巫术与魔法｜耶鲁大学

发布于 2026-10-22 · 时长 46:29

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:02	A group of workmen working on the highway near the village of	一组工人在公路上工作靠近村庄
0:06	St. Osith, which is here in Essex in East	圣奥西斯,位于东部的埃塞克斯
0:09	Anglia, discovered a skeleton, and at first they thought they	盎格利亚发现了一具骨架起初他们以为
0:15	had uncovered a modern crime, but it was soon established that	已经发现了一起现代犯罪但很快就确定
0:17	it was very old.	那时很老了
0:20	And subsequently, on the basis of both	之后,根据两者
0:23	documentary evidence and forensic evidence,	书面证据和法医证据,
0:26	they identified it as being probably the remains of a woman	他们确认可能是女人的遗骨
0:30	named Ursula Kemp, who had been executed at St.	名叫乌苏拉·肯普在圣塔被处决
0:35	Osith and buried in the highway rather than in consecrated	Osith被埋在公路上,而不是神圣的

展开字幕全文（804 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	A group of workmen working on the highway near the village of	一组工人在公路上工作靠近村庄
2	St. Osith, which is here in Essex in East	圣奥西斯,位于东部的埃塞克斯
3	Anglia, discovered a skeleton, and at first they thought they	盎格利亚发现了一具骨架起初他们以为
4	had uncovered a modern crime, but it was soon established that	已经发现了一起现代犯罪但很快就确定
5	it was very old.	那时很老了
6	And subsequently, on the basis of both	之后,根据两者
7	documentary evidence and forensic evidence,	书面证据和法医证据,
8	they identified it as being probably the remains of a woman	他们确认可能是女人的遗骨
9	named Ursula Kemp, who had been executed at St.	名叫乌苏拉·肯普在圣塔被处决
10	Osith and buried in the highway rather than in consecrated	Osith被埋在公路上,而不是神圣的
11	ground in the year 1582.	1582年时的地面
12	And Ursula Kemp's crime was the alleged causing of death by	而Ursula Kemp的罪行是据称造成死亡的是...
13	witchcraft.	巫术
14	Now, today obviously I'm going to talk about witchcraft and	很明显,今天我要谈巫术
15	perhaps explain how it was that people like Ursula Kemp came to	也许可以解释一下像Ursula Kemp这样的人是怎么来的
16	such an end.	这样的结束。
17	But first of all, we need to start with a	但首先,我们需要从
18	little context by discussing the larger place of not simply	通过讨论并非简单地
19	witchcraft, a specific crime,	巫术,一种特定的犯罪,
20	but magic within the popular culture of early modern England.	但是现代英格兰早期流行文化中的魔法
21	We could perhaps define that world of magic as being	也许我们可以把魔法世界定义为
22	essentially a body of beliefs, a large body of beliefs and	基本上是一个信仰体, 一个庞大的信仰体和
23	practices regarding supernatural power which stood outside the	有关超自然力量的实践
24	world of formal religion and yet were widely known and helped	被人们广泛认识和帮助
25	people to cope with their anxieties and their	人们面对自己的焦虑和
26	insecurities.	不安全
27	It helped them to cope above all because it involved various	它有助于他们应对首先是因为它涉及到各种
28	ritual means of manipulating supernatural powers so as to	操纵超自然力量的仪式手段
29	ward off misfortune or else to alleviate it.	避免不幸或减轻它。
30	This world of magic then was essentially a world of trying to	这个魔法世界本质上是一个试图
31	appreciate or to manipulate unidentified supernatural powers,	欣赏或操纵不明超自然力量,
32	largely for the purposes of protection and relief.	主要是为了保护和救济的目的。
33	It wasn't, and it's important to stress this,	不是的,必须强调这一点
34	it wasn't an alternative religion.	这不是另一种宗教。
35	It was a whole mess of supplementary beliefs and	这是一团乱补充信仰和
36	practices being described by one historian as the debris of many	一位历史学家将这种做法描述为许多人的残块。
37	different systems of thought.	不同的思想体系。
38	It was regarded with some suspicion by the church but it	教会对此有所怀疑,但是
39	was not regarded as a threat as such,	不被视为威胁,
40	at least not initially.	至少不是最初。
41	One historian writing about popular beliefs has put it	一个历史学家写道流行的信仰, 说它
42	splendidly, I'm quoting from him,	我在引用他的话
43	named James Obelkovich.	詹姆斯·奥贝尔科维奇
44	It was a large, loose, pluralistic affair	是一个巨大的,松散的,多元的事情
45	without any clear unifying principle.	没有任何明确的统一原则。
46	It encompassed superhuman beings and forces,	它包括超人和力量,
47	witches and wise men and a mass of low-grade magical and	女巫和聪明人以及一大批低级魔法
48	superstitious practices.	迷信习俗.
49	The whole was less than the sum of its parts.	整体比部分的总和还小。
50	For it was not a cosmos to be contemplated or worshipped but a	因为它不是要考虑或崇拜的宇宙,而是一个宇宙
51	treasury of separate and specific resources to be used	单独和专用资源库
52	or applied in concrete situations.	或适用于具体情况。
53	That puts it extremely well.	这说明它非常好。
54	These means of tapping into supernatural power were very	这些利用超自然力量的手段
55	widely known.	广为人知。
56	You could say they were part of the law which was acquired by	你可以说,这是法律的一部分被收购
57	every child as part of their education for life,	每一个儿童作为其终身教育的一部分,
58	like learning to cross the road as it were.	就像学着过路一样
59	But the world of magic also had its specialists and they were	但魔法世界也有其专家,他们是
60	those who were known as the cunning folk,	他们是被称为狡猾的民众,
61	cunning men or wise women.	狡猾的男人或者聪明的女人
62	These individuals were those who were known to have special	这些人是已知具有特殊特征的人。
63	knowledge over and above the average knowledge of magical	超乎一般的魔法知识
64	practices and who were often believed to have a special	他们往往被认为具有特殊性
65	inherent power, often inherited.	内在的权力,经常继承。
66	It was thought to pass in the blood.	以为经络于血.
67	The cunning folk who were pretty numerous.	一群狡猾的老百姓
68	One survey of known cunning folk in East Anglia suggests that	对东安格利亚已知的狡猾民进行调查后发现
69	there was a known cunning man or wise woman within ten miles of	10英里之内有个狡猾或聪明的女人
70	any village.	任何村庄
71	These people were appealed to for a variety of specific	这些人受到呼吁,要求采取各种具体的措施。
72	purposes.	目标。
73	In the first place they often were appealed to for medical	首先,他们经常被叫来求医。
74	reasons.	理由说明。
75	Very often they had specialist knowledge of herbs which they	他们往往对草药有专门的知识
76	would administer, often accompanied by spells,	经常伴有咒语
77	to increase their effectiveness,	提高它们的效力,
78	the psychological effect of the incantation going along with	咒语带来的心理影响
79	what may well have been the practical effect of the herbs	草药的实际效果
80	they used.	他们用。
81	例如,Ursula Kemp就是这样一个人。
82	She was known as a healer in her village.	在她的村庄里,她被称为一名医生。
83	She was good at curing arthritis apparently.	她显然擅长治疗关节炎。
84	Again, they were appealed to for the diagnosis of witchcraft.	他们再次呼吁他们诊断巫术。
85	If a person suspected that they might have been bewitched,	如果有人怀疑他们被蛊惑了
86	they might go to the cunning folk for the provision of	他们或许要到狡猾的民众那里供养,
87	countermagic.	反魔术师。
88	They might help the victim to identify who might have attacked	他们可能帮助受害者确定谁可能袭击了
89	them in this occult manner and advise on counteraction.	他们以这种神秘的方式,就反击行动提出建议。
90	One of my favorite cunning men came from a town in the north of	我最喜欢的一个狡猾的人来自北部的一个小镇
91	England, Stokesley, and he was called John	英国,斯托克斯利,他叫约翰
92	Wrightson and he was known as Old Wrightson,	莱特森和他被称为老莱特森,
93	the wise man of Stokesley.	斯托克斯利的聪明人
94	And people went to him for help with their horses.	人们去找他帮忙养马
95	He was a horse leech.	他是一个马粪。
96	He was very good at telling whether your horse had been	他很擅长告诉你的马是不是
97	bewitched and knowing how to take the appropriate	被迷惑,知道如何采取适当的
98	countermeasures.	反措施。
99	People went to the cunning folk also for the recovery of lost	人们去狡猾的民间也是为了找回迷失
100	or stolen goods and they went for advice and the telling of	或偷盗的财物,他们去寻求忠告,
101	fortunes, and to this extent the wise	财富以及如此程度的智慧
102	women and the cunning men were the popular equivalent of the	女人和狡猾的男子和男人一样受欢迎
103	astrologers who had a more elite clientele in this period.	这段时期拥有更精英客户的占星家.
104	So the cunning folk provided a variety of real services and the	因此,狡猾的民俗提供了各种真正的服务
105	best of them may well have been quite skilled therapists in	他们中最好的可能是相当熟练的治疗师
106	their way.	他们的方式。
107	One historian of medical practice in this period says we	这个时期一位医学史学家说
108	ought to count them amongst the medical practitioners of the	他们应该算在医生中
109	time.	时间。
110	They were cheap, they were available,	它们很便宜,可以买到
111	and in many ways quite knowledgeable.	并且在许多方面相当有知识。
112	However, the church was pretty unhappy about this kind of	然而,教会对于这种
113	activity.	活动。
114	It didn't like popular magic.	它不喜欢流行的魔法。
115	The official teaching of the church was that if a person	教会的官方教导是,如果一个人
116	suffered any misfortune it must be the result of divine	遭受任何不幸一定是神的缘故
117	providence.	天赐
118	It was either a test of your faith or on the other hand it	它不是考验你的信仰,就是检验你的信仰
119	was a judgment on your sin.	那是对你罪过的判决
120	The only proper response to misfortune was to search one's	对不幸的唯一正确反应是搜索一个人的
121	own heart for the possible causes of such divine	自己的心对于可能的原因这种神圣
122	intervention, to pray, to repent,	干预、祈祷、忏悔,
123	to trust in God's providential purposes.	相信上帝的圣洁
124	The church rejected magical means of relief.	教堂拒绝了神奇的解脱手段.
125	It accepted the possibility but it rejected the means.	它接受了这种可能性,但拒绝了这种手段。
126	God could not be commanded by spells and incantations.	咒语和咒语不能命令上帝
127	Therefore, if there was any supernatural response to such	因此,如果有超自然反应,
128	practices it must be from evil spirits.	它必须是来自邪恶的心灵。
129	And so, given these beliefs, we find the deeply pious of the	因此,鉴于这些信仰,我们发现,
130	period searching their hearts for the sins which had brought	他们为罪恶而祈祷,
131	misfortune upon them and sometimes finding quite	他们的不幸,有时发现相当
132	extraordinary answers.	不寻常的答案。
133	You find it in their diaries, for example.	例如,你在他们的日记里找到的。
134	For example, the diary of the Reverend Ralph	比如拉尔夫牧师的日记
135	Jocelyn, a minister in the late seventeenth century who having	乔斯林,17世纪后期的一位部长
136	lost a dearly loved daughter, searched his heart as to why	失去一个深爱的女儿, 寻找他的心脏为什么
137	God should have done this, why he should have taken her	上帝应该这样做, 为什么他应该带她
138	away, and came to the conclusion that it was because he had	并得出结论,那是因为他有
139	neglected his clerical duties because of his enthusiasm for	由于他热衷于
140	playing chess.	下象棋时
141	He had played chess too much.	他下过太多棋了
142	God had taken his daughter.	上帝带走了他的女儿
143	That's the conclusion he came to and he gave up playing chess.	这就是他得出的结论,他放弃了下棋.
144	This is a seventeenth century god, not a nice modern user	这是十七世纪的神,不是很好的现代使用者
145	friendly god.	亲切的上帝。
146	Little wonder then if these were the official teachings of	毫不奇怪,如果这些是官方的教导
147	the church that the greater part of the population preferred to	大部分人喜欢的教堂
148	explain their misfortunes in terms of just bad luck or their	来解释他们的不幸以运气不好或
149	neglect of protective magic or perhaps the malevolence of evil	忽视保护魔法或也许邪恶的恶意
150	spirits and malicious neighbors.	鬼魂和恶意邻居
151	Well, this world of popular magic had long existed and it	这个流行魔法的世界早就存在了
152	was long to endure.	已经忍了很久了
153	You can find much of it still alive and well deep into the	你可以找到很多它仍然活着并深入到
154	nineteenth century, and it endured because in	十九世纪,它忍受了,因为
155	various ways it helped.	以各种方式帮助。
156	But the problem of witchcraft is altogether more distinctive.	但巫术问题却更为突出.
157	That involved a specific kind of magic,	这涉及到一种特定的魔法,
158	the causing of injury or death by the malevolent and malicious	造成恶意和恶意的伤害或死亡
159	use of supernatural powers against another or their	利用超自然力量对抗他人或
160	property, and that was the practice which	财产,这是惯例
161	被称为 mainficium。
162	That's the Latin legal term which was used for this	这是拉丁语的法律术语用于这个
163	maleficent magic.	邪恶的魔法。
164	And concern with witchcraft in this way had a quite distinct	对巫术的关心就很不同了
165	chronology.	编年史.
166	The possibility of malevolent magic had always been there of	邪恶魔法的可能性一直存在
167	course, but concern with it was	当然,但关心的是
168	undoubtedly at an unusual height in the late sixteenth and earlier	毫无疑问,在十六岁晚期和早些时候身高不同寻常
169	seventeenth centuries.	17世纪.
170	And the key to why that was so is perhaps to be found in what	为何如此的关键可能在于
171	the historian of the Spanish Inquisition,	西班牙宗教裁判所的历史学家,
172	Henry Cayman, has described as a peculiarly	亨利·开曼(Henry Kayman), 被描述为一个特别的
173	horrible conjunction in European history,	在欧洲历史上的可怕联系,
174	a conjunction he says between popular superstition on the one	他说了流行迷信之间的结合
175	hand and ecclesiastical fantasy on the other,	手和教会的幻想另一方面,
176	the fantasies of churchmen.	教会人士的幻想
177	The popular superstitious element doesn't need any further	流行的迷信元素不需要任何进一步
178	elaboration of course.	当然,
179	It had always been the case that some individuals were	一直以来,有些人是
180	regarded as having this special access to occult power.	被认为是拥有这种特殊的神秘权力。
181	The element of ecclesiastical fantasy however,	然而,教会幻想的元素,
182	that was something that was peculiar to Western Christendom.	这是西方基督的奇特之处
183	You don't find it in the Orthodox tradition.	在东正教传统中你找不到它.
184	And it was peculiar to the early modern period emerging at	这在早期的现代时期很特殊
185	the end of the fifteenth century and growing in strength in the	十五世纪末和壮大的力量
186	sixteenth.	十六岁.
187	Essentially it involved the belief that all witchcraft in	基本上,它涉及到一种信念,即所有巫术都存在于
188	fact involved worship of the devil,	以恶魔盟誓,
189	and as a result the elaboration of a stereotype of the witch	并因此对女巫的陈规定型
190	which portrayed witches not merely as dabblers in magic or	不仅把巫师描绘成巫术的玩偶
191	perpetrators of malefice against neighbors,	对邻居施虐者,
192	but as something much more serious,	但作为更严重的事情,
193	members of an organized, diabolical,	一个有组织的、邪恶的、
194	and malevolent cult, not just village wise women or	和恶毒的邪教, 不只是乡村智慧妇女或
195	cunning men but enemies of God.	狡猾的人只是上帝的敌人
196	Throughout continental Europe and indeed in Scotland also,	在整个欧洲大陆,甚至苏格兰,
197	the result of these beliefs was that the main driving force	这些信念的结果是:
198	behind the spasmodic witch hunts which can be found in the	{\fn华文楷体\fs20\bord1\shad1\1cHE0E0E0\2cH000000}在斯派斯莫德女巫的捕獵后面它們可以從
199	period was probably religious zeal.	那时的宗教狂热可能就是宗教狂热。
200	And the great witch hunts which would be found scattered across	和伟大的女巫猎杀将会发现分散在各地
201	Europe died back only when the judges came to doubt the reality	欧洲只是在法官怀疑现实时才死
202	of that stereotype of the witch and came to doubt the notion	女巫的陈规定型并开始怀疑这个概念
203	that witchcraft was an organized cult threatening to	巫术是一个有组织的邪教威胁
204	Christian society.	基督教社会.
205	One of the first legal jurisdictions to make that	最早作出如下规定的法律管辖区之一:
206	decision, that the whole thing was just a terrible error,	决定,整个事情只是一个可怕的错误,
207	was in fact the Spanish Inquisition.	其实是西班牙的宗教裁判所
208	One doesn't usually associate the Spanish Inquisition with	通常不会把西班牙宗教裁判所
209	progressive movements, but in 1610 they were the first	1610年是第一个
210	to abandon, to refuse to deal with cases	放弃、拒绝处理案件
211	of this kind.	像这样
212	The French Parliament again did so in 1640,	法国议会在1640年再次这样做,
213	some years later, so it gradually died away.	几年后,它逐渐消失
214	But throughout both Catholic and Protestant Europe,	但在整个天主教和新教欧洲,
215	for some time, there was a unity in the war	一段时间以来,战争是团结的
216	against witches as enemies of God.	对抗女巫作为上帝的敌人
217	Well, how far was that pattern true of England?	那么,有多远的规律英格兰是真实的?
218	The usual answer is that it wasn't true of England and that	通常的答案是这不是真的英格兰和
219	was for several reasons.	原因有几个。
220	First of all, the authorities in England never	首先,英国当局从来没有
221	actually embraced the full ecclesiastical stereotype of	教会的陈规定型
222	witchcraft as evidence of a membership of a diabolical cult.	巫术是邪教组织成员的证据
223	Continental European ideas about the nature of witchcraft	欧洲大陆对巫术性质的看法
224	were certainly known in England.	在英国是众所周知的。
225	Books from Europe were read by the educated and these ideas	欧洲的书籍被教育者阅读和这些想法
226	were disseminated by a number of English writers,	由一些英国作家传播,
227	usually clergymen, particularly from the 1580s	通常是神职人员,尤其是1580年代
228	or thereabouts.	或者说在那边
229	Gradually such notions did seep into popular beliefs and you	渐渐地,这种观念渗入了大众的信仰,而你
230	would begin to find them at the popular level by the mid to late	会在中晚期开始在大众阶层找到他们
231	seventeenth century.	十七世纪.
232	But nevertheless, that notion of the nature of	但是,尽管如此,这种概念的性质是:
233	witchcraft didn't have much influence on English law.	巫术对英国法律的影响不大.
234	Witchcraft was never prosecuted as a heresy in England.	巫术在英国从未作为异端被起诉.
235	The first act, which was passed against it in	第一个行为,它是在
236	1542, made it a felony, any crime that was a felony	1542年,定为重罪,任何罪行都是重罪
237	carried the death penalty, made it a felony to practice	将死刑定为重罪
238	witchcraft for unlawful purposes.	为非法目的施巫术。
239	But that act was only on the statute book for five years,	但该法案只写在法典上五年
240	then it was repealed.	后来被废止.
241	After that there was actually no law against witchcraft for	之后实际上没有禁止巫术的法律
242	nearly twenty years.	将近20年了
243	Then in 1563 there was a new act.	之后在1563年出现了新的行为.
244	It was made a felony to invoke evil spirits and to,	以恶灵为借口被定为重罪
245	if they were invoked, to cause the death of another	如果有人援引这些命令,而使人死亡,
246	then execution was the punishment.	然后处决是惩罚。
247	Otherwise witches were to be imprisoned or put in the	否则,女巫会被监禁或关进监狱
248	pillory and face death only for a second offense.	皮洛里和面对死亡只为第二次犯罪。
249	Then finally in 1604 came a third act.	后来终于在1604年出现了第三幕.
250	It elaborated on the 1563 act.	它阐述了1563年法令。
251	It made it a felony to bewitch anyone to either their death or	它把欺骗任何人的死亡或
252	their injury.	他们的伤害。
253	For lesser forms of sorcery, people faced imprisonment and	对于较小形式的巫术,人们面临监禁和监禁。
254	death for a second offense.	为第二次犯罪而死
255	But some elements of continental European ideas were	但欧洲大陆的一些思想是
256	beginning to creep in at last into this third act.	终于进入了第三幕
257	For example, it was made a felony to dig up	举例来说,挖出来是重罪
258	dead bodies for the purposes of practicing witchcraft.	死尸是为了练习巫术
259	Exactly why they were concerned with that they don't explain,	这正是为什么他们担心他们不解释,
260	but that was one of the clauses of the act.	但这是该行为的条款之一。
261	It was also made a felony to consult with or to feed an evil	与恶人协商或供养恶人也是重罪
262	spirit for any purpose.	精神为任何目的。
263	So some elements of the notion of diabolical pacts and the	因此,一些要素的概念邪恶的契约和
264	like were beginning to creep in but not all of the kind of	就像开始爬进... 但不是所有那种
265	things that are in order in Scotland or in continental	苏格兰或大陆的秩序
266	Europe.	欧洲。
267	Witchcraft remains seen as not specifically diabolical,	巫术仍被视为不是特别邪恶的,
268	but rather, as Keith Thomas puts it,	但正如基思·托马斯所说,
269	an anti-social crime, a very unusual one,	反社会罪非常不寻常
270	but an anti-social crime rather than a form of heresy.	但是一种反社会犯罪而不是异端
271	And that characteristic, that it's treated as a	和这个特征, 它被作为
272	specific kind of crime, comes out in the trial	具体类型的犯罪,在审判中出来
273	evidence.	证据。
274	For example, in English witchcraft trials	例如,在英语巫术试验中
275	it's very rare to find any reference to making pacts with	很难找到任何关于与
276	the devil.	恶魔
277	You get the odd one in the seventeenth century but they're	你得到十七世纪最奇异的但是他们
278	few, so no diabolical pacts really.	很少,所以没有邪恶的契约真的。
279	No witcher's sabbats at which witchers met and feasted,	没有巫师的安息日巫师见面和宴会,
280	danced with the devil and so forth.	与恶鬼共舞等.
281	Very little sex with devils in English witchcraft trials,	在英国巫术试验中很少和魔鬼发生性关系,
282	so that was a prominent feature in continental trials.	因此,这是大陆审判中的一个突出特点。
283	English witches didn't fly.	英国女巫没有飞
284	They didn't have much fun at all really.	他们真的没有多少乐趣。
285	English witches did however have pets.	但英国女巫确实有宠物
286	They had imps and familiars as they were known,	他们有他们已知的内行和熟悉的,
287	usually small animals, and they seemed to have been	通常都是小动物,它们似乎
288	part of popular beliefs in England that a witch would have	英国流行的巫术信仰
289	a familiar which could act on her behalf.	一个可以代表她行事的熟人
290	例如,Ulsula Kemp据称有4人
291	familiars, two cats, a toad which was called	熟人,两只猫,一只蛤蟆,叫做
292	Piggin, and a lamb which was called Tiffin.	还有一只叫提芬的羊羔
293	What the English trials focused on first and foremost was simple,	英文审判首先侧重于简单
294	maleficent acts.	男性行为。
295	Other elements usually entered only in a handful of notorious	其他元素通常只输入少数臭名昭著
296	cause celebs.	导致斑点。
297	Witches were always condemned for maleficium and they were	巫婆总是因为男性纤维而受谴责,而且她们
298	hanged rather than burned.	被绞死而不是被烧死
299	It was a crime, not a heresy.	这是犯罪,不是异端
300	Secondly, particular witchcraft prosecutions were rarely	第二,特定的巫术起诉很少
301	instigated from above in England.	在英国从上面煽动的
302	That's another important difference.	这是另一个重要的区别。
303	There's no evidence that the authorities actually wanted a	没有证据表明当局真的想要
304	witch hunt.	猎巫.
305	One outstanding exception to this generalization was the	这种概括的一个突出例外是:
306	activities in 1645 to 47 of a witch finder called Matthew	1645年到47年一个巫师发现马修
307	Hopkins who operated in East Anglia and to all intents and	霍普金斯在东安格利亚的运营并出于一切目的
308	purposes hired himself out as a consultant for the discovery of	被聘为顾问
309	witches.	女巫们
310	That was an organized witch hunt from which Matthew Hopkins	这是有组织地猎杀女巫从马修·霍普金斯。
311	personally profited.	个人获利。
312	But it's the only really outstanding example of such an	但这是唯一一个真正杰出的例子
313	outbreak in the history of witchcraft in England.	在英国巫术史上爆发.
314	It's made the subject of a wonderful Vincent Price movie	这是一部精彩的文森普莱斯电影
315	thirty years or so ago, Witchfinder General,	三十年前,巫师将军
316	which I do recommend.	我建议你这么做
317	It's got nothing to do with the history but it's a great movie.	虽然与历史无关,但还是一部优秀的电影.
318	Okay.	摆
319	So witchcraft prosecutions in England tended not to come in	所以英格兰的巫术起诉往往不会出现
320	these witch hunts which would bring hundreds of cases.	这些巫婆的猎杀会带来数百个案子
321	They didn't come in great waves with the major exception of	他们不是在大浪中来的除了...
322	Matthew Hopkins' activities.	马修·霍普金斯的活动.
323	They were sporadic.	它们是零星的。
324	They were occasional.	它们是偶然的。
325	They came up one or two at a time and so forth.	他们一次来一两个等等。
326	In addition, in English law torture was not	此外,在英国法律中,酷刑不是
327	used except in certain state trials when it was specially	用于某些州审判的案件除外,如果是特别审判的话。
328	authorized by the Privy Council.	由枢密院授权。
329	In day-to-day trials torture was not used whereas it was	在日常审判中,没有使用酷刑,而酷刑是
330	routinely used in many jurisdictions in continental	大陆许多法域的惯常做法
331	Europe and indeed in Scotland.	欧洲和苏格兰
332	As a result people were not tortured into confessing.	因此,人们没有受到酷刑逼供。
333	As a result large numbers of people were not implicated by	因此,大批人没有卷入
334	people under torture who named names.	被折磨的人谁命名。
335	What you get in the witchcraft statistics from the English	你从英国巫术统计中得到的
336	courts is really a lot of individual prosecutions brought	法庭是很多个人起诉
337	from below by the alleged victims of witchcraft seeking	巫术受害者从下方
338	redress in the courts, just like any other crime.	在法庭上获得补救,就像任何其他犯罪一样。
339	So there are some important differences in the way all of	所以,有一些重要的区别在方式所有
340	this was handled in the law.	这是法律上规定的
341	Nevertheless, England did share in the general	尽管如此,英格兰确实在总体上
342	European preoccupation with witchcraft even though to a	欧洲对巫术的专注,即使到
343	lesser extent.	少一点
344	Just how far it shed is not fully known.	它的落下程度并不完全为人所知。
345	That's because the relevant legal records don't survive for	这是因为相关的法律记录无法生存
346	every area of the country.	全国各地
347	They survive pretty fully for the whole of the southeast and	整个东南部都活得很好
348	for the county of Cheshire, but for other parts of the	切希尔县,但其他地区
349	country they survive only from the seventeenth century,	他们从十七世纪就活下来了
350	a point which is relatively late in the history of this crime.	这一点在犯罪史上相对较晚。
351	But where we do have the evidence,	但我们有证据的地方
352	one of the striking features is that the trials appear to have	其中一个突出的特点是,审判似乎有:
353	been relatively rare except for the home circuit,	相对来说,除了家电路之外,是很少见的。
354	the counties around London.	伦敦周围的郡
355	If you look at the handout, if you look at the two graphs,	如果你看看施舍, 如果你看两个图表,
356	Graph A gives you the trials which took place in different	图A给出了在不同的地点进行的审判
357	sized circuits, and the line at the top	大小的电路,以及顶端的线路
358	showing the real spike is the home circuit.	显示真正的螺旋是家电路。
359	You can see how there are vastly more cases being heard in	你可以看到,在很多案件中,
360	the home circuit than in any other jurisdiction for which we	家电路,而不是我们所管辖的任何其他管辖区
361	have the records.	有记录。
362	The second spike is Matthew Hopkins operating in 1645.	第二大钉是马修·霍普金斯在1645年运作.
363	But the first spike, as you'll see,	但第一杆,你会看到,
364	was in the later years of Elizabeth.	在伊丽莎白的后期
365	And even within the home circuit, this area,	即使在主电路,这个区域,
366	the cases came predominantly from one part of it,	这些案件主要来自其中一部分,
367	the county of Essex to the east of London.	伦敦以东的埃塞克斯县
368	If you look at the second graph, Graph B,	如果你看看第二个图,图B,
369	there you have the different counties of the home circuit	那里有不同的县家电路
370	broken down and it's clear enough that Essex is absolutely	分解出来,埃塞克斯是绝对的
371	outstanding in terms of the numbers of cases which came from	案件数量
372	that county.	那个郡
373	To give you some actual figures, in the whole of the reign of	给您一些实际数字, 在整个统治时期
374	1650, the county of Hertfordshire,	1650年,赫尔特福德郡的郡,
375	which is just to the north of London,	就在伦敦北部
376	quite a populous county, produced only twenty-four	人口众多的县,只有24个
377	witchcraft cases.	巫术案件。
378	The county of Sussex, large county to the south of	萨塞克斯县,南面的大县
379	London, produced only fourteen.	伦敦,只生产了14架.
380	The county of Essex produced a hundred and seventy-two.	埃塞克斯县生产了一百七十二种.
381	In fact, between 1560 and 1680,	事实上,在1560年到1680年间,
382	270 individuals were prosecuted for witchcraft in Essex,	270人因巫术在埃塞克斯被起诉,
383	whereas in comparison, taking a county of similar	相比之下,一个相似的县
384	size and similar population, in the period between 1580 and	1580至1580年间人口规模和类似人口
385	1709, only thirty-four were prosecuted	1709年,只有34人被起诉
386	in the county of Cheshire, for which we have good evidence.	在郡郡,我们有很好的证据。
387	So Cheshire, thirty-four,	故契郡三十四户.
388	Essex, 270.	埃塞克斯,270号
389	In general, most of the trials for which we have evidence took	总而言之,我们掌握证据的大部分审判
390	place in the last quarter of the sixteenth century,	在16世纪最后四分之一,
391	in the home circuit and in Essex in particular.	特别是埃塞克斯
392	They were at their peak between the 1570s and the early 1590s.	它们在1570年代至1590年代早期处于高峰期.
393	Looking at the country as a whole,	从整个国家来看,
394	trials become very rare everywhere after about 1620.	在大约1620年后,审判变得非常罕见。
395	The numbers are falling away after about 1620 with again the	大约1620年后数字正在下降与再次
396	notable exception of the activities of Matthew Hopkins in	马修·霍普金斯在
397	the mid to late 1640s which caused a new peak of concern	1640年代中后期引起新的关注高峰
398	within a downward trend.	在下降趋势中。
399	Well, that downward trend, the decline of witchcraft cases	嗯,这种下降趋势, 巫术案例的下降
400	after around 1620, is something which historians	1620年前后历史学家认为
401	have found relatively easy to explain.	比较容易解释
402	The decline can be explained in a number of ways.	下降可以有多种解释.
403	First of all, from at least the 1580s,	首先,至少从1580年代,
404	some of the justices of the peace and the assize judges who	治安官和法官
405	had to handle these cases were very worried about the	不得不处理这些案件... ...很担心...
406	difficulties of proving witchcraft.	很难证明巫术。
407	They weren't necessarily skeptical.	他们不一定怀疑。
408	They frequently believed that witchcraft was possible.	他们经常认为巫术是可能的。
409	But how could you prove in law that a particular individual was	但你怎么能在法律上证明某个人
410	actually responsible unless they confessed?	除非他们供认不讳否则要负实际责任?
411	How could you prove that something was caused by	你怎么能证明某事是由
412	witchcraft rather than by natural causes,	巫术而不是自然原因,
413	if for example someone died of a lingering illness?	比如说,有人死于长期疾病?
414	And even if it was witchcraft, who did it?	就算是巫术谁干的?
415	So they were worried about the problem of proof and they talked	所以他们担心证据问题,然后说
416	about it.	关于它。
417	In witchcraft cases, normal rules of evidence could	在巫术案件中,通常的证据规则可以
418	not apply and this bothered them.	这让他们很不爽
419	Increasingly, in the seventeenth century,	在17世纪,
420	lawyers who were worried about all of this became very unwilling	担心这一切的律师变得非常不愿意
421	to entertain cases.	以娱乐案件。
422	They tried to talk people into not prosecuting or they insisted	他们试图说服人们不起诉或者坚持
423	upon additional evidence if a case was to go forward.	如果案件要继续审理,则需要补充证据。
424	In addition, from the early seventeenth	此外,从第十七届早期开始
425	century onwards there seems to have been an actual decline	从这个世纪开始,似乎出现了实际下降
426	amongst educated people in belief in the very possibility	在受过教育的人中相信这种可能性
427	of witchcraft.	巫术
428	The conviction grew that it was a fantasy which had been	人们越来越相信这是一种幻想
429	projected onto wretched people by hysterical neighbors.	被疯狂的邻居投向了可怜的人
430	The conviction grew that the accused did not have the occult	被告没有神秘的
431	powers that were claimed even if they thought they did so.	即使他们认为自己拥有权力
432	They were frauds.	他们是骗子。
433	And in the later seventeenth century there was the growth of	而在17世纪后期,
434	awareness of the mechanical philosophy of Sir Isaac Newton,	了解艾萨克·牛顿爵士的机械哲学,
435	who regarded the universe as having been created by God and	他们认为宇宙是上帝创造的
436	subjected to laws which were immutable.	法律是不可改变的。
437	You could not tamper with God's natural laws through using	你不能通过使用
438	spells and the like.	咒语等.
439	Well, all of this probably had its influence in the course of	这一切可能都影响到...
440	the decline of witchcraft prosecutions,	巫术起诉的减少,
441	though initially it's most likely that it was the legal	虽然一开始很可能会是法律上的
442	concern, the unwillingness of some	A. 关注和关注,包括某些人的不愿意
443	lawyers and judges to handle these cases,	处理这些案件的律师和法官,
444	which was the main cause of the falling off noticeable by the	这也是主要原因下降的显著的
445	early seventeenth century.	17世纪早期.
446	So in these various ways one can perhaps satisfactorily	因此,通过这些不同的方式,也许可以令人满意地
447	explain the decline of concern with witchcraft,	解释对巫术的关注下降,
448	but we still have to explain the sixteenth century rise of	但我们仍然必须解释十六世纪的崛起
449	concern, and that turns out to be much	担心,结果结果很多
450	more difficult, much more difficult because	更难更难因为
451	this seems to have been a genuine popular concern with	这似乎是人们真正关心的
452	cases coming up from below.	案件来自以下。
453	One can't simply explain it in terms of the activities of a	人们不能简单地解释它的活动
454	number of bishops or judges.	主教或法官人数。
455	The dominant explanation was put forward some years ago by	主要的解释是几年前由
456	Keith Thomas和Alan McFarlane两部开创性作品
457	this subject, and they explained the rise	这个话题, 他们解释了上升
458	of witchcraft prosecutions in terms of a detailed examination	对巫术起诉的详细审查
459	of the circumstances of surviving cases.	幸存者的情况。
460	Witches were usually women and they were frequently elderly	女巫通常是妇女,她们常常是老人
461	women.	女人们
462	Witches were usually accused of bewitching neighbors within	女巫们通常被指控欺骗邻居
463	their own village, not strangers,	他们自己的村庄,不是陌生人,
464	always neighbors, people they knew.	总是邻居认识的人
465	Witches were often poorer than their alleged victims.	女巫往往比据称的受害者更穷。
466	This suggested that the accusations were therefore	这表明,这些指控是:
467	arising from tensions between relatively marginal women in the	贫困妇女与贫困妇女之间的紧张关系
468	village community and better-off neighbors who might be men or	乡村社区和较富裕的邻居谁可能是男人或
469	women.	女人们
470	Then they looked at the known circumstances of cases,	然后他们研究了已知的情况
471	and the classic circumstances were more or less as follows.	典型的情况大致如下。
472	A quarrel would occur between neighbors,	邻居之间会发生争吵
473	ending in one of them, the supposed witch,	在其中之一, 所谓的女巫,
474	going away cursing or muttering.	走开骂人或喃喃自语。
475	The victim would then suffer some form of personal	受害者将遭受某种形式的个人伤害
476	misfortune.	不幸的发生。
477	The victim would then begin to entertain suspicion that they'd	然后受害人开始怀疑他们
478	been bewitched.	被蛊惑。
479	They would talk to other neighbors,	他们会跟邻居说话
480	some of whom might have similar suspicions about the person they	其中一些人可能对其本人也有类似的怀疑
481	suspected.	疑点
482	A person would then be identified as a possible witch,	一个人就会被确认为可能的女巫,
483	as a malevolent person in the eyes of the village.	成为村里邪恶的人
484	It's possible that some of those who were so accused did	可能有些被指控的人
485	practice magic and did believe themselves to have the power to	并且相信自己有能力
486	harm, and to some extent they may even	在某种程度上,他们甚至可能
487	have used it as a form of begging with menace.	曾以此为威胁乞讨的形式。
488	The quarrels between neighbors which initiated cases very often	邻居之间的争吵经常引发案件
489	began when someone was turned away,	当有人被弃绝的时候,
490	having been begging or asking for a favor of some kind.	曾经乞求或要求得到某种帮助。
491	It's possible that some of these marginal women responded	可能有些边缘女性会回应
492	to being gradually identified as witches by playing the part,	通过扮演角色逐渐被认定为巫师,
493	by scaring their neighbors, as it were,	吓唬他们的邻居,
494	into meeting their needs.	满足他们的需要。
495	That could go on for years and often did,	这可能会持续很多年而且经常是这样
496	but eventually some incident serious enough to trigger off	但最终发生了一些严重事件
497	an actual court prosecution would occur,	实际进行法庭起诉,
498	perhaps a death, something of unusual	也许是死亡不寻常的事情
499	seriousness.	严肃
500	When that happened someone would bring an accusation,	当事情发生时有人会提出指控
501	other neighbors would chime in.	其他邻居会进来的
502	There were lots of such accusations.	有许多这样的指责。
503	Alan McFarlane found that in Essex there was an average of	艾伦・麦克法兰发现在埃塞克斯有一个平均值
504	four accusers for each accused witch,	4个控告者每个被指控的女巫,
505	so other people would chime in with their suspicions.	所以其他人会用怀疑来暗示
506	Supplementary proofs might be looked for,	可以寻找补充证据,
507	for example, the witch's mark,	例如,女巫的标记,
508	the existence on the witch's body of a wart or mole or other	巫婆身上有一丝毛毛或内鬼或其他
509	mark which seemed to be insensitive to pain and which	似乎对痛苦不敏感
510	was thought to be the place at which the witch's familiar would	被认为是女巫熟悉的地方
511	feed on her blood.	以她的血为食
512	If they found such a thing it was considered additional proof	如果他们发现这样的东西, 这被认为是额外的证据
513	and the witch might be found guilty.	女巫可能会被判有罪
514	Fine.	还好
515	Well, those do indeed seem to have been what one can think of	嗯,这些确实似乎人们可以想到
516	as the classic circumstances, though they were by no means	虽然他们根本不是
517	unusual.	不寻常
518	Witchcraft accusations could arise in other contexts.	巫术指控可能在其他情况下出现。
519	They could arise, for example,	例如,它们可能会产生,
520	as a result of personal rivalries in local politics.	由于个人在当地政治中的竞争.
521	An accusation of witchcraft was something which was easy to	对巫术的指控很容易
522	point at another person in order to discredit them.	指向另一个人,以诋毁他们。
523	So there are other circumstances.	所以还有别的情况
524	Not all witches were women, some were men,	并不是所有的女巫都是女人有些是男人
525	though most were women, and so on.	虽然大多数是妇女,等等。
526	But these do appear to have been the classic circumstances.	但是,这些似乎是典型的情况。
527	Why then should the late sixteenth and early seventeenth	那么为什么第十六届和第十七届早期
528	centuries have seen a peak of such accusations?	几个世纪以来,这种指控达到了顶峰?
529	Because surely one could find such circumstances earlier and	因为人们可以早点发现这种情况
530	one could find them later.	以后会找到的
531	Why was that the peak period of anxiety?	那为什么是焦虑的高峰期?
532	Thomas and Macfarlane suggest, first of all,	托马斯和麦克法兰建议,首先,
533	it was partly because of the loss of the protective magic	部分是因为失去了保护魔法
534	which had been supplied by the medieval church.	是中世纪教堂提供的
535	The Church of England allowed the belief in witchcraft to	英格兰教会允许巫术信仰
536	continue but it wouldn't offer ecclesiastical means of	继续,但它不会提供教会手段
537	counter-magic and it forbade people to resort to them.	反魔法禁止人们求助于他们
538	If that was the case then bringing a legal accusation,	如果是这样,然后提出法律指控,
539	a trial, and eventually seeking an execution would be the only	审判,最终寻求处决将是唯一的
540	way out of the impasse.	摆脱僵局
541	A second part of our explanation is that the reason	我们解释的第二部分是:
542	for so many late sixteenth and early seventeenth century trials	如此众多的十六世纪末和十七世纪初
543	was that because that period was one of unusual tensions within	那是因为那个时期内部异常紧张
544	village society, within neighborhoods.	村社,邻里之内.
545	It was a period, as we know,	这是一个时期,我们知道,
546	of economic distress, one which saw a declining	经济萧条经济萧条
547	position for the poor, especially perhaps the elderly	穷人,特别是老年人的处境
548	and marginal poor, the widowed and so forth.	边际贫穷,寡居等。
549	The poor laws had not yet been fully put into effect to provide	贫穷的法律尚未充分实施,以提供
550	for such people.	对于这些人。
551	Neighbors who themselves were feeling the pinch might be less	邻居,他们自己觉得夹击可能更少
552	willing to show charity, less willing to help.	愿意施舍不愿帮忙
553	They might feel uncomfortable about that.	他们可能对此感到不舒服。
554	They might feel rather guilty about that.	他们可能对此感到很内疚。
555	That might prey on their minds and make them sensitive to	这可能会伤害他们的心让他们对
556	misfortunes which they saw as a revenge of people to whom they	他们视不幸为对人民复仇
557	had refused charity, people who had perhaps	拒绝施舍的人,也许
558	cursed them.	诅咒他们。
559	Accusing such a person of witchcraft was a way of	指责这样的人是巫术的一种方式
560	severing their responsibility, assuaging their feeling of	切断他们的责任,缓解他们
561	guilt, transferring it to the accused witch.	将它转给被控的女巫
562	All of this is an ingenious explanation which may well hold	所有这一切都是一个有创意的解释很可能是
563	a great deal of truth and it's indeed widely accepted as an	大量的真理被广泛接受为
564	account of the sociology and psychology of accusations.	社会学和心理学指控。
565	Recently that explanation of Thomas and Macfarlane has been	最近对托马斯和麦克法兰的解释
566	elaborated by more focus upon the fact that most of those	以更注重以下事实为解释:
567	accused of witchcraft were of course women.	被控巫术的当然是女性。
568	The tensions within neighborhoods seem to have come	邻居之间的矛盾似乎来了
569	to focus upon punitive action against women above all.	• 着重对妇女采取惩罚行动。
570	Why was that?	为什么?
571	Thomas和Macfarlane表示,这只是一个产品,
572	the fact that most of the economically marginal and most	多数处于经济边缘和大多数处于经济边缘的国家
573	of the aged in particular were indeed poor women.	特别是老年人确实是贫穷妇女。
574	Some feminist writers see it as more sinister,	一些女权主义作家认为它更邪恶,
575	as constituting an attack upon women who by their social	构成对因社会原因而
576	situation or perhaps their aggressive personalities stood	或也许他们的攻击性人格
577	outside the normal controls of the patriarchal household.	在父权制家庭的正常控制之外。
578	It's an important issue.	这是一个重要问题。
579	One has to pause I think before jumping to the conclusion that	我想在下结论之前必须暂停一下
580	witch hunting was in effect a form of repression of women.	猎巫实际上是压迫妇女的一种形式。
581	Certainly it was the case that the association of witchcraft	当然巫术的结合
582	with women specifically, which was universal,	特别是妇女,这是普遍的,
583	derived in large part from fundamentally misogynistic	主要来源于根本厌恶女性
584	attitudes.	态度。
585	Women were seen as being morally weaker,	妇女被认为在道德上较弱,
586	as more prone to temptation, as more likely to use occult	更容易被诱惑更可能使用神秘
587	means to revenge themselves upon their neighbors.	用来报复邻居
588	Spells were the weapons of the weak.	拼写是弱者的武器。
589	However, witchcraft prosecutions were not simply a	然而,对巫术的起诉并非仅仅是一种
590	patriarchal drive against marginal,	重男轻女,
591	aggressive or troublesome women.	攻击性或麻烦的女人。
592	The magistrates who heard the cases were men,	审理案件的法官是男性,
593	but the accusers themselves were very often other women.	但控诉者本身往往是其他妇女。
594	The work of James Sharp reveals how many of the suspicions that	詹姆斯·夏普的作品揭示了有多少怀疑
595	led to accusations actually arose in the female spheres of	导致实际上在妇女领域提出了指控。
596	village life.	乡村生活。
597	They were often initiated by other women.	它们常常是由其他妇女发起的。
598	Women themselves felt threatened by witchcraft and	妇女本身感到受到巫术的威胁,
599	were deeply involved in identifying and accusing	参与查明和指控
600	witches.	女巫们
601	And on the other hand, many of the juries,	而另一方面,很多陪审团,
602	universally male, who heard these cases,	普世男性,谁听到这些案例,
603	failed to believe them.	无法相信他们
604	Many accused witches were acquitted by male juries.	许多被指控的巫师被男性陪审团宣告无罪.
605	The gender element then is clearly there but it's complex.	那么,性别因素显然存在,但它是复杂的。
606	It's paradoxical.	这是矛盾的。
607	These issues remain far from resolved but they add further	这些问题还远未解决,但进一步增加了:
608	complexity to any discussion of the sociology of witchcraft	关于巫术社会学的任何讨论的复杂性
609	accusation.	指控
610	There are a number of other problems also to which I need to	还有其他一些问题,我还需要
611	draw your attention, problems relating not so much	提醒大家注意,问题并不太多
612	to the sociology of specific witchcraft accusations but to	具体巫术指控的社会学,但
613	the history of witchcraft as a crime.	巫术的历史作为一种犯罪。
614	Two questions in particular arise in the English case.	英文案件尤其引起两个问题。
615	First of all, why were the witchcraft	首先,为什么巫术
616	statutes passed in the first place?	最初通过的法规?
617	And secondly, once they were passed,	第二,一旦他们通过,
618	why did such an utterly disproportionate number of the	为什么如此之多?
619	Essex县发生病例?
620	Essex seems to be wholly unusual so far as one can tell.	埃塞克斯似乎完全不同寻常就人们所知
621	If there were neighborhood tensions which were acute in the	如果有邻居的紧张气氛尖锐地发生在
622	county of Essex leading to such accusations,	埃塞克斯县导致这样的指控,
623	why were there not such neighborhood tensions in the	为何这里没有如此紧张的邻居
624	counties of Kent or Sussex or Hertfordshire,	肯特郡或萨塞克斯郡或赫特福德郡
625	all of which were places which had a great deal in common with	这些地方都有很多共同点
626	Essex in terms of social structure,	埃塞克斯社会结构,
627	a local economy, and so forth?	当地经济,等等?
628	Why Essex?	为什么是埃塞克斯?
629	Well, some brief suggestions.	嗯,一些简短的建议。
630	First of all, as regards to the laws,	首先,关于法律,
631	I think it's worth considering that these laws were passed when	我认为值得考虑的是这些法律是在
632	they were perhaps because of a convergence of two things.	也许是因为两件事的趋同
633	First of all, both of the major witchcraft	首先,两大巫术
634	statutes in England were passed at the beginning of new regimes,	英国的法规是在新政权之初通过的,
635	one in Elizabeth's Second Parliament,	在伊丽莎白的第二议会,
636	one in the First Parliament of King James VI and I.	詹姆士六世国王和我第一次议会
637	It makes one wonder whether there was an element in this	让人怀疑这里面有没有元素
638	legislation of symbolism that acts on this subject were passed	通过了关于这个问题的象征立法;
639	perhaps as part of the propaganda of a new regime,	也许作为新政权宣传的一部分,
640	that passing statutes of this nature in a sense conferred	在某种意义上通过这种性质的法规
641	legitimacy on new regimes by showing their firm stance	* 通过表明其坚定立场,使新政权具有合法性
642	against a particularly symbolically charged form of	一种特别象征性的
643	deviance.	离邪见.
644	To be opposed to witchcraft was in a sense a declaration of	在某种意义上,反对巫术是一种宣称
645	legitimacy.	合法性。
646	The acts may have had then a certain symbolic function when	这些行为可能具有某种象征作用,如果:
647	they were passed through Parliament without opposition,	他们没有受到反对,
648	so far as we can tell.	据我们所知
649	Secondly, another element of the timing of the acts is the	第二,行为时间的另一个要素是:
650	fact that there may have been an element of political	可能存在政治因素
651	contingency, specifically in the form of	应急措施,特别是
652	suspected threats to the person of the monarch.	怀疑对君主个人的威胁。
653	In 1561, two years before the 1563 Act was brought forward,	1561年,即1563年法案出台前的两年,
654	a plot had been discovered in which sorcery was allegedly being	已经发现了一个据称是巫术的阴谋
655	used against Elizabeth.	用来对付伊丽莎白。
656	William Cecil was horrified to find when the plot was uncovered	威廉·塞西尔惊慌失措地发现阴谋
657	that there was actually nothing on the statute book forbidding	法律书上没有禁止的东西
658	it.	这个
659	This may have been a contingent political reason for moving	这可能是一个政治原因
660	ahead with the witchcraft statute.	在巫术法规之前
661	It may have persuaded him to go along with one or two of the	它可能说服他与一两个
662	bishops who were themselves interested in having	主教们,他们自己对
663	legislation on this issue.	关于该问题的立法。
664	That's an interpretation then which might be particularly	那是个解释,也许特别
665	relevant to the passage of the 1563 Act,	与通过1563年法令有关,
666	though the full details of its passage through Parliament	但它通过议会的全部细节
667	remain unknown.	不详。
668	The documentation is too poor.	证件太差了
669	The Act of 1604 is a lot clearer.	1604年的法案更加清晰.
670	Following the accession of James VI of Scotland as James I of	苏格兰的詹姆斯六世成为
671	England, he was a man with a profound	英国,他是一个有深度的人
672	interest in witchcraft.	对巫术感兴趣
673	He'd written a book about it on the subject in Scotland.	他在苏格兰写了一本关于这个主题的书
674	Following his accession and the union of crowns,	在他的加入和王冠联盟之后,
675	the witchcraft statutes of both England and Scotland were	英格兰和苏格兰的巫术法规
676	overhauled and revised by a committee of judges and bishops.	由一个法官和主教委员会进行整顿和修订。
677	This again may have been a symbolic act.	这可能是一个象征性的行为。
678	They decided to do it then.	他们当时决定这样做。
679	Why then?	为什么?
680	It's a new regime and a new act was passed in Scotland at the	这是新政权苏格兰通过新法案
681	same time.	同一时间。
682	It may have been helped along again by the fact that in 1604	1604年,我们再次发现
683	there was a particularly notorious witchcraft case in	有个特别臭名昭著的巫术案件
684	London itself which may have drawn attention to the problem	伦敦本身可能引起了人们的注意
685	once again.	再来一次
686	So what I'm suggesting is that these Acts of Parliament were	所以我建议这些议会法案
687	essentially introduced as legitimizing symbols,	基本上被引入使符号合法化,
688	good and godly laws introduced by good and godly regimes.	善神制度引入的善神法则.
689	Yet there's no evidence that the authorities that put them on	但是没有证据表明当局放他们
690	the statute book actually wanted a witch hunt.	法规书实际上想要一个女巫猎杀。
691	If they'd wanted one, they could have had one,	如果他们想要一个, 他们本可以有一个,
692	but they didn't.	但他们没有。
693	What they did was to make witchcraft prosecutions possible	他们所做的就是让巫术起诉成为可能
694	in the royal courts, and to that extent the	在皇家法院,以及在这方面
695	political and ecclesiastical elite had a bigger role in	政治和宗教精英在
696	making possible the prosecutions which took place than is often	B. 使进行起诉成为可能
697	recognized.	承认。
698	So one can perhaps explain why the Acts were put on the statute	所以也许可以解释为什么法令被写入法规
699	book in that kind of way, but that still leaves the	书是那种方式, 但还是留下
700	problem of Essex.	埃塞克斯的问题。
701	Why Essex?	为什么是埃塞克斯?
702	Is it possible that Essex as a local society was peculiarly	埃塞克斯作为一个地方社会会不会很特别
703	conscious of the threat of witchcraft?	知道巫术的威胁吗?
704	But why should that be so?	但为什么会这样呢?
705	It's quite clear that people might feel threatened by	很明显,人们可能会觉得受到威胁
706	maleficium in any part of England.	在英国任何地方都有男性纤维。
707	Why should they act against it so much more in the county of	他们为什么要在郡里采取如此多的反对行动
708	Essex?	埃塞克斯吗?
709	And the only suggestion I can make on that issue is that the	我唯一能就此问题提出的建议是:
710	use of the criminal law against witches had had terrible	利用刑法对付巫师
711	publicity in Essex.	在埃塞克斯的宣传。
712	Essex was unusual in the sense that it saw three cause celebs,	埃塞克斯是不寻常的,因为它看到了三个原因celebs,
713	three group trials.	三次集体审判。
714	They took place in 1566, only three years after the	事件发生在1566年, 仅三年后
715	passage of Elizabeth's statute.	通过伊丽莎白的法规。
716	In 1582 and in 1589.	1582年和1589年两朝.
717	In each of these cases an initial accusation was vigorously	在每一个案件中,最初的指控都是激烈的
718	pursued by local justices of the peace who happened to have a	当地治安官所追求的
719	particular personal concern about witchcraft.	特别关心巫术
720	That meant that instead of just one person going on trial,	也就是说不只是一个人受审
721	small groups of women went on trial and these trials were well	少数妇女接受了审判,这些审判情况良好。
722	publicized in pamphlets which were written about them and	以小册子形式宣传,宣传这些内容;
723	which survive to this day.	活到现在
724	You can read them on early English books online.	你可以在网上阅读早期的英语书籍。
725	All of this then may have given peculiar publicity to witchcraft	这一切也许都给巫术带来了特别的曝光
726	as a threat and what could be done about it.	威胁和可以做些什么。
727	One wonders then whether a number of particularly	那么,人们会问,是否有一些特别
728	scandalous local cases occurring in this county had the effect of	该县发生的丑闻性地方性案件产生了如下后果:
729	heightening anxiety about witchcraft within Essex,	增加了埃塞克斯内部对巫术的焦虑,
730	enhancing the sense of threat which people felt,	增强人们的威胁感,
731	making it more intense than elsewhere,	使它比其他地方更强烈,
732	and of course providing an object lesson in how to deal	并且当然在如何处理方面提供客观的教训
733	with it.	用这个
734	So are we dealing then with a moral panic breaking out within	我们是不是要面对精神上的恐慌
735	a particular local society which subsequently died down in the	一个特定的当地社会,它后来死于
736	seventeenth century until it was artificially revived again by	17世纪,直到它再次被人工复活
737	the activities of Matthew Hopkins,	马修·霍普金斯的活动
738	the witch-finder general, in 1645?	1645年的巫师将军?
739	Ursula Kemp incidentally was one of the women tried in one of	顺便说一句,乌苏拉·肯普是其中一名被审判的妇女之一。
740	those group trials, the one of 1582.	那些集体审判,1582年的一次。
741	So to conclude, the whole issue of the history	最后,整个历史问题
742	of witchcraft, why people were so concerned	巫术,为什么人们如此关心
743	with it at a particular point in time,	在一个特定的时间点,
744	is clearly enormously complex.	显然非常复杂。
745	But what I'm suggesting is that first the case of England was	但我建议,首先英格兰的情况是
746	different to a degree from what was going on elsewhere in Europe	与欧洲其他地方发生的情况不同
747	at the time.	在当时。
748	There were no mass witch hunts to marry popular superstition	没有大规模女巫猎杀嫁给流行的迷信
749	and ecclesiastical fantasy in the way one found in various	和教会的幻想以不同的方式
750	parts of Europe and in Scotland.	欧洲和苏格兰部分地区。
751	Matthew Hopkins accepted.	马修·霍普金斯接受了.
752	Secondly, in England witchcraft prosecutions did come up	第二,在英国巫术起诉确实出现了
753	spontaneously from below and they probably usually arose in	从下而上,它们可能通常出现在
754	pretty much the way Thomas and MacFarlane and James Sharp have	就像托马斯和麦克法兰和詹姆斯·夏普一样
755	suggested as far as individual cases were concerned,	就个案而言,
756	though it was an accusation which could also be used for	虽然它是一个指控也可以用于
757	malicious prosecution and was so used.	恶意起诉并被如此使用。
758	But thirdly, these cases could only arise	但第三,这些案件只能发生
759	because of the existence of laws which were perhaps essentially	由于存在着一些法律,这些法律基本上或许是:
760	symbolic and contingent in their origins,	其起源的象征和条件,
761	and that once those laws existed,	而一旦这些法律存在,
762	Fourthly, the cases arose only sporadically.	第四,这些案件只是偶尔发生的。
763	The sense we have of a definite chronological pattern in	我们有一种明确的时间顺序的感觉
764	witchcraft prosecutions is very heavily influenced,	巫术起诉受到很大影响,
765	as you've seen, by the case of Essex alone.	正如你所见仅以埃塞克斯为例
766	Essex does seem to have been unique for very special reasons	埃塞克斯似乎很独特原因非常特殊
767	which we may never be able to do more than to guess at.	我们可能永远无法超越猜测
768	Elsewhere in the country cases arose sporadically,	在其他地方,偶尔出现这种情况,
769	occasionally, no clear pattern beyond the	偶尔,除了
770	fact that they were more common in the late sixteenth century	16世纪后期更常见
771	than later.	过后.
772	And finally, there was no English witch hunt	最后,没有英国女巫的猎杀
773	because at the end of the day the authorities in both church	因为最后两座教堂的当局
774	and state didn't want one.	州政府不想要一个。
775	They never felt sufficiently threatened to instigate one	他们从来没有感到足够的威胁来煽动
776	against those they deemed their enemies.	以他们的敌人对抗他们。
777	The potential for a witch hunt was there and it long continued	猎魔的潜力就在那里,它一直持续
778	until village tensions hadn't faded.	直到村里的矛盾没有消退
779	The difference of the seventeenth century from the	十七世纪与
780	later sixteenth century was above all that the judicial	16世纪以后,最重要的是,司法
781	authorities not only failed to seek a witch hunt but actually	当局不仅没有设法追捕女巫而且实际上
782	became active in suppressing the accusations which were brought	积极制止提出的指控
783	before them.	在他们面前。
784	So then, I suspect that overall both the rise and the fall of	所以,我怀疑总体的升降,
785	witchcraft prosecution is best explained by the way in which	巫术起诉的最佳解释是:
786	the law first of all gave people and then later took away from	法律首先给予人们,后来又从
787	them the opportunity to settle a particular kind of personal	他们有机会解决某种特殊的个人问题
788	conflict through the use of the law and the prosecution of	利用法律和起诉
789	people to their deaths.	人们的死亡。
790	The beliefs behind all of that were very ancient and they long	这一切背后的信仰是非常古老的,他们很长
791	continued, but the history of witchcraft	但巫术的历史
792	has very much to do with the use of the criminal law in the way	与刑法的使用有关
793	I've described.	我已经描述过了
794	The crucial issue was perhaps that for a short while,	关键问题也许是,在短短的一段时间里,
795	for two generations, there was indeed a conjunction	在两代人之间,确实存在着联系
796	of long-standing patterns of popular belief with a shorter	长期流行的信仰模式
797	term enhancement of the anxieties and the credulousness	词性增强和可信度
798	of the elite.	精英阶层。
799	It was they who passed the laws that made witchcraft trials	是他们通过法律进行巫术试验
800	possible.	也许吧
801	They later repented of their folly.	他们后来悔改了自己的愚蠢。
802	They avoided the enforcement of those laws and eventually in	他们避免了这些法律的执行,最终在
803	1736 they repealed them, but that of course was about	1736年他们废除了它们, 但当然,那是关于
804	150 years, but that of course was about	150年,当然是

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