第一性原理：为什么它能跑赢所有科技趋势
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:00 | Okay, so here's a question for you. | 好吧,所以有一个问题给你。 |
| 0:01 | What if everything you've been taught about solving problems is actually wrong? | 如果你学到的关于解决问题的一切 都是错误的呢? |
| 0:06 | I mean, most of us solve problems by analogy. | 我的意思是,我们大多数人通过类比解决问题。 |
| 0:08 | We look at what other people have done before us and copy it. | 我们看看其他人在我们之前做了什么 并复制它。 |
| 0:12 | It feels safe, it feels fast, but it also really limits us. | 感觉安全,感觉快,但也真的限制了我们。 |
| 0:17 | Now, imagine instead that you could peel away every assumption, that's how it's always been done, | 现在,想象一下,你可以 剥去每一个假设, 这就是它一直做的, |
| 0:22 | until you are left with the raw truths, if you will, and reality. | 至於你们,将受真实的和真实的教训。 |
| 0:27 | And from there, rebuild entirely new solutions. | 从那里开始,重建全新的解决方案。 |
| 0:31 | This is called first principles thinking, and it's a skill behind Elon Musk's SpaceX rockets, Tesla's batteries, | 这被称为第一原理思考, 它是Eron Musk的SpaceX火箭,Tesla的电池背后的一种技能, |
| 0:37 | and even the way researchers push the boundaries of artificial intelligence. | 甚至是研究者推进人工智能边界的方式 |
展开字幕全文（150 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Okay, so here's a question for you. | 好吧,所以有一个问题给你。 |
| 2 | What if everything you've been taught about solving problems is actually wrong? | 如果你学到的关于解决问题的一切 都是错误的呢? |
| 3 | I mean, most of us solve problems by analogy. | 我的意思是,我们大多数人通过类比解决问题。 |
| 4 | We look at what other people have done before us and copy it. | 我们看看其他人在我们之前做了什么 并复制它。 |
| 5 | It feels safe, it feels fast, but it also really limits us. | 感觉安全,感觉快,但也真的限制了我们。 |
| 6 | Now, imagine instead that you could peel away every assumption, that's how it's always been done, | 现在,想象一下,你可以 剥去每一个假设, 这就是它一直做的, |
| 7 | until you are left with the raw truths, if you will, and reality. | 至於你们,将受真实的和真实的教训。 |
| 8 | And from there, rebuild entirely new solutions. | 从那里开始,重建全新的解决方案。 |
| 9 | This is called first principles thinking, and it's a skill behind Elon Musk's SpaceX rockets, Tesla's batteries, | 这被称为第一原理思考, 它是Eron Musk的SpaceX火箭,Tesla的电池背后的一种技能, |
| 10 | and even the way researchers push the boundaries of artificial intelligence. | 甚至是研究者推进人工智能边界的方式 |
| 11 | And today I want to share with you not just why it's powerful, but even more so how you can use it yourself. | 今天我想和你们分享的不仅仅是为什么它很强大, 更是让你自己如何使用它。 |
| 12 | I went down a rabbit hole with this and I find it fascinating. | 我带着这个走进兔子洞,觉得很迷人。 |
| 13 | First up though, what is principles thinking? | 但首先,原则在想什么? |
| 14 | 始从 the. | |
| 15 | The idea comes from Aristotle. | 这个想法来自亚里士多德. |
| 16 | He said that to truly understand something, you have to break it down to its first principle, the most basic undeniable truth. | 他说,为了真正理解某件事,你必须把它破解为它的第一个原则,即最基本的不可否认的真理. |
| 17 | You can kind of think it like this. | 你可以这样想 |
| 18 | Imagine you're building with Lego. | 想象你和乐高一起建的 |
| 19 | Reasoning by analogy means you look at someone else's Lego spaceship and say, | 通过类比来解释 意味着你看着别人的乐高飞船 然后说 |
| 20 | okay, I'll build mine the same way, maybe just with a few tweaks. | 好吧,我会建造我的同样的方式, 也许只是用一些微调。 |
| 21 | Reasoning with first principles or first principles thinking is different. | 以第一原则或第一原则思考的理由不同. |
| 22 | You take the spaceship apart, lay all the bricks on the table, and ask yourself, | 你把飞船拆了,把所有的砖头都放在桌子上 问自己: |
| 23 | what do I have here? | 我这里有什么? |
| 24 | What's the fundamental purpose? | 何为根本宗旨. |
| 25 | Then you build something completely new. | 然后你造了全新的东西 |
| 26 | Maybe it's not even a spaceship, maybe a robot or a bridge or something that nobody has even thought of yet. | 也许它甚至不是宇宙飞船, 也许机器人或桥梁 或者什么没人想到的。 |
| 27 | That is the core of the first principles. | 这是第一项原则的核心。 |
| 28 | Instead of accepting the surface level solution, you zoom in on the truths underneath. | 而不是接受表层溶液 你放大到下面的真相上 |
| 29 | And it turns out this approach isn't just philosophical. | 结果发现这种方法不仅仅是哲学性的。 |
| 30 | It's incredibly practical, especially in tech. | 这非常实用,特别是在技术方面。 |
| 31 | I mean, we think about it from Aristotle to Elon Musk. | 从亚里士多德到伊隆·穆斯克 我们考虑一下 |
| 32 | Fast forward a couple thousands of years and let's look at Elon Musk specifically. | 快速前进几千年 让我们看看伊隆·穆斯克 |
| 33 | So this I found really interesting when I was reading. | 我读书时发现这很有趣。 |
| 34 | Musk first started SpaceX. | 穆斯克首先开始了SpaceX. |
| 35 | The cost of rockets was absurdly high. | 火箭费用高得离谱。 |
| 36 | I mean, everyone in the industry told him that's just how it is. | 我是说 业界的每个人都告诉他 事情就是这样 |
| 37 | And if he had accepted that analogy, he would have quit right there. | 如果他接受了这种类比,他就会辞职了。 |
| 38 | But instead, he asked himself, what is a rocket really? | 但反之,他问自己,火箭到底是什么? |
| 39 | At the end of the day, it's just made of aluminum, titanium, copper and say carbon fiber. | 最终,它只是用铝,钛,铜制成,并说碳纤维. |
| 40 | So Musk literally priced out the raw materials on the market and discovered something really shocking. | 因此,穆斯克从字面上对市场上的原材料进行了定价,发现了一些非常令人震惊的东西. |
| 41 | Those materials cost maybe 2% of the final rocket price. | 这些材料耗资约为火箭最后价格的2%。 |
| 42 | The rest was markup and tradition, if you will. | 剩下的是标记和传统,如果你愿意的话。 |
| 43 | So by reasoning from first principles, not by analogy, | 因此,通过推理 从第一原则,而不是类比, |
| 44 | SpaceX figured out how to build rockets for a fraction of the cost. | SpaceX想出了如何制造火箭,成本只有一小部分. |
| 45 | And I mean, that's how they disrupted aerospace. | 我的意思是,这就是他们如何扰乱航空航天。 |
| 46 | That's really cool, by the way. | 这真的很酷,顺便说一句。 |
| 47 | And he applied the same logic at Tesla. | 他在特斯拉应用了同样的逻辑. |
| 48 | I mean, back then, batteries were thought to be too expensive to even make electrical cars. | 我的意思是,在当时, 电池被认为太贵 甚至制造电动车。 |
| 49 | Or at least make them mainstream. | 或者至少让他们成为主流 |
| 50 | Everyone repeated the same line to him. | 每个人都对他重复同样的台词。 |
| 51 | Battery costs will always be too high. | 电池成本总是太高。 |
| 52 | But Musk asked instead, what are batteries actually made of? | 但穆斯克却问,电池实际上是用什么做的? |
| 53 | Nickel, cobalt, aluminum, polymers. | 镍,钴,铝,聚合物. |
| 54 | He then went back to the fundamentals, questioned the design and helped drive down the costs. | 随后他又回到了基本面,质疑设计,并帮助推低成本. |
| 55 | The result? | 结果? |
| 56 | Electrical vehicles went from niche to mainstream. | 电动车辆从优势转向主流。 |
| 57 | Okay, I want to give you a really interesting analogy here, though. | 好吧,我想给你一个非常有趣的类比,虽然。 |
| 58 | So how do we use this way of thinking for ourselves? | 那么,我们如何用这种方式为自己思考呢? |
| 59 | This is the analogy I really like to come back to. | 这就是我真正喜欢的类比。 |
| 60 | So imagine you have a tank, a motorboat and a bicycle. | 想象一下你有一个坦克,一个摩托艇和一个自行车。 |
| 61 | If you think by analogy, you'll just try to improve the tank by making the armor stronger | 如果你用类比来思考,你就会试图通过使装甲更坚固来改进坦克 |
| 62 | or improve the bike by adding gears. | 或者通过增加齿轮来改进机车. |
| 63 | But if you break down each into components, treads, motors, say handlebars, | 但如果你把每个都分解成部件, 脚踏,马达, 说把手棒, |
| 64 | you can recombine them into something entirely new. | 你可以把它们重新压缩成全新的东西 |
| 65 | Suddenly, you invent a snowmobile. | 突然间,你发明了一辆雪车 |
| 66 | That is the magic of first principles, decomposition and creative recombination. | 这就是第一原则、分解和创造性重组的魔法。 |
| 67 | Now, it's really important to note there are actual mental tools you can use to do this. | 现在,重要的是要注意的是, 有一些实际的心理工具, 你可以用来做到这一点。 |
| 68 | And this is the five whys method, if you will. | 这是五种方法,如果你愿意的话。 |
| 69 | And you literally in this method, you ask why five times in a row? | 你用这种方法问为什么连续五次? |
| 70 | For example, why is my software built slow? | 例如,为什么我的软件建设缓慢? |
| 71 | Because the pipeline is, say, bloated. | 因为管道是,比如,膨胀。 |
| 72 | Why? | 为什么? |
| 73 | Because it loads redundant dependencies. | 因为它能装入多余的依赖性. |
| 74 | Why? | 为什么? |
| 75 | Because we never updated our library management. | 因为我们从来没有更新过我们的图书馆管理. |
| 76 | So you basically keep peeling back until you reach the real root. | 所以基本上,你继续剥回 直到你到达真正的根。 |
| 77 | So credit questioning. | 所以信用问讯. |
| 78 | This is about challenging the assumptions by asking, what do we know for sure? | 这就是挑战假设,问,我们肯定知道什么? |
| 79 | What if the opposite were true? | 如果情况相反呢? |
| 80 | What evidence supports this? | 什么证据能证明这一点? |
| 81 | Both are practical and both are ways of forcing your brain out of this analogy mode and into the fundamentals. | 两者都是实用的,两者都是强迫你的大脑走出这种类比模式,进入基本原理的方法. |
| 82 | This is really cool if you ask me. | 这真的很酷 如果你问我。 |
| 83 | And if you can change your brain to think in this way, you're going to be so far ahead. | 如果你能改变你的大脑 这样思考, 你会有那么远的领先。 |
| 84 | And I mean, it goes back to why does this matter? | 我的意思是,它回到为什么 这很重要? |
| 85 | Because first principles thinking isn't just a clever little trick or game for your mind. | 因为第一原则思考不仅仅是一个聪明的小把戏 或游戏对你的大脑。 |
| 86 | It's literally a competitive advantage. | 它实际上是一个竞争优势。 |
| 87 | I mean, at SpaceX, employees are trained to ignore the standard way of doing things | 我的意思是,在SpaceX,员工被训练 忽略标准的方式做事 |
| 88 | and to rebuild solutions from the ground up. | 从头开始重建解决方案 |
| 89 | That's why we were able to iterate on rocket designs faster than NASA. | 所以我们能比美国航天局更快地执行火箭设计 |
| 90 | I mean, this company came out of nowhere despite having a fraction of the resources. | 我的意思是,这家公司是无缘无故的 尽管有一小部分的资源。 |
| 91 | But okay, we're using rockets a lot in this example or in this video, but it's not just this. | 但是,好吧,我们经常使用火箭 在这个例子或在这个视频中, 但不只是这个。 |
| 92 | This mindset really shows up everywhere. | 这种心态真的到处出现。 |
| 93 | As I mentioned earlier, Tesla, it's how they reimagined car manufacturing. | 正如我之前提到的,特斯拉,这是他们如何重新想象汽车制造。 |
| 94 | In AI, it's how researchers move from rule-based expert systems to neural networks. | 在AI中,研究者是如何从基于规则的专家系统转移到神经网络的. |
| 95 | And then from recurrent neural nets to, say, transformers. | 然后从神经网到变压器 |
| 96 | Each leap required the questioning or questioning of the fundamentals. | 每一次跳跃都需要询问或质疑基本因素。 |
| 97 | And I mean, this even shows up in business models. | 我的意思是,这甚至出现在商业模式中。 |
| 98 | I mean, Amazon asked the question of, do we really need inventory at all? | 我的意思是,亚马逊问到一个问题, 我们真的需要库存吗? |
| 99 | Netflix问,如果电影不需要DVD呢? | |
| 100 | I mean, these are all examples of stepping back, stripping away assumptions, and starting fresh. | 我的意思是,这些都是 退步, 剥去假设, 开始新鲜。 |
| 101 | And here's the thing I really want you to keep in mind. | 这就是我真正想要你记住的事情。 |
| 102 | You don't need billions of dollars to use this train or thought of thinking. | 你不需要数十亿美元 来使用这列火车或思考。 |
| 103 | First principles thinking is a skill, and anyone can master that skill through practicing. | 首先的原则思维是一种技能,任何人都可以通过练习来掌握这种技能. |
| 104 | So I'm sure you're thinking, okay, well Tiff, how can I apply this? | 我敢肯定,你在想什么, 好吧,蒂夫, 我怎么应用这个? |
| 105 | Let's make a concrete step-by-step plan. | 制定具体的分步计划. |
| 106 | Step one, identify assumptions. | 第一步,确定假设。 |
| 107 | I want you to write down everything you think you know about a problem you're trying to solve. | 我要你记下所有你认为 你知道的问题 你试图解决。 |
| 108 | Step two, break it down. | 第二步 拆开它 |
| 109 | What are the raw components? | 原始组件是什么? |
| 110 | The things that are undeniably true? | 不可否认真实的东西? |
| 111 | Step three, rebuild. | 第三步,重建。 |
| 112 | Start fresh using those truths. | 利用这些真相开始新鲜。 |
| 113 | Ask, if I were designing this from scratch, knowing only these facts, what would I do? | 问,如果我从头开始设计这个,只知道这些事实,我该怎么办? |
| 114 | Step four, test and iterate. | 第四步 测试和测试 |
| 115 | Even if your new idea doesn't work, you've uncovered insight most people will miss. | 即使你的新想法行不通 你发现了大多数人都会错过的洞察力 |
| 116 | Let me give you an example. | 让我举个例子。 |
| 117 | Say you want to start a business. | 说想创业. |
| 118 | The assumption might be, I need an office. | 假设是 我需要办公室 |
| 119 | Break it down. | 击破之. |
| 120 | Do you really need an office? | 你真的需要办公室吗? |
| 121 | What's the fundamental truth of needing an office? | 需要办公室的基本真相是什么? |
| 122 | You need to serve customers. | 你需要为客户服务。 |
| 123 | The office is just one way. | 办公室只是一种方式。 |
| 124 | Rebuild. | 复造诸法. |
| 125 | Maybe a distributed team. | 也许是一个分散的团队。 |
| 126 | Maybe remote first. | 可能先遥控 |
| 127 | I mean, when you think of it that way, all of a sudden you're lowering costs and scaling differently. | 我的意思是,当你这样想的时候, 突然间你降低成本, 并用不同的尺度。 |
| 128 | And this is just an example of so many. | 这仅仅是这么多的例子。 |
| 129 | So here's the really big takeaway I want you to leave this video. | 所以,这是真正的大 外卖,我要你离开这个视频。 |
| 130 | Systems thinking, which we talked about before in a video, helps you see things how they connect. | 系统思考,我们以前在视频中谈到过, 它帮助你看到事物如何连接。 |
| 131 | First principles thinking takes it a step further. | 首要原则是进一步思考。 |
| 132 | It helps you rebuild those systems from scratch. | 它帮助你从头重建那些系统。 |
| 133 | It's really the difference between making something slightly better and making something slightly different. | 做一些稍微好点的东西 和做一些稍有不同的东西 两者的区别 |
| 134 | And that is why most innovative companies, I mean, the most impactful entrepreneurs or individuals in tech, | 这就是为什么大多数创新公司,我的意思是, 最具影响力的企业家或个人 在技术, |
| 135 | or most powerful technologies as well, are built on first principles. | 或最强大的技术,也是建立在首要原则之上的。 |
| 136 | So I want to leave you with one more thing, one more thought. | 所以我想再给你留一个想法 |
| 137 | What is one assumption in your life or work that you've never questioned? | 你这辈子或工作里 从未质疑过什么假设? |
| 138 | And what happens then if you break it down first to its first principles? | 如果你先把它拆开,然后呢? |
| 139 | I'm really curious to get your take on this. | 我真的很好奇你能承担这个。 |
| 140 | I think it's such a great way to think when you are solving technical problems, | 我想当你解决技术问题时,这是个很好的想法 |
| 141 | when you are studying for an interview, | 当你在接受采访时 |
| 142 | or if you're an entrepreneur and you want to really continue to build out a business, | 或者,如果你是一个企业家 而且你真正想继续 建立企业, |
| 143 | take a step back, apply the steps or the strategies I shared with you today, | 退后一步 采取我今天与你分享的步骤或策略 |
| 144 | and see what you come up with. | 看看你想出什么来 |
| 145 | We're so trained to just take what we are given at face value. | 我们受过如此的训练 只能以面值来对待我们 |
| 146 | But when you strip it down, like that Lego example, it gets pretty fascinating. | 但当你把它剥下来, 像乐高的例子, 它变得相当迷人。 |
| 147 | I'm so curious to hear your thoughts on this. | 我很想知道你对此的看法 |
| 148 | Leave in the comments and let me know what other topics you want me to cover. | 在评论中留下,让我知道,你想让我讨论哪些其他问题。 |
| 149 | I'll see you all soon. | 见诸众生. |
| 150 | Thanks, everyone. | 谢谢各位 |
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