭字典 |
| 106 | and you won't remember much of what was there. | 而且你不记得什么是那里。 |
| 107 | Before I went to Vietnam, I got this phrasebook | 在去越南之前,我收到了一本书 |
| 108 | and dictionary. | 还有字典 |
| 109 | I came away able to use one word, come on, which means thank you. | 我能用一个词来表达你的意思 |
| 110 | Nothing | 没什么 |
| 111 | else stuck, zero. | 其他卡住了,0号。 |
| 112 | This was essentially useless. | 这根本是没用的。 |
| 113 | A bit later on, I tried my hand at plenty of books, but refrained from looking up every | 过了一会儿,我尝试了我的手 在很多书,但避免抬头 |
| 114 | word. | 词 |
| 115 | This is a really simple but important concept. | 这是一个非常简单但很重要的概念。 |
| 116 | How many new words, phrases and grammar | 新词、短语和语法 |
| 117 | your brain when you're looking up every word as you read a book. | 当你读到一本书的时候,你的大脑会检查每个字 |
| 118 | You take about half | 你吃一半左右的药 |
| 119 | an hour to get through one page. | 一小时就能翻过一页 |
| 120 | For the same amount of time, a television show can blast | 同样的时间,一个电视节目可以爆炸 |
| 121 | you with far more words, phrases and grammar. | 语句和语法 |
| 122 | A book can too if you're not so trigger | 书也可以,如果你没有这么触发 |
| 123 | happy with the dictionary. | 对字典很满意 |
| 124 | And it might not feel like it, but these bits of cloudy information | 可能感觉不太一样 但是这些模糊的信息 |
| 125 | can stick in your head at the subconscious level just waiting for the right context to | 可以在潜意识的层次上 继续等待正确的环境 |
| 126 | reveal their meaning. | 揭示它们的意义。 |
| 127 | Engineering professor Barbara Oakley explains here that we have two modes of thinking. | 工程教授芭芭拉 奥克利在这里解释,我们有两个思维模式. |
| 128 | The | 那个 |
| 129 | focused mode and the diffuse mode. | 焦点模式和扩散模式。 |
| 130 | The focused mode is where you're racking your brain trying | 重心模式就是 让你的大脑崩溃 |
| 131 | to use your focused awareness to figure something out, whether it be a math problem or what's | 利用你的专注意识去找出问题 不管是数学问题还是什么 |
| 132 | going on in a TV show in a foreign language. | 在外语电视剧中播出 |
| 133 | The diffuse mode works in the background when | 扩散模式在背景中起作用,当 |
| 134 | you're relaxed and not straining on one thing. | 你放松了一点 一点也不紧张 |
| 135 | It can see the big picture and make | 它可以看到大局 并制造 |
| 136 | connections. | 连接。 |
| 137 | This is thought to be why so many people get ideas in the shower. | 这被认为是为什么这么多人在淋浴中得到想法。 |
| 138 | You're relaxed, probably | 你可能已经放松了 |
| 139 | not focused on anything in particular, so your subconscious starts turning its pattern | 所以潜意识开始改变模式 |
| 140 | recognition gears to give you insights your conscious mind couldn't see. | 识别装置可以让你洞察到 你清醒的头脑看不到 |
| 141 | You might not | 你可能不会 |
| 142 | have any luck picking up many words or phrases while watching or reading something, but when | 在看或看东西时,能听到很多词或短语,但何时 |
| 143 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH | |
| 144 | mode and uses its powers of pattern recognition to piece out some meaning from the heaps of | 模式并利用其模式识别的功率,从堆积的 |
| 145 | language information you were just exposed to. | 你刚刚接触到的语言信息。 |
| 146 | Now I'm not saying the fastest way to | 我不是说最快的方法 |
| 147 | become fluent in a language is to never open a dictionary, but you'll want to invest | 语言流利就是永远不开词典 但你会想投资 |
| 148 | a majority of your time on inputting a bunch of content into your head from media, books | 大部分时间你从媒体,书籍中 输入一堆内容 |
| 149 | or just paying attention to people around you. | 或者只注意你身边的人 |
| 150 | Earlier we saw that according to Krashen, | 之前我们看到,根据Krashen, |
| 151 | acquisition but not learning can trigger an improvement in the language, but it seems | 获得但不能学习可以引发语言的改进,但似乎 |
| 152 | deliberate learning can trigger language acquisition sort of retroactively. | 故意学习可能引发语言的获取 某种追溯性。 |
| 153 | For example, let's | 比如,让我们 |
| 154 | say you had seen this scene before, and you knew that just means my cake, but for the | 说你以前见过这个场景, 你知道那只是意味着我的蛋糕, 但对于 |
| 155 | life of you, you couldn't figure out what kuttaro means, you were guessing it means | 你的生活,你无法明白 Kuttaro是什么意思, 你猜这意味着 |
| 156 | steal. | 偷窃 |
| 157 | Then at some point you learn from a textbook or dictionary that ku is a very | 你从教科书或字典中得知 ku是一个非常 |
| 158 | casual way to say eat, then it all clicks, you realize kutta would be the past tense | 随便说吃,然后所有点击, 你知道kutta会是过去的紧张 |
| 159 | 这个动词,你猜Kuttaro一定和Kutta Daro一样 | |
| 160 | Now you've acquired | 现在你得到了 |
| 161 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH | |
| 162 | what this guy was saying. | 这家伙在说什么。 |
| 163 | This is the aha moment indicative of new language acquisition. | 此时此刻, |
| 164 | Similar to a joke, it just happens | 和笑话一样,它只是发生 |
| 165 | at the subconscious level. | 在潜意识层面。 |
| 166 | Another key to this is watching television without English | 另一个关键是看没有英语的电视 |
| 167 | subtitles. | 字幕组。 |
| 168 | A study from Barcelona looking at Spanish speakers trying to learn English | 来自巴塞罗那的一篇研究,研究西班牙语使用者试图学习英语 |
| 169 | found that the worst way to learn was by putting Spanish subtitles on an English movie. | 发现最糟糕的学习方法是在一部英语电影中加入西班牙语字幕. |
| 170 | This | 这个 |
| 171 | provided a 7% improvement, but watching the show in English with English subtitles provided | 提供了7%的改进,但用英语字幕观看节目 |
| 172 | a 17% improvement. | a 改善17%。 |
| 173 | Now you might be thinking, how are you ever going to learn anything if | 现在,你可能会在想, 你将如何去学习什么,如果 |
| 174 | you do all this input without any speaking practice? | 你做所有这些输入 没有任何演讲练习? |
| 175 | This is where another part of Krashen's | 这是克拉申的另一部分 |
| 176 | theory comes in. | 理论进入。 |
| 177 | And this may come as a bit of a surprise to some of you. | 这也许对你们来说是个惊喜 |
| 178 | Certainly came as a surprise | 果然是个惊喜 |
| 179 | to me. | 对我来说。 |
| 180 | Talking is not practicing. | 说话不是练习 |
| 181 | Means if you want to improve your Spanish, it will | 意思是如果你想改进你的西班牙语,它会 |
| 182 | You don't technically have to open your mouth to acquire a language. | 从技术上讲,你不需要张开嘴来获得一种语言. |
| 183 | This was demonstrated | 这已经证明 |
| 184 | in 1962 when E. Lennenberg described the case of a boy who could not speak due to congenital | 1962年,E. Lennenberg描述了一个男孩因先天性而不能说话的情况。 |
| 185 | dysarthia. | 德萨提亚. |
| 186 | When Lennenberg tested the boy, he found that the child was able to understand | 当伦嫩伯格测试男孩时,他发现孩子能够理解 |
| 187 | spoken English perfectly. | 说英语的完美。 |
| 188 | With that said, you should open your mouth at some point. | 说到这里,你应该先张开嘴 |
| 189 | Pronunciation is of course very important. | 发音当然非常重要. |
| 190 | But pronunciation is hard. | 但发音难. |
| 191 | You'll notice | 你会注意到的 |
| 192 | some noises in the language you just can't make because you never have before. | 在语言中有些噪音 你只是不能做出 因为你从来没有过。 |
| 193 | This brings | 这带来 |
| 194 | me to a technique called shadowing. | 我对一种叫做影子的技术。 |
| 195 | What you do is basically listen to some audio of a | 你要做的就是听一些声音 |
| 196 | native speaker talking and you just mimic their pronunciation and intonation. | 土生土长的说话,你只是模仿他们的发音和内涵。 |
| 197 | Not every | 不是每个 |
| 198 | word though. | 话虽如此。 |
| 199 | Depending on your level, it could be two syllables at a time, three at a time | 根据你的水平,可以一次两个音节,一次三个音节 |
| 200 | or two words at a time, and so on. | 或一时二字等. |
| 201 | Shadowing is generally thought of as an advanced technique | 影子一般被认为是一种先进的技术 |
| 202 | you should use to master your intonation and polish up your accent. | 你应该用它来掌握你的内涵 和擦亮你的口音。 |
| 203 | But even from day one, | 但从第一天起 |
| 204 | it can be a super efficient way for improving your pronunciation and at the same time your | 它可以是一个超级高效的方法 改善你的读音 同时你 |
| 205 | ability to recognize phonemes in natural language. | 在自然语言中识别电话的能力。 |
| 206 | That is, to hear natural language. | 也就是说,听自然语言。 |
| 207 | And being | 成为 |
| 208 | able to hear natural language is important. | 能够听到自然语言很重要。 |
| 209 | Because when people speak naturally, there | 因为当人们说话自然,那里 |
| 210 | becomes, what are you doing? | 变成,你在做什么? |
| 211 | 看这个场景,安倍弘志 如何把Tokoro ga Kouyatte变成 | |
| 212 | A 2015 study from Japan looking at two groups of English learners found that indeed, shadowing | 2015年日本的一项研究 研究了两组英语学习者 发现,事实上,跟踪 |
| 213 | made statistically significant improvement in phoneme perception for both groups. | 从统计学上来说,这两类人的电话感有了显著的改善。 |
| 214 | Look in the | 看着 |
| 215 | description for some tips on shadowing so you can get more out of it without frustrating yourself | 描述一些关于跟踪的提示 这样你就可以从中获取更多 而不令自己沮丧 |
| 216 | So that's it. | 故曰此义. |
| 217 | Three main things. | 三大义. |
| 218 | Focus on learning from context, load up on input and get | 注重从上下文中学习、加载输入和获取 |
| 219 | plenty of content in the target language. | 目标语言内容丰富。 |
| 220 | And you can use the same audio source to practice | 你可以使用相同的音频源来练习 |
| 221 | your listening to natural speech and pronunciation. | 你听自然的演讲和发音。 |
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