别再骂自己三分钟热度了，那是你的天赋【TED演讲】
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:01 | So I'd like to talk about the development of human potential and I'd like to start with maybe the most impactful | 我想谈谈人类潜力的发展 我想从最有影响力的开始 |
| 0:07 | Modern story of development many of you here have probably heard of the 10,000 hours rule | 现代的发展故事 你们中许多人 可能听说过一万小时的规则 |
| 0:13 | Maybe you even model your own life after it | 之后你可能还模仿自己的生活 |
| 0:15 | Basically, it's the idea that to become great in anything takes 10,000 hours of focused practice | 基本上,这是一个想法, 成为伟大的任何事情 需要一万小时的焦点练习 |
| 0:21 | So you'd better get started as early as possible | 所以你最好尽快开始 |
| 0:23 | The poster child for this story is Tiger Woods | 这个故事的海报孩子是虎伍兹 |
| 0:27 | His father famously gave him a putter when he was seven months old at ten months | 他父亲在他7个月大 10个月的时候 给了他一个推杆 |
| 0:32 | He started imitating his father's swing at two. | 他开始模仿父亲的秋千2分. |
| 0:36 | You can go on YouTube and see him on national television | 你可以在YouTube上,在国家电视台上看到他 |
| 0:39 | Fast forward to the age of 21. | 快进21岁. |
展开字幕全文（185 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | So I'd like to talk about the development of human potential and I'd like to start with maybe the most impactful | 我想谈谈人类潜力的发展 我想从最有影响力的开始 |
| 2 | Modern story of development many of you here have probably heard of the 10,000 hours rule | 现代的发展故事 你们中许多人 可能听说过一万小时的规则 |
| 3 | Maybe you even model your own life after it | 之后你可能还模仿自己的生活 |
| 4 | Basically, it's the idea that to become great in anything takes 10,000 hours of focused practice | 基本上,这是一个想法, 成为伟大的任何事情 需要一万小时的焦点练习 |
| 5 | So you'd better get started as early as possible | 所以你最好尽快开始 |
| 6 | The poster child for this story is Tiger Woods | 这个故事的海报孩子是虎伍兹 |
| 7 | His father famously gave him a putter when he was seven months old at ten months | 他父亲在他7个月大 10个月的时候 给了他一个推杆 |
| 8 | He started imitating his father's swing at two. | 他开始模仿父亲的秋千2分. |
| 9 | You can go on YouTube and see him on national television | 你可以在YouTube上,在国家电视台上看到他 |
| 10 | Fast forward to the age of 21. | 快进21岁. |
| 11 | He's the greatest golfer in the world's quintessential 10,000 hours story | 他是世界上最伟大的高尔夫球手 在世界一万小时的故事 |
| 12 | Another that features in a number of best-selling books is that of the three polgar sisters | 一些畅销书中的另一个特色是三个Polgar姐妹 |
| 13 | whose father decided to teach them chess in a very technical manner from a very early age and | 他的父亲决定从小以非常技术的方式教他们围棋 |
| 14 | Really he wanted to show that with a head start and focused practice any child could become a genius in anything | 真的,他想展示,只要有一个头开始和专注的练习 任何孩子都可以成为天才 |
| 15 | And in fact two of his daughters went on to become Grandmaster chess players | 其实他的两个女儿后来成为了外婆的棋手 |
| 16 | So when I became the science writer at Sports Illustrated magazine | 所以当我成为《体育日报》的科学作家时 |
| 17 | I got curious if this 10,000 hours rule is correct | 我想知道这10000小时规则是否正确 |
| 18 | Then we should see that elite athletes get a head start in so-called deliberate practice | 那我们就应该让精英运动员 在所谓的故意练习中先入为主 |
| 19 | This is coached error correction focused practice not just playing around and in fact when scientists study elite athletes | 这是导师错误校正 重点练习 不只是玩耍,事实上 当科学家研究精英运动员时 |
| 20 | They see that they spend more time in deliberate practice not a big surprise | 他们看到他们花更多的时间 深思熟虑的练习 不是一个很大的惊喜 |
| 21 | But they actually when they actually track athletes over the course of their development the pattern looks like this | 但实际上,当他们真正跟踪 运动员在他们的开发过程中 模式是这样的 |
| 22 | The future elites actually spend less time early on in deliberate practice in their eventual sport | 将来的精英们在他们最终的体育比赛中 少花点时间 |
| 23 | They tend to have what scientists call a sampling period where they try a variety of physical activities | 他们往往有科学家所谓的采样期 他们尝试各种物理活动 |
| 24 | They gain broad general skills. | 他们获得广泛的一般技能。 |
| 25 | They learn about their interests and abilities and delay | 他们知道自己的兴趣和能力以及拖延 |
| 26 | Specializing until later than peers who plateau at lower levels | 专门化,直到晚于低级水平的同行 |
| 27 | And so when I saw that I said gosh that doesn't really comport with the 10,000 hours rule does it? | 所以当我看到 我说的上帝, 这不是真的符合 10000小时的规则,是吗? |
| 28 | So I started to wonder about other domains that we associate with obligatory early specialization like music | 于是我开始怀疑我们跟音乐之类的 强制性早期专业有关的其它领域 |
| 29 | Turns out the patterns often similar | 原来模式往往很相似 |
| 30 | This is research from a world-class music academy and what I want to draw your attention to is this | 这是世界级音乐学院的研究 我想提醒你注意的是 |
| 31 | The exceptional musicians didn't start spending more time in deliberate practice than the average musicians until their third instrument | 杰出的音乐家们在深思熟虑的练习中并没有开始花费比一般的音乐家更多的时间,直到他们的第三乐器. |
| 32 | They too tended to have a sampling period even musicians we think of as famously precocious like yo-yo ma | 他们也倾向于有一个采样期 甚至音乐家,我们认为 著名的豫剧,像优酷马 |
| 33 | He had a sampling period. | 他有一个采样期。 |
| 34 | He just went through it more rapidly than most musicians do | 他比大多数音乐家都快 |
| 35 | nonetheless this research is almost entirely ignored and | 然而,这种研究几乎完全被忽视, |
| 36 | Much more impactful is the first page of the book battle him of the tiger mother where the author recounts assigning her daughter violin | 书中第1页 与老虎妈妈的战斗 更具有影响力 作者在书中记述 分配女儿的小提琴 |
| 37 | Nobody seems to remember the part later in the book where her daughter turns to her and says you picked it not me and largely quits | 看来没人记得书后那段 她女儿转过身来 说你选的不是我 基本上辞职了 |
| 38 | So having seen this sort of surprising pattern in sports and music I started to wonder about domains that affect even more people like education and | 因此,在体育和音乐中看到这种令人惊讶的模式之后,我开始怀疑那些影响更多人的领域,比如教育和音乐。 |
| 39 | Economist found a natural experiment in the higher ed systems of England and Scotland in the period | 经济学人在这个时期在英格兰和苏格兰的高等ed系统中发现了一个自然实验. |
| 40 | He studied the systems were very similar except in England students had to specialize in their | 他学习的系统非常相似 除了英国学生必须专门学习 |
| 41 | Mid teen years to pick a specific course of study to apply towards in Scotland | 青少年中年选择在苏格兰学习的具体课程 |
| 42 | They could keep trying things in university if they wanted to and his question was who wins the trade-off the early or the late | 他们可以继续尝试 在大学的事情,如果他们想和 他的问题是谁赢得的权衡 早期或晚期 |
| 43 | Specializers and what he saw was that the early specializers jump out to an income lead because they have more domain specific skills | 专业人才和他看到的是 早期专业人才跳到收入领先 因为他们拥有更多的领域特定技能 |
| 44 | The late specializers get to try more different things and when they do pick they have better fit or what economists call match | 后期的专修者可以尝试更多不同的东西,当他们选择时,他们更适合或者经济学家称之为匹配的. |
| 45 | Quality and so their growth rates are faster by six years out. | 质量和他们的增长率 更快的六年。 |
| 46 | They erased that income gap | 他们消除了收入差距 |
| 47 | Meanwhile the early specializers start quitting their career tracks in much higher numbers | 同时,早期的专修者开始退出他们的职业赛道 人数要多得多 |
| 48 | Essentially because they were made to choose so early that they more often made poor choices | 根本是因为他们很早就选择了 常常做不好的选择 |
| 49 | So the late specializers lose in the short term and win in the long run | 故后专修者短期内输了,长期内赢 |
| 50 | I think if we thought about career choice like dating we might not pressure people to settle down quite so quickly | 我想如果我们考虑职业选择 像约会,我们可能不会 迫使人们安顿下来 这么快 |
| 51 | So this got me interested seeing this pattern again in exploring the developmental backgrounds of people whose work I had long admired | 因此,这让我感兴趣地再次看到这种模式 探索人们的发展背景 他们的工作,我一直钦佩 |
| 52 | like Duke Ellington who shunned music lessons as a kid to focus on baseball and painting and drawing or | 就像艾灵顿公爵 从小就放弃音乐课 专注于棒球、绘画和绘画 |
| 53 | Mariam Mirzani who wasn't interested in math as a girl dreamed of becoming a novelist and | Mariam Mirzani对数学不感兴趣 作为一个女孩梦想成为小说家 |
| 54 | Went on to become the first and so far only woman to win the Fields Medal the most prestigious prize in the world in math | 成为第一位也是迄今为止唯一一位获得菲尔兹奖章的女性,这是世界上最有声望的数学奖项 |
| 55 | Vincent van Gogh had five different careers each of which he deemed his true calling before flaming out spectacularly | Vincent van Gogh有五个不同的职业, 每一个他都认为他的真命天子的召唤 被激怒了 |
| 56 | And in his late 20s picked up a book called the guide to the ABCs of drawing that worked out. | 在他20多岁的时候, 找到一本书, 叫做ABC的画指南, 已经成功。 |
| 57 | Okay | 还好 |
| 58 | Claude Shannon was an electrical engineer at the University of Michigan who took a philosophy course just to fulfill a requirement and | Claude Shannon是密歇根大学的电气工程师 他上哲学课程只是为了满足一个要求 |
| 59 | In it he learned about a near century-old system of logic by which true and false statements could be coded as ones and zeros | 他在其中了解到了一个近百年的逻辑体系,通过这个体系,真假的言论可以编码为一和零. |
| 60 | And solved like math problems | 像数学问题一样解决了 |
| 61 | This led to the development of binary code which underlies all of our digital computers today | 这导致了二进制代码的发展,它支撑着我们今天所有的数字计算机 |
| 62 | But finally my own sort of role model Frances Hesselbein. | 但最终我还是个榜样 弗朗西丝·赫塞尔宾 |
| 63 | This is me with her | 这是我和她在一起 |
| 64 | She took her first professional job at the age of 54 went on to become the CEO of the Girl Scouts, which she saved | 她54岁就从事了第一个专业工作 成为了女童子军的首席执行官 |
| 65 | She tripled minority membership added a hundred and thirty thousand volunteers | 她增加了三倍的少数民族成员 增加了13万志愿者 |
| 66 | And this is one of the proficiency badges that came out of her tenure. | 这是她任职期间 颁发的熟练证书之一 |
| 67 | It's binary code for girls learning about computers | 是女孩学习电脑的二进制代码 |
| 68 | Today Frances runs a leadership Institute where she works every weekday in Manhattan, and she's only a hundred and four | 今天弗朗西丝在曼哈顿开办了一个领导学院 她每天在曼哈顿工作 她只有一百四岁 |
| 69 | So who knows what's next? | 那么,谁知道接下来是什么? |
| 70 | We never really hear developmental stories like this do we we don't hear about the research that found that Nobel laureate scientists are | 我们从来没有真正听到这样的发展故事 我们没有听到研究发现诺贝尔奖获得者是 |
| 71 | 22 times more likely to have a hobby outside of work as our typical scientists | 22倍的可能性有一个爱好之外的工作 作为典型的科学家 |
| 72 | We never hear that even when the performers of the work is very famous. | 我们从来没有听说过,即使 作品的表演者是非常出名。 |
| 73 | We don't hear these developmental stories for example | 我们不听这些发展故事 比如说 |
| 74 | Here's an athlete. | 这是一名运动员。 |
| 75 | I've followed here. | 我跟踪过这里 |
| 76 | He is at age 6 wearing a Scottish rugby kit now | 他6岁时穿苏格兰橄榄球套 |
| 77 | He tried some tennis some skiing wrestling his mother was actually a tennis coach | 他尝试过一些网球 一些滑雪摔跤 他的母亲其实是一个网球教练 |
| 78 | But she declined to coach him because he wouldn't return balls normally | 但她拒绝了他教练 因为他不会正常回球 |
| 79 | He did some basketball table tennis swimming when his coaches wanted to move him up a level to play with older boys | 他做了一些篮球桌网球游泳 他的教练想把他提升到一个水平 与年长的男孩玩 |
| 80 | He declined because he just wanted to talk about pro wrestling after practice with his friends, and he kept trying more sports | 他拒绝了,因为他只是想 谈谈职业摔跤 后与他的朋友练习, |
| 81 | Handball volleyball soccer badminton skateboarding, so who is this dabbler? | 手球排球 足球羽毛球滑板, 那么,这是谁的滑板? |
| 82 | This is Roger Federer | 我是罗杰费德勒 |
| 83 | Every bit as famous as an adult as Tiger Woods and yet even tennis enthusiasts | 和虎伍兹一样有名 甚至连网球爱好者 |
| 84 | Don't usually know anything about his developmental story. | 通常对他的发展故事一无所知. |
| 85 | Why is that even though? | 为什么呢? |
| 86 | It's the norm? | 这是常规吗? |
| 87 | I think it's partly because the tiger story is very dramatic | 我觉得部分是因为老虎的故事很戏剧化 |
| 88 | But also because it seems like this tidy narrative that we can extrapolate to anything that we want to be good at in our own | 但同样地,它看起来像一个 干净的叙述,我们可以推论 任何我们想要好的 在我们自己的 |
| 89 | But that I think is a problem because it turns out that in many ways golf is a uniquely horrible model of almost everything that | 但我认为这是一个问题,因为事实证明, 在许多方面高尔夫球是一个独特的可怕的模型 几乎所有的东西 |
| 90 | Humans want to learn | 人类想要学习 |
| 91 | Golf is the epitome of what the psychologist Robin Hogarth called a kind learning environment | 高尔夫是心理学家罗宾·霍加思所说的 良好的学习环境的缩写 |
| 92 | Kind learning environments have next steps and goals that are clear rules that are clear and never change when you do something you get | 善良的学习环境有接下来的步骤和目标,这些步骤和目标是明确的规则,当你做你得到的东西时永远不会改变 |
| 93 | Feedback that is quick and accurate work next year will look like work last year chess | 明年的反馈快而准确 就像是去年的棋子 |
| 94 | Also a kind learning environment the grandmasters advantage is largely based on knowledge of recurring patterns | 外婆们的优势也是建立在对反复出现的规律的了解之上的 |
| 95 | Which is also why it's so easy to automate on the other end of the spectrum are wicked learning environments | 这也是为什么它如此容易自动化 在另一端是邪恶的学习环境 |
| 96 | Where next steps and goals may not be clear rules may change | 如果今后的步骤和目标可能不是明确的规则,则可能改变 |
| 97 | You may or may not get feedback when you do something it may be delayed | 当你做一些事情时,你可能得到反馈,也可能得不到反馈。 |
| 98 | It may be inaccurate and work next year may not look like work last year | 可能不准确,明年的工作可能不像去年的工作 |
| 99 | So which one of these sounds like the world we're increasingly living in in fact our need to think in an adaptable manner and to | 哪个听起来像我们生活的世界 事实上,我们需要以适应性的方式思考 |
| 100 | Keep track of | 跟踪 |
| 101 | Interconnecting parts has fundamentally changed our perception so that when you look at this diagram the central circle on the right | 连接部分从根本上改变了我们的看法 所以当你看这个图时 右边的中央圆圈 |
| 102 | Probably looks larger to you because your brain is drawn to the relationship of the parts in the whole | 可能你看起来更大 因为你的大脑被吸引到 整个部分的关系 |
| 103 | Where someone who hasn't been exposed to modern work with its requirement for adaptable conceptual thought we'll see correctly that the central circles are | 在那些没有接触过现代作品的人 需要适应性概念 我们就会正确看到中心圈子 |
| 104 | the same size | 大小不变 |
| 105 | So here we are in the wicked work world and there sometimes hyper specialization can backfire badly | 因此,我们这里是邪恶的工作世界 有时超专业会严重反射 |
| 106 | For example in research in a dozen countries that matched people for their parents years of education their test scores their own years of education | 例如,在与父母受教育年限相称的十几个国家的研究中,他们的考试成绩为自己的受教育年限。 |
| 107 | The difference was some got career focused education and some got broader general education | 不同之处在于,有些是职业教育,有些是更广泛的普通教育 |
| 108 | The pattern was those who got the career focused education are more likely to be hired right out of training | 模式是,那些接受以职业为重点的教育的人更有可能被从培训中雇用。 |
| 109 | More likely to make more money right away | 更可能马上赚更多钱 |
| 110 | But so much less adaptable in a changing work world that they spend so much less time in the workforce | 但是在一个变化中的工作世界中适应性要低得多 他们花在劳动力中的时间要少得多 |
| 111 | Overall that they win in the short term and lose in the long run | 总的来说,他们短期获胜,长期输 |
| 112 | Or consider a famous 20 year study of experts making geopolitical and economic predictions | 或者考虑一个著名的20年研究 专家作出地缘政治和经济预测 |
| 113 | The worst forecasters were the most specialized experts | 最差的预报员是最专业的专家 |
| 114 | Those who'd spent their entire careers studying one or two problems and came to see the whole world through one lens or mental model | 那些花了整个职业生涯 研究一两个问题的人 通过一个镜头或心理模型来看整个世界 |
| 115 | Some of them actually got worse as they accumulated experience and credentials | 其中有些人积累了经验和资质 反而越发糟糕 |
| 116 | The best forecasters were simply bright people with wide-ranging interests now in some domains like medicine | 最好的预测者只是聪明人 现在对医学等领域有广泛的兴趣 |
| 117 | Increasing specialization has been both inevitable and beneficial | 日益专业化是不可避免的和有益的 |
| 118 | No question about it and yet it's been a double-edged sword a few years ago | 当然了 几年前还是一把双刃剑 |
| 119 | One of the most popular surgeries in the world for knee pain was tested in a placebo controlled trial | 世界上最流行的膝盖疼痛手术之一 在安慰剂控制试验中测试过 |
| 120 | Some of the patients got sham surgery. | 有些病人做了假手术 |
| 121 | That means the surgeons make an incision | 就是说外科医生做了切口 |
| 122 | They bang around like they're doing something then they sew the patient back up that performed just as well | 他们好像在做一些事情 然后把病人缝起来 做得很好 |
| 123 | And yet surgeons who specialize in the procedure continue to do it by the millions | 而那些专门做手术的外科医生 却继续用数百万人做手术 |
| 124 | So if hyper specialization isn't always the trick in a wicked world | 如果超专业不是邪恶世界的把戏 |
| 125 | What is that can be difficult to talk about because it doesn't always look like this path | 这有什么难谈的 因为它并不总是 看起来像这条路 |
| 126 | Sometimes it looks like meandering or zigzagging or keeping a broader view. | 有时它看起来像是在玩弄或用Zigzlaging或保持更广泛的视野。 |
| 127 | It can look like getting behind | 看起来像在落后 |
| 128 | But I want to talk about what some of those tricks might be if we look at research on technological innovation | 但我想谈谈 如果我们看看技术创新的研究 可能有什么技巧 |
| 129 | It shows that increasingly the most impactful patents are not authored by individuals who drill deeper deeper deeper into one area of technology | 它表明,影响最大的专利越来越多地不是由那些更深入地钻进一个技术领域的个人所授权的。 |
| 130 | As classified by the US Patent Office, but rather by teams | 美国专利局的分类,但团队的分类 |
| 131 | That include individuals who have worked across a large number of different technology classes and often merge things from different domains | 其中包括那些在众多不同的技术类别中工作,并且常常将不同领域的东西合并在一起的个人。 |
| 132 | Someone whose work I've admired who was sort of on the forefront of this a Japanese man named Gunpei Yokoi | 他的作品让我钦佩 他站在日本人最前列 叫冈佩·洋子 |
| 133 | Yokoi didn't score well in his electronics exams at school | 洋子在学校的电子考试成绩不好 |
| 134 | So he had to settle for a low-tier job as a machine maintenance worker at a playing card company in Kyoto | 所以他不得不在京都的一家玩牌公司 做一个机器维修工人的低级工作 |
| 135 | He realized he wasn't equipped to work on the cutting edge | 他意识到自己没有在尖端工作的能力 |
| 136 | But that there was so much information easily available that maybe he could combine things that were already well known in ways that specialists | 但是,有这么多的信息 很容易得到,也许他可以 综合那些已经众所周知的方式 专家 |
| 137 | Were too narrow to see | 太狭窄了,看不见 |
| 138 | So he combined some well-known technology from the calculator industry with some well-known technology from the credit card industry and made handheld games | 因此他把一些来自计算行业的知名技术与信用卡行业的一些知名技术结合起来,并制作手持游戏. |
| 139 | And they were a hit and it turned this playing card company | 他们被打中了,结果让这家打牌公司变了 |
| 140 | Which was founded in a wooden storefront in the 19th century into a toy and game operation. | 它成立于19世纪的木制店面,成为玩具和游戏操作. |
| 141 | You may have heard of it | 你可能听说过 |
| 142 | It's called Nintendo | 这叫任天堂 |
| 143 | Yokoi's creative philosophy translated to lateral thinking with withered technology taking well-known technology and using it in new ways | 洋子的创意哲学 被转化成横向思考 与耗尽的技术 取用知名技术 用新的方式 |
| 144 | And his magnum opus was this the Gameboy | 他的大块头就是这个游戏男孩 |
| 145 | Technological joke in every way and it came out at the same time as color competitors from Sega and Atari and it blew them away | 技术笑话在各个方面,它同时出现 与色竞争者来自世嘉和阿塔里, 并把他们吹走。 |
| 146 | Because Yokoi knew what his customers cared about wasn't color. | 因为洋子知道顾客关心的不是颜色 |
| 147 | It was durability | 这是耐久的 |
| 148 | portability | 可移植性 |
| 149 | affordability battery life game selection | 选择负担得起的电池生命游戏 |
| 150 | This is mine that I found in my parents basement | 这是我在父母地下室找到的 |
| 151 | Seen better days, but you can see the red light is on I flipped it on and played some Tetris | 看到了更好的日子,但你可以看到 红灯在上,我翻开它,播放一些俄罗斯方块 |
| 152 | Which I thought was especially impressive because the batteries had expired in 2007 in 2013 | 我认为这特别令人印象深刻 因为电池在2007年就过期了 |
| 153 | So this breadth advantage holds in more subjective realms as well in a fascinating study of what leads some comic book creators | 因此,这种宽度优势在更主观的领域 以及一个令人着迷的研究 引导一些漫画的创作者 |
| 154 | To be more likely to make blockbuster comics a pair of researchers found that it was neither | 更可能做 块块漫画 一对研究者发现它不是 |
| 155 | The number of years of experience in the field nor the resources of the publisher | 该领域的经验年数和出版商的资源 |
| 156 | Nor the number of previous comics made it was the number of different genres that a creator had worked across and | 之前的漫画数量 也不是创作者所创作的不同流派数量 |
| 157 | Interestingly a broad individual could not be entirely | 有趣的是,一个广义的个人不能完全 |
| 158 | Replaced by a team of specialists | 由专家小组取代 |
| 159 | We probably don't make as many of those people as we could because early on they just look like they're behind and we don't tend | 我们可能没有尽可能多的人, 因为早期他们只是看起来像他们 落后,我们不照顾 |
| 160 | to incentivize anything that doesn't look like a head start or specialization and | 激励任何看起来不像头部或专业的东西 |
| 161 | In fact, I think in the well-meaning drive for a head start | 事实上,我想在善意的驱动器 开始前 |
| 162 | We often even counter productively short-circuit even the way we learn new material at a fundamental level in study last year | 我们甚至经常用我们去年学习新材料的基本方式 来抵消短路的影响 |
| 163 | Seventh grade math classrooms in the u.s. | 7年级数学教室 |
| 164 | Were randomly assigned to different types of learning some got what's called blocked practice | 被随机分配到不同种类的学习 一些人得到了所谓的阻断练习 |
| 165 | That's like you get problem type a a a a b b b b and so on progress is fast kids are happy | 这就像你得到的问题类型 a a b b b b 所以进步是快的孩子高兴 |
| 166 | Everything's great other classrooms got assigned to what's called interleaved | 所有伟大的其他教室都被分配到所谓的间歇 |
| 167 | Practice that's like if you took all the problem types and threw them in a hat and drew them out at random | 练习就像你把所有的问题类型 扔进帽子里 随意抽出来 |
| 168 | Progress is slower | 进展较慢 |
| 169 | Kids are more frustrated | 孩子们比较沮丧 |
| 170 | But instead of learning how to execute procedures | 而不是学习如何执行程序 |
| 171 | They're learning how to match a strategy to a type of problem | 他们正在学习如何把策略和问题结合起来 |
| 172 | And when the test comes around the interleaved group blew the block practice group away wasn't even close | 当测试到中间叶组 吹走块练习组 甚至没有接近 |
| 173 | Now I found a lot of this research deeply counterintuitive | 现在,我发现很多研究 深深反感 |
| 174 | the idea that a head start whether in picking a career or a course of study or just in learning new material can sometimes undermine long-term development and | 一种想法是,头开始于选择职业、学习课程或仅仅学习新材料,有时会损害长期发展; |
| 175 | Naturally, I think there are as many ways to succeed as there are people but I think we tend only to incentivize and encourage the tiger path | 自然,我认为成功的途径和人一样多 但我认为我们只倾向于激励和鼓励老虎之路 |
| 176 | When increasingly in a wicked world we need people who travel the Roger path as well | 在邪恶世界中,我们越来越需要那些 也走罗杰之路的人 |
| 177 | Or as the eminent physicist and mathematician and wonderful writer | 或作为著名物理学家、数学家和优秀作家 |
| 178 | Freeman Dyson放进去 他昨天就死了 | |
| 179 | So I hope I'm doing his words honor here as he said for a healthy ecosystem. | 所以,我希望我做他的话 荣誉在这里,正如他说的 一个健康的生态系统。 |
| 180 | We need both birds and frogs | 我们需要鸟和青蛙 |
| 181 | Frogs are down in the mud seeing all the granular details | 青蛙倒在泥里 看到所有的颗粒状细节 |
| 182 | The birds are soaring up above not seeing those details | 鸟儿们在上空飞翔 没有看到这些细节 |
| 183 | But integrating the knowledge of the frogs and we need both the problem Dyson said is that we're telling everyone to become frogs | 但结合青蛙的知识 我们需要两个问题 戴森说,我们告诉大家 要成为青蛙 |
| 184 | And I think in a wicked world that's increasingly short-sighted | 我想在一个越来越短视的邪恶世界 |
| 185 | Thank you very much | 非常感谢 |
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