古人是怎么分辨哪些食物是安全的？

发布于 2026-07-08 · 时长 18:00

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:00	Somewhere, tens of thousands of years ago, a person ate something they shouldn't have.	在几万年前的某个地方一个人吃了他们不该吃的东西
0:05	We'll never know their name.	我们永远不会知道他们的名字。
0:06	We'll never know what it was.	我们永远不会知道它是什么。
0:08	A berry, a leaf, a root, a beautiful little mushroom.	莓,叶,根,美丽小蘑菇.
0:11	But we know roughly what happened next, because it had happened before,	但我们大概知道接下来会发生什么因为以前发生过
0:15	and it would happen again.	它会再次发生。
0:17	They got sick.	他们生病了。
0:18	Maybe they died.	也许他们死了。
0:19	And the people around them, the ones who watched, the ones who survived, remembered.	周围的人,看的,活下来的人,都记得.
0:24	They remembered everything, and that memory passed from mouth to ear.	他们回忆起一切,记忆从口到耳

展开字幕全文（369 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Somewhere, tens of thousands of years ago, a person ate something they shouldn't have.	在几万年前的某个地方一个人吃了他们不该吃的东西
2	We'll never know their name.	我们永远不会知道他们的名字。
3	We'll never know what it was.	我们永远不会知道它是什么。
4	A berry, a leaf, a root, a beautiful little mushroom.	莓,叶,根,美丽小蘑菇.
5	But we know roughly what happened next, because it had happened before,	但我们大概知道接下来会发生什么因为以前发生过
6	and it would happen again.	它会再次发生。
7	They got sick.	他们生病了。
8	Maybe they died.	也许他们死了。
9	And the people around them, the ones who watched, the ones who survived, remembered.	周围的人,看的,活下来的人,都记得.
10	They remembered everything, and that memory passed from mouth to ear.	他们回忆起一切,记忆从口到耳
11	Across hundreds of generations, with no writing, no schools, no science,	几百代人,没有写作,没有学校,没有科学
12	is the only reason you're alive to watch this.	这是你活着的唯一理由
13	This is the story of how humans learned what was safe to eat.	这就是人类如何学会什么是安全的饮食的故事。
14	And it might be the most underrated achievement in the entire human story.	这可能是整个人类故事中最受低估的成就。
15	Here's the thing nobody tells you.	这是没人告诉你的
16	When we picture ancient survival, we picture the dramatic stuff.	当我们想象着古代的生存, 我们想象着戏剧性的东西。
17	The mammoth hunt, the cave lion, the blizzard, the spear raised against something with teeth.	猛毛象狩猎洞穴狮子暴风雪长矛用牙齿向某物举起.
18	But the truth is, the most relentless, every-single-day threat	但事实是,最无情的, 每一天的威胁
19	to an ancient human wasn't any of that.	对一个古老的人类来说根本就没有
20	It was the perfectly innocent-looking thing.	这是完全无辜的事情。
21	Sitting on a branch at eye level, food doesn't roar, food doesn't charge.	坐在眼层的树枝上,食物不咆哮,食物不收费.
22	Food just sits there, looking harmless.	食物只是坐在那里,看起来无害。
23	And roughly a third of the time, it's trying to kill you, because nature is not your friend.	大约三分之一的时间它想杀了你因为大自然不是你的朋友
24	We have this gentle, modern idea that natural means safe,	我们有一个温柔的现代想法, 自然意味着安全,
25	that if it grows out of the ground, it must be wholesome.	如果它从地里长出来一定很好
26	The plants would like a word.	植物们想谈谈
27	Plants cannot run away.	植物无法逃跑
28	They can't bite, they can't flee, they can't hide.	他们不能咬人,不能逃跑,不能躲藏.
29	So over hundreds of millions of years,	因此,在亿万年里,
30	they evolved the only defense available to something rooted to the spot.	他们演化出了唯一可以用来防御扎根于现场的东西
31	Chemistry, a plant that tastes terrible or makes you vomit or stops your heart,	化学,一种味道不好或让你呕吐或停止心脏的植物,
32	is a plant that gets eaten less often.	是一种较少被食用的植物.
33	Toxicity is not an accident.	毒性并非偶然。
34	For a plant, toxicity is the entire point.	对于植物来说,毒性是整个点.
35	Every forest your ancestors walked through was, from the plant's perspective, an arms race.	你的祖先走过的每一片森林从植物的角度来看都是一场军备竞赛
36	And your ancestors were walking into it three times a day, hungry,	你的祖先们一天走进它三次饥饿
37	with nothing but the equipment evolution had given them.	除了装备的进化什么都没有给他们。
38	So let's talk about that equipment,	所以,让我们谈谈那个设备,
39	because the first line of defense wasn't knowledge.	因为第一道防线不是知识
40	It wasn't culture.	这不是文化。
41	It was built into the body itself.	它被建在身体本身。
42	Start with taste.	从味起.
43	That bitterness you hate, the thing that makes kids spit out broccoli,	你讨厌的苦味让孩子们吐出西兰花的东西
44	and adults grimace at black coffee before they train themselves to tolerate it.	在他们训练自己容忍黑咖啡之前成年的黑咖啡
45	That is not a flaw in your tongue.	这不是你舌头上的缺陷。
46	That is a 400-million-year-old alarm system.	这是一个4亿年的警报系统。
47	Bitterness is the flavor of alkaloids.	苦味是烯烃的味道.
48	And alkaloids are the chemical family that includes strychnine,	而烯烃是化学家族包括石英
49	nicotine, morphine, caffeine, and a long list of compounds	尼古丁、吗啡、咖啡因和一长串化合物
50	that range from mildly unpleasant to instantly lethal.	从轻度不愉快到瞬间致命
51	Your ancestors who found bitter things disgusting were your ancestors,	你的祖先发现痛苦的东西恶心是你的祖先,
52	who didn't eat the deadly bitter things,	他没有吃致命的苦果,
53	which is precisely why they got to become your ancestors.	这就是为什么他们要成为你的祖先。
54	The ones with a relaxed attitude toward bitterness	那些对痛苦态度放松的人
55	tended not to make it into the family tree.	往往无法进入家庭树。
56	Humans have around 25 different types of bitter taste receptors,	人类有大约25种不同的苦味受体,
57	far more than we have for sweet or salty.	比我们吃甜食或咸食要多得多
58	Think about what that ratio is telling you.	想想这个比例会告诉你什么
59	Evolution invested in one good detector for sugar	Evolution 投资一个很好的糖检测器
60	and built 25 separate alarms for poison.	并建造了25个单独的警报器用于制造毒药
61	That is not a species that expected the world to be safe.	这不是期望世界安全的物种。
62	That is a species braced for betrayal at every meal.	这是一种每餐都有背叛的物种。
63	There's a gene some of you have right now called TAS2R3-8	你们中有些人的基因现在叫做TAS2R3-8
64	that determines how intensely you taste certain bitter compounds.	这决定了你有多强烈的品味某些苦的化合物。
65	Some people are non-tasters.	有些人是非塔师.
66	Some are super-tasters who find the same vegetable almost unbearable.	有些是超级面包师他们发现同样的蔬菜几乎无法忍受。
67	That variation isn't random.	变化不是随机的
68	It's the surviving echo of an ancient hedge.	这是古老的树篱生存的回声
69	A group with a range of sensitivities is a group where someone will always flinch	一个敏感度很高的团体是一个总有人退缩的团体
70	at the dangerous plant, even when others won't.	在危险的工厂, 即使其他人不会。
71	And it's not just taste.	亦不单是味.
72	It's disgust itself.	它本身令人厌恶。
73	That full-body recoil you feel at the smell of rotting meat,	你从腐烂的肉味中感觉到的全身后坐力
74	the way your face scrunches and your stomach turns,	你的脸痛而腹痛
75	that is one of the oldest protective programs your brain runs.	这是你大脑运行的最古老的保护程序之一
76	Disgust is, at its core, a system for not putting deadly things in your mouth.	恶心是它的核心, 一个系统不把致命的东西在你的嘴。
77	The expression is even the same across every culture on Earth.	地球上每一种文化的表达甚至都是一样的。
78	The wrinkled nose, the curled lip, because it's not learned.	皱纹的鼻子,卷曲的嘴唇,因为没有学会.
79	It's standard human hardware.	标准人文硬件.
80	Your ancestors who found decay revolting	你的祖先发现腐朽令人厌恶
81	avoided the bacteria that decay carries.	避免了腐烂的细菌
82	The ones who didn't, again, tend not to be anyone's ancestors.	那些没有,再次,往往不是任何人的祖先.
83	So the body gives you a starter kit.	尸体给你一个启动器
84	Bitter is danger, rotten is death, sweet is probably energy.	痛苦是危险腐烂是死亡甜美可能是能量
85	But here's where it gets interesting.	但这里变得很有趣。
86	Because that starter kit is nowhere near enough.	因为那个启动器还远远不够
87	Plenty of deadly plants aren't bitter.	很多致命植物并不苦
88	Plenty of safe foods are.	很多安全的食物是。
89	The body's instincts are a blunt first filter and an ancient human.	身体的本能是钝质的第一滤波器和古人类.
90	Relying on instinct alone would still be playing a very dangerous game.	依靠本能仍然会玩一个非常危险的游戏。
91	So humans did what humans do best.	所以人类做了人类最擅长的事
92	They got clever.	他们很聪明
93	Strategy one was simple, brilliant, and brutal.	战略一是简单、聪明和残暴的。
94	The small dose.	小剂量。
95	When you encounter a new potential food, you don't sit down and eat a bowl of it.	当遇到新的潜在食物时,不会坐下来吃一碗.
96	You take a tiny amount.	你拿一点钱
97	You rub it on your lips, your skin, and you wait.	你涂在你的嘴唇,你的皮肤,你等待。
98	Does it tingle?	它会叮吗?
99	Does it burn?	燃烧吗?
100	Does it blister?	是水泡吗?
101	If it does, you stop.	如果真的这样,你就停下来。
102	If it doesn't, you taste a crumb and you wait again, hours sometimes.	如果它没有,你尝到一个屑,你再等待,有时几个小时。
103	Then a little more.	再来一点
104	Then you wait a full day.	然后等满日.
105	This is remarkably almost exactly the protocol that modern wilderness survival guides	这几乎就是现代荒野生存所指引的
106	still teach as the universal edibility test.	仍然作为通用的可读性测试进行教学.
107	And it wasn't invented in a manual.	也不是在手册里发明的
108	It was the accumulated logic of a species that had learned	这是一个物种积累的逻辑已经学会了
109	the hardest possible way that the difference between food and poison	食物和毒药之间最难的区别
110	is often a difference of dose.	通常是剂量的不同。
111	The small dose strategy doesn't make a poison safe.	小剂量策略不会使毒药安全.
112	But it turns a fatal mistake into a survivable one.	但是它把致命的错误变成了一个可以生存的错误.
113	It buys the one thing an ancient human needed most, a second chance.	它买的是古代人类最需要的第二次机会
114	Strategy two was even smarter.	战略二更聪明
115	Don't be the one who tests it at all.	终不为试验者.
116	Watch something else do it first.	先看别的东西
117	Ancient humans were relentless observers of animals and not just as prey.	古老的人类是动物的无情观察者,而不是像猎物一样。
118	If you watch a bird gorge on a particular berry,	如果你看到鸟峡谷上特定的莓,
119	that berry probably won't kill a bird, which is useful information,	莓汁可能不会杀死鸟, 这是有用的信息,
120	even if it's not a guarantee.	即使这不是保证
121	There's an old, hard-won wisdom embedded in this.	此中蕴藏着一种古老,艰苦的智慧.
122	Watch what the animals eat.	看动物吃什么
123	It's imperfect because some things a bird can eat will harm a human and the reverse.	它不完美,因为鸟类可以吃的东西会伤害人类,反之亦然.
124	But as a starting filter in a world with no other information, it tilted the odds.	但作为一个没有其他信息的世界的开始过滤器,它倾斜了几率。
125	Some researchers think this is part of how early humans found valuable foods,	一些研究者认为这是早期人类如何找到有价值的食物的一部分,
126	like certain fruits and even fermenting fallen fruit.	譬如有水果,甚至发酵的水果,
127	We followed the appetites of creatures who'd already paid the tuition.	我们跟踪那些已经付学费的生物的胃口
128	And strategy three, the rule that ties it all together.	战略三,将它联系起来的规则。
129	Change one thing at a time.	一次改变一件事
130	If you're going to try something new, try only one new thing	如果你要尝试新事物,只尝试一件事
131	and try it when nothing else is uncertain.	并尝试它当其他的不确定。
132	Because if you eat three unfamiliar plants in an afternoon and you get violently ill,	因为如果你在下午吃三棵不熟悉的植物并且你生病了,
133	you've learned almost nothing.	你几乎什么都没学到
134	Which one was it?	哪一个?
135	You've suffered for no usable knowledge.	你因为没有有用的知识而受苦
136	But if you change one variable and you get sick, now you know.	但是如果你改变一个变量,你生病了,现在你知道了。
137	Now you can tell the others.	现在你可以告诉其他人。
138	Now it goes into the database.	现在它进入数据库。
139	This is, quietly, the scientific method.	这是,悄悄地,科学的方法。
140	Isolate the variable.	隔离变量。
141	Observe the result.	观察果报.
142	Record it.	记录下来
143	Share it.	分享它。
144	Ancient humans were running controlled experiments with their own bodies as the laboratory	古人类用自己的身体作为实验室进行受控制的实验
145	thousands of years before anyone wrote down a single rule of science.	几千年前就有人写了一条科学规则
146	They just paid for their data in a currency we no longer use.	他们只是用我们不再使用的货币支付数据。
147	Now here's where the story goes from impressive to genuinely astonishing.	故事从令人印象深刻到真正令人惊讶。
148	Because so far we've been talking about how ancient humans avoided poison.	因为到目前为止我们一直在谈论古人类如何避免毒药.
149	But at some point, they did something far stranger and far more brilliant.	但是,在某些时候,他们做了一些非常陌生,更辉煌的事情.
150	They started eating the poison on purpose and surviving.	他们开始故意吃毒药活下来了
151	Let me explain.	让我解释一下
152	Because this is the part that should stop you cold.	因为这是该让你寒冷的部分
153	There is a plant called cassava, also known as manioc.	有一种植物叫木薯,也叫木薯.
154	Today it feeds something like half a billion people.	今天它养活了大约5亿人
155	It is a staple, a foundation, a daily food across huge regions of Africa, South America, and Asia.	它是一个主食,一个基金会,是非洲、南美洲和亚洲广大地区的日常食品。
156	It is also, in its bitter wild form, loaded with compounds that release cyanide when you eat them.	它还以苦的野性形式装入化合物,在食用时释放氰化物.
157	Raw bitter cassava can kill you.	生苦木薯会杀了你
158	Not metaphorically.	不以喻义.
159	青ide.
160	The same poison from the spy movies.	间谍电影里的毒药
161	And yet entire civilizations built themselves on this plant.	然而,整个文明都建立在这种植物上。
162	How?	怎么会?
163	Because somebody across uncountable generations of trial and error	因为有人跨越无法统计的几代人尝试和错误
164	worked out an elaborate multi-step process to render it safe.	设计了一个复杂的多步骤程序,使之安全。
165	Depending on the tradition.	取决于传统
166	You peel it.	你把它剥了
167	You grate it.	你抚摸它。
168	You soak it.	你浸湿了它。
169	You ferment it.	你发酵它。
170	You press the liquid out.	你按液体出来。
171	You let it sit.	你让它坐下。
172	You cook it.	你来煮
173	Sometimes over days.	有时过几天
174	Each step removes a little more of the cyanide.	每一步去除一点氰化物.
175	Skip a step.	跳过一步。
176	Do it wrong.	做错了
177	Rush it.	冲啊
178	And people get sick.	而众生得病.
179	There's even a paralytic condition that appears in regions	地区甚至出现麻痹症
180	where cassava isn't processed correctly during times of famine	在饥荒时期木薯处理不当
181	when desperate people cut corners.	当绝望的人们割角的时候,
182	The knowledge is not optional.	知识非可选.
183	The knowledge is the food.	知识是食.
184	Sit with what that actually required.	顺其自然吧
185	No one understood cyanide.	没人懂氰化物
186	No one understood chemistry or enzymes or the molecular structure of anything.	没有人理解化学或酶或任何东西的分子结构。
187	Nobody could explain why the soaking worked or what the fermenting removed.	没有人能解释为什么浸水有效或除去什么发酵。
188	They only knew that this exact sequence of steps performed in this exact order	他们只知道这一系列步骤都按这个顺序进行
189	turned a plant that killed people into a plant that fed people.	把杀人的植物变成喂人的植物
190	And they knew it well enough to teach it perfectly to their children	他们知道它足够教他们的孩子完美
191	who taught it to their children for thousands of years	他教他们的孩子几千年
192	without ever once knowing the why.	没有一次知道原因
193	They had the how.	他们有办法。
194	The how was enough.	已经足够了
195	The how kept them alive.	如何让他们活着。
196	And cassava is not alone.	而木薯亦不独.
197	Acorns, a massive food source for ancient peoples across the northern hemisphere,	橡树是整个北半球古老民族的大量食物来源
198	are full of bitter tannins that make them inedible	充满了苦味的丹宁使它们无法食用
199	and can damage your body if you eat enough raw.	如果你吃得够生的就能伤害你的身体
200	So humans learned to leach them, grinding them and rinsing them with water,	于是人类学会了浸泡,磨磨,用水冲洗,
201	sometimes for days, sometimes burying them in mud by a stream	有时会埋在溪边的泥中
202	until the bitterness washed away.	直到苦水冲走
203	And what remained was a nutritious, storable flower.	剩下的是一朵有营养的、可储存的花。
204	In Australia, Aboriginal peoples processed the nardu fern	在澳大利亚,土著人民处理Nardu fern
205	and the seeds of the cycad both seriously toxic in their raw state	和囊肿的种子都有严重的毒性
206	through soaking and grinding.	通过浸泡和磨磨。
207	And roasting techniques refined over tens of thousands of years.	而烤制技术在数万年中不断完善.
208	These were not simple foods.	这些不是简单的食物。
209	These were chemistry projects run by people who didn't have the word chemistry,	这些都是化学项目由没有化学这个词的人管理,
210	executed flawlessly across hundreds of generations	百代人无瑕疵地被处决
211	because the alternative was death.	因为另一种方法是死亡。
212	And here's the part that turns it from a fun fact	这是从一个有趣的事实开始的
213	into something with weight behind it.	进入它背后有重量的东西。
214	We actually have a record of what happens	我们确实有记录
215	when outsiders try to eat these foods without the knowledge.	当外人试图不知情地吃这些食物时.
216	In 1861, two European explorers in Australia, Burke and Wills,	1861年,两位在澳大利亚的欧洲探险家伯克和威尔斯,
217	found themselves starving in the outback.	发现自己在背部挨饿。
218	Local Aboriginal people were thriving in the same landscape,	当地原住民在同一景色中蓬勃发展,
219	eating, among other things, that nardu fern.	吃,除了其他东西,那纳杜花。
220	The explorers got hold of nardu too.	探险家也抓住了纳尔杜
221	They ground it, they ate it, they ate a lot of it,	他们把它搁浅,他们吃了它, 他们吃了很多它,
222	and they grew weaker and weaker	渐渐变得脆弱,
223	and could not understand why.	也不明白为什么
224	Because they were eating, their stomachs were full,	因为他们在吃东西肚子都满了
225	and still, their bodies were failing.	但是,他们的身体正在衰竭。
226	They didn't know that nardu has to be prepared a specific way,	他们不知道Nardu必须准备具体的方法,
227	that the Aboriginal method neutralized a compound	土著方法使一个化合物失效
228	that otherwise robs your body of the ability to use vitamin B1.	否则会剥夺你的身体使用维生素B1的能力。
229	They were eating the same plant as the people who survived.	他们和幸存下来的人吃同样的植物
230	They just didn't have the recipe.	他们只是没有食谱。
231	And the recipe was 40,000 years of accumulated knowledge	食谱是四万年来积累的知识
232	that you could not reverse engineer from a starving afternoon.	你无法从一个饥饿的下午逆转工程师。
233	They died, or near enough, of starvation,	他们几乎饿死了,
234	with full stomachs, surrounded by food,	满腹都是食物
235	because food without the knowledge of how to prepare it isn't food.	因为不知道如何准备的食物不是食物
236	It's a trap that looks like food.	其陷阱外观如食物.
237	That, more than anything, is the answer to our question.	这比什么都更能回答我们的问题。
238	How did ancient humans know what was safe to eat?	古人如何知道什么是安全的饮食?
239	They knew because someone before them had figured it out	他们知道是因为他们之前的人已经知道了
240	and refused to let the knowledge die.	并拒绝让知识消亡。
241	说 about.
242	Because it's the real engine of this entire story.	因为它是整个故事的真正引擎.
243	Not taste, not instinct, not even individual cleverness.	没有品味,没有本能,甚至没有个人的聪明.
244	The thing that actually kept the species alive was transmission.	真正维持物种生命的是传播。
245	The passing of knowledge from one mind to the next,	知识从一个心灵传到另一个心灵
246	accurately, repeatedly, across enormous spans of time.	准确地,反复地,跨过巨大的时间跨度。
247	Think about what a human group actually was in this light.	想想在这个光线下人类群体究竟是什么
248	It was a living library.	这是一个活的图书馆。
249	An elder in a hunter-gatherer band wasn't just an old person.	猎人加瑟尔乐队的长者不仅仅是个老人
250	They were a database.	他们是一个数据库。
251	They carried in their memory the identity of hundreds of plants.	他们在记忆中携带了上百种植物的身份.
252	Which ones fed you?	哪个喂你的?
253	Which ones healed you?	哪一个治愈了你?
254	Which ones killed you?	哪一个杀了你?
255	Which looked safe but weren't?	哪个看起来很安全,但是没有?
256	Which were safe only in spring, or only once cooked,	在春天才安全,或者只煮过一次
257	or only if you threw the first water away?	或者如果你扔掉第一个水?
258	Which mushroom was dinner?	哪个蘑菇是晚餐?
259	And which mushroom was the one that took your cousin 30 years ago?	哪个蘑菇是30年前带走你表哥的?
260	That knowledge had no backup.	这种知识没有备份。
261	It existed in living heads and in spoken words,	它存在于活生生的脑袋和口语中,
262	and absolutely nowhere else.	绝对没有别的地方
263	Which means every time an elder died before passing it on,	也就是说每次老人去世前
264	a piece of the library burned.	图书馆的一块被烧了
265	This is why ancient cultures treated their elders the way they did.	这就是为什么古代文化对待他们的长者的方式。
266	And why so many wrapped this knowledge in story, in ritual, in song.	为什么这么多人在故事、仪式、歌词中将这种知识包裹在一起。
267	Because a dry list of 300 plants is almost impossible to remember.	因为300种植物的干燥列表几乎是记不得的.
268	But a story, a song, a vivid warning with a frightening character in it that sticks.	但一个故事,一首歌, 一个生动的警告, 里面有一个可怕的角色粘着。
269	Culture wasn't decoration laid on top of survival.	文化不是以生存为重的装饰
270	Culture was the storage medium.	文化是存储媒介。
271	The myths and the taboos and the songs were the hard drive,	神话和禁忌和歌曲是硬盘,
272	and the format was chosen over thousands of years.	并且该格式是在数千年中选择的。
273	Precisely because it was the format a human brain could actually keep.	正是因为它是人类大脑可以保留的形式。
274	When a culture said,	当一个文化说,
275	this plant is sacred and may only be touched after this ritual,	这种植物是神圣的只有在仪式之后才能被触摸
276	that wasn't superstition getting in the way of practicality.	迷信不会妨碍实用性
277	Very often, that was practicality.	通常,这是实际可行的。
278	Encoded in the only language that could survive the centuries.	以唯一能够生存下来的语言编码
279	And this is the thing I really want you to feel.	这就是我真正想要你感受到的。
280	There was no shortcut.	没有捷径
281	Every single safe food you take for granted was paid for.	每一份你认为是理所当然的安全食品都是付费的.
282	Somebody, somewhere, was the first to find out that this was poison,	有人,在某处, 第一个发现这是毒药,
283	and they usually found out by dying.	他们通常通过死亡来发现。
284	The knowledge that a particular berry is deadly	明知某种莓汁是致命的
285	is not free information that was always just lying around.	并非自由的信息总是停留在身边。
286	It is the fossilized memory of a real person's death,	这是真实人的死亡的化石记忆,
287	carried forward by the people who loved them	被爱着他们的人所继承
288	and didn't want it to happen again.	不想再发生这种事
289	Your safe, boring grocery store, with its labels and its certainty,	你的安全,无聊的杂货店, 及其标签和它的确定性,
290	sits on top of an invisible cemetery of people who tested the world	坐在一个隐形墓园的顶端里面是检验世界的人
291	with their own bodies so that, eventually, you wouldn't have to.	和他们自己的身体这样,最终,你不用。
292	Now, I want to be honest about something the way I always try to be.	现在,我想诚实的东西,我总是尝试。
293	We tend to tell this story as a triumph, and it is.	我们倾向于把这个故事说成是胜利,而它是胜利。
294	But the system was not perfect, and pretending it was	但这个系统并不完美,假装它
295	does a disservice to how hard it actually was.	伤害了它是多么艰难。
296	Mushrooms, in particular, were and remain a nightmare,	特别是蘑菇过去和现在都是噩梦,
297	because some of the deadliest ones look almost identical to safe ones,	因为有些最致命的看起来几乎与安全的一样,
298	and the deadliest of all, like the aptly named Death Cap,	和最致命的, 象一个叫死亡帽,
299	taste fine, sit easy in your stomach, let you go to sleep feeling fine,	味道很好,坐在你的胃里放松, 让你去睡觉感觉很好,
300	and then destroy your liver over the following days,	然后在接下来的日子里摧毁你的肝脏
301	long after the meal is forgotten.	饭后很久就被遗忘了
302	There is no instinct that catches that.	没有什么直觉能抓住它。
303	Bitterness doesn't warn you.	苦恼不会警告你
304	Disgust doesn't warn you.	恶心不警告你。
305	The small dose test fails, because the dose that kills you is small,	小剂量测试失败了因为杀死你的剂量很小
306	and the symptoms are delayed.	症状被推迟了
307	This is exactly the kind of threat that pure instinct cannot solve,	这正是纯粹本能无法解决的威胁
308	and it's exactly why the cultural knowledge mattered so much.	这正是文化知识如此重要的原因。
309	The only defense against the Death Cap was someone, generations ago,	唯一能防御死亡帽的人几代人之前
310	learning to recognize it on sight and teaching everyone else to fear it, specifically.	学习在眼前认出它并教别人害怕它,特别是。
311	Where that teaching held, people lived.	教书的地方,人们住。
312	Where it broke.	断之处.
313	Where a group was displaced.	一个群体流离失所的地方。
314	Or migrated to a new land with unfamiliar species.	或以陌生的物种迁移到新地方。
315	Or lost its elders too fast.	或失其长者过速.
316	People died.	人们死了。
317	Moving to a new environment was genuinely dangerous,	进入新的环境是真正危险的,
318	because your entire inherited food map was suddenly wrong.	因为你所有继承的食物地图都突然错了
319	The plants were different.	这些植物是不同的。
320	The library didn't cover this section,	图书馆没有覆盖这个部分,
321	and you had to start writing it again in the old currency.	你不得不重新用旧货币写出来
322	So when you zoom all the way out,	所以,当你放大所有的方式,
323	what were ancient humans actually doing every day for 300,000 years?	30万年来古人类每天做什么?
324	They were running the longest continuous research program in human history.	他们运行着人类历史上最长的连续研究计划.
325	No funding.	没有资金。
326	No labs.	没有实验室。
327	No publication.	无刊.
328	Just observation, experiment, memory, and transmission,	只是观察、实验、记忆和传输
329	repeated across 10,000 generations.	遍及一万代人间
330	They isolated variables.	他们隔离了变量。
331	They ran trials.	他们进行了审判。
332	They recorded results in the only medium they had, which was each other.	他们记录了他们唯一的媒介,也就是彼此。
333	They built, collectively,	他们集体建造,
334	an astonishingly accurate body of practical pharmacology and nutrition,	一个惊人的准确的实用药理学和营养体,
335	and they did it without writing a word of it down.	他们没有写一个字就做了
336	We call them primitive.	我们称之为原始的。
337	They were running science.	他们运行科学。
338	They just published their findings in songs	他们刚在歌曲中发表了自己的发现
339	and paid their research costs in lives.	并付出了他们的研究代价
340	And here's where it comes back to you.	且道这里归汝.
341	Sitting wherever you're sitting right now.	随所坐处而坐.
342	The next time you eat something, anything,	下次你吃东西,什么都行
343	the most ordinary snack imaginable,	最普通的点心,
344	I want you to notice that you did not have to wonder if it would kill you.	我想让你注意你不必怀疑它会不会杀了你
345	You reached out and you ate with total unthinking confidence.	你伸出手,你吃完全没有信心。
346	That confidence is not natural.	这种信心并不自然。
347	That confidence is the single greatest inheritance	这种自信是最大的遗产
348	your species has ever handed down.	你的物种曾经放弃。
349	It is the end product of an unbroken chain of human beings.	它是人类连锁连锁的产物。
350	Stretching back further than you can picture,	伸缩得比想象的还远
351	every one of them paying attention,	他们中的每一个人,都要注意。
352	remembering, and telling the next person what they learned.	记得,告诉下一个人他们学到了什么。
353	You are the living edge of that chain.	你是铁链的边缘
354	The knowledge reached you.	知识到达了你。
355	It made it.	它来了。
356	Across all that time, across all those deaths,	在这段时间里,在所有这些死亡,
357	the message got through, mouth to ear,	消息通过,嘴到耳朵,
358	all the way to you, and the message was simple.	对你来说,信息很简单。
359	This one's safe.	这个很安全
360	We checked.	我们查过了
361	So you wouldn't have to.	这样你就不用了
362	So here's my question for you.	我问你个问题
363	If you had to start over in a forest you'd never seen,	如果你不得不重新开始在森林你从来没有见过,
364	with no labels and no certainty,	没有标签,也没有确定性,
365	do you think you'd survive long enough to learn?	你觉得你能活得够久吗?
366	Let me know in the comments.	在评论中告诉我。
367	Until then, take care of yourselves and eat something today,	在那之前照顾好自己今天吃点东西
368	knowing exactly how much it costs to make it safe.	确切地知道要花多少钱才能安全
369	I'll see you soon.	后见.

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