呼吁研究者高度重视：癌症治疗突破性发现，大多数人都不知道（上

呼吁研究者高度重视：癌症治疗突破性发现，大多数人都不知道（上）

发布于 2026-10-07 · 时长 50:36

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:00	You have an envelope in front of you there that says confidential on the front of it.	你前面有个信封上面写着机密
0:03	What is in that envelope?	那个信封里是什么?
0:05	It's a paper that's under embargo because the world thinks it's going to be very important	这是一份被封锁的论文因为世界认为它很重要
0:08	and it's going to be a lead article in the frontiers in science because this is a strategy to	这将是科学前沿的一篇文章因为这是一个策略
0:13	manage cancer effectively and we have a lot of evidence to keep these people alive a hell of a	我们有很多证据可以让这些人活下来
0:17	lot longer.	更长的时间。
0:18	We have given hope to the hopeless.	我们给绝望者带来了希望。
0:20	And you have a perspective on treating cancer and other metabolic diseases that others don't have?	你对治疗癌症和其他别人没有的新陈代谢疾病有观点吗?
0:25	Yes, but the problem is the field doesn't understand what I'm saying about the origin of	是的,但问题是球场不理解我在说什么关于起源
0:30	cancer.	癌症。癌症。

展开字幕全文（1042 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	You have an envelope in front of you there that says confidential on the front of it.	你前面有个信封上面写着机密
2	What is in that envelope?	那个信封里是什么?
3	It's a paper that's under embargo because the world thinks it's going to be very important	这是一份被封锁的论文因为世界认为它很重要
4	and it's going to be a lead article in the frontiers in science because this is a strategy to	这将是科学前沿的一篇文章因为这是一个策略
5	manage cancer effectively and we have a lot of evidence to keep these people alive a hell of a	我们有很多证据可以让这些人活下来
6	lot longer.	更长的时间。
7	We have given hope to the hopeless.	我们给绝望者带来了希望。
8	And you have a perspective on treating cancer and other metabolic diseases that others don't have?	你对治疗癌症和其他别人没有的新陈代谢疾病有观点吗?
9	Yes, but the problem is the field doesn't understand what I'm saying about the origin of	是的,但问题是球场不理解我在说什么关于起源
10	cancer.	癌症。癌症。
11	So everything comes back to mitochondria and all chronic diseases in cancer are the result	所以一切都回到线粒体癌症中的所有慢性病都是结果
12	of damage to this.	破坏这一点。
13	And the science is telling us this, but the field of cancer has yet to	科学告诉我们这一点, 但癌症领域还没有
14	accept it.	接受这个
15	That is a tragedy.	这是一个悲剧。
16	Are you pissed off about this?	你生气吗?
17	Well, who wouldn't be?	谁不会呢?
18	There's 1,700 people a day in this country dying from cancer.	这个国家每天有1700人死于癌症.
19	That's 70 an	70块一
20	hour and it gets worse every single year.	一小时后,情况每年都会恶化
21	When is the people going to wake up?	人民什么时候醒?
22	So give me a prescription of how I should live my life to keep my mitochondria healthy.	所以给我开个处方说明我该如何生活保持我的线粒体健康
23	So it all comes down to what you do to maintain the health and vitality of the mitochondria	所以,一切都取决于你如何维持线粒体的健康和活力
24	that reduce the risk.	从而降低风险。
25	But we are now in a new environment where we have massive amounts of	但是,我们现在处在一个新的环境中,我们有大量
26	highly processed carbohydrates, inactivity, emotional stress, poor sleep habits, and you	高加工的碳水化合物缺乏活动情绪紧张睡眠习惯差还有你
27	chronically damage this organelle.	长期损害这个器官。
28	And then if you look at the domestic dog, cancer is the number one	如果你看看家狗,癌症是头号
29	killer of the domestic dog.	杀家狗的凶手
30	But wolves in the wild rarely have cancer, but the wolf is out running	但是野生的狼很少患上癌症但狼跑不掉了
31	around eating natural foods.	吃着天然食物
32	The dog is in an apartment somewhere, gets a dog walker once a	狗在某处的公寓里有一只狗行尸
33	day, right?	一天,对不对?
34	And the next thing the dog is obese and full of cancer.	接下来,狗肥胖,满身癌症
35	And I want to give people actionable things that they can think about.	我想给人们一些他们可以思考的可行的东西。
36	So this is what's really important.	所以这是真正重要的。
37	This is a bio-energetic roadmap to health.	这是一个生物能量的卫生路线图。
38	This is what we	这就是我们
39	call the zone of prevention.	称为预防区。
40	It's very hard to get cancer or chronic diseases when you're in these	患癌症或慢性病很难
41	zones.	区域。
42	So let's talk about that.	所以,让我们谈谈。
43	This is super interesting to me.	这对我来说太有趣了
44	My team give me this report to	我的团队给我这个报告
45	show me how many of you that watch the show subscribe.	给我看节目的几个人
46	And some of you have told us,	你们有些人告诉我们,
47	according to this, that you are unsubscribed from the channel randomly.	由此可见,您被随机从频道中取消订阅。
48	So favour to ask all of you,	所以请你们所有人
49	please could you check right now if you've hit the subscribe button, if you are a regular	如果你按了订户的按钮请立刻查一下
50	viewer of the show and you like what we do here.	节目的观众你喜欢我们在这里做的事
51	We're approaching quite a significant landmark	我们正接近一个重要的地标
52	on this show in terms of a subscriber number.	本节目以订阅者号码表示。
53	So if there was one simple free thing that you could	所以,如果有一个简单的自由的东西,你可以
54	do to help us, my team, everyone here, to keep this show free, to keep it improving year over	做帮助我们,我的团队,大家在这里, 保持这个节目的自由, 保持它改善的一年
55	year and week over week, it is just to hit that subscribe button and to double check if you've hit	一周又一年一周只需按下订阅按钮检查一下你是否打过
56	it.	这个
57	The only thing I'll ever ask of you, do we have a deal?	我唯一要问你的,我们有协议吗?
58	If you do it, I'll tell you what I'll do.	汝若作是语已.
59	I'll make sure every single week, every single month we fight harder and harder and harder and	我会确保每个星期,每个月我们更努力,更努力
60	harder to bring you the guests and conversations that you want to hear.	更难给你带来宾客和你想听到的对话。
61	I've stayed true to that	我对这个一直很忠心
62	promise since the very beginning of the Diarrhea and I will not let you down.	从腹泻开始我就答应你我不会让你失望的
63	Please help us,	请帮帮我们
64	really appreciate it.	非常感谢
65	Let's get on with the show.	开展.
66	Professor Thomas Seyfried, what is it that you've	托马斯·塞弗里德教授,你有什么
67	committed your life to doing Thomas?	你毕生致力于做托马斯?
68	Well, we're right now committed our lives to managing cancer	我们现在致力于管理癌症
69	effectively without toxicity, which is based on the science that I and others have done in this	有效无毒性,这基于我和其他人在这方面所做的科学
70	field.	字段。
71	You have a perspective on treating cancer and other metabolic diseases that others don't	你对治疗癌症和其他新陈代谢疾病的看法别人不会
72	have.	有过
73	The mainstream, should I say?	主流,我该说吗?
74	Oh, yeah.	对
75	Well, mainstream doesn't have it for sure.	主流并不肯定
76	But it's based on science.	但以科学为本.
77	I mean, my work is based on what Otto Werberg, the famous German	我的意思是,我的工作是基于什么奥托·维尔伯格,著名的德国人
78	scientist, said from the 1920s, 30s and 40s.	科学家说,从1920年代,30年代和40年代。
79	He clearly showed that cancer was a mitochondrial	他清楚地显示癌症是一种线粒体
80	metabolic disease.	代谢疾病。
81	What does that mean?	这是什么意思?
82	Mitochondrial metabolic disease?	米托切恩代谢疾病?
83	Okay.	摆
84	It means that the	这意味着
85	origin of the disease resides in the organelle called the mitochondrion.	疾病起源于被称为线粒体的器官。
86	It's in the cytoplasm	在细胞质中
87	of the cell.	的单元格。
88	It used to be called, still is, the powerhouse of the cell, gives the cell the energy.	它曾经被称为,仍然是细胞的动力所,给细胞能量.
89	I think we have a mitochondria.	我想我们有一个线粒体。
90	What are my team bringing in a mitochondria?	我的队伍带什么线粒体?
91	Well, you have a mitochondria in here.	嗯,你有一个线粒体在这里。
92	Oh, here we go.	来了
93	You've got one each here.	汝等各有一门.
94	Yeah.	对
95	Well, see, this is the little	你看,这是小
96	organelle that you see.	风琴,你看。
97	It looks like a bean shake, but it's actually a tubular network.	它看起来像一个豆摇,但实际上是一个管状网.
98	These are tubes, and they respond dynamically inside the cell to both internal activities as	这些是管子,它们在细胞内对两种内部活动的反应是动态的。
99	well as external activities.	以及外部活动。
100	You have to realize that at the time of conception,	你必须意识到,在怀孕时,
101	all of the mitochondria for the developing embryo are in the cytoplasm from the mother.	所有发育胚胎的线粒体都存在于母亲的细胞质中
102	The cytoplasm?	细胞瘤?
103	The mitochondria are not in the nucleus.	线粒体不在核内.
104	They're in the cytosol.	他们在细胞索里
105	Oh, outside of it.	哦,在外边。
106	Outside of the nucleus, but in the cell body itself.	在核外,但在细胞体本身.
107	All of the mitochondria, they determine	所有的线粒体, 他们决定
108	our destiny.	我们的命运。
109	They will determine how long you will live on the planet if you don't have an	他们将决定你将在地球上生活多久如果你没有
110	unfortunate accident or something like this.	不幸的事故之类的
111	They have an expiration date.	他们有一个过期的日期。
112	Different species	不同物种
113	die at different times.	死在不同的时间。
114	You don't find people living 400 years.	你没有发现人们活了400年。
115	Mice live about two and a half	老鼠住大约两个半
116	years.	岁月
117	Elephants live as long as we do or whatever, but that's all determined by this organelle.	大象的寿命和我们做的一样长但这都是由这个管风琴决定的
118	You can see I have wrinkles and this kind of thing.	你看,我有皱纹和这种东西。
119	This is from living on the planet,	这是从生活在地球上,
120	and this is from wear and tear on this organelle, which allows us to make energy efficiently.	这是从磨损这个管风琴, 它使我们能够高效地制造能量。
121	When this organelle starts to falter with age, you die.	当这个管风琴开始摇摇欲坠的时候你就会死
122	You die from old age.	你从老年就死了
123	This organelle	这个管风琴
124	has to be protected and respected if you would like to live a normal lifespan.	如果你想过正常的生活,必须受到保护和尊重。
125	In diets and	在饮食和
126	lifestyles and the way we are today, we damage this organelle.	生活方式和我们今天的样子, 我们破坏这个器官。
127	This organelle then can present	这个管风琴可以呈现
128	itself damaged to this organelle, which is a tubular network inside the cell.	它本身就受损于这个管状管, 它是一个细胞内的管状网络。
129	Let me say	让我说
130	something else.	还有别的
131	It not only controls the internal environment of the cell, it also controls the	它不仅控制细胞的内部环境,还控制着细胞的内部环境.
132	neighboring cells, the liver neighborhood, the lung neighborhood, the colon neighborhood,	邻近的细胞肝脏的邻里肺的邻里结肠的邻里
133	the brain neighborhood, the glial neighborhood, the auroral neighborhood, but they all come from	大脑的邻居, 滑翔的邻居, 极光的邻居,
134	the same origin in that cytoplasm.	细胞瘤的原产地
135	They determine the overall metabolic health of your body.	它们决定了你身体的整体代谢健康.
136	It's	这是
137	systemic.	系统化。
138	They communicate with each other across cells, across tissues.	它们通过细胞,组织相互交流.
139	I'll tell you,	我告诉你
140	this organelle controls a lot of what that nucleus does.	这个管风琴控制着许多核糖体的工作
141	It tells the cell when to divide.	它告诉细胞在什么时候分裂.
142	It tells the cell when to slow down.	它告诉细胞什么时候放慢。
143	It's kind of like a brain, but also like an engine room.	有点像大脑,但也像引擎室.
144	It's kind of like that.	其类也.
145	Certainly, the brain part of it is really mysterious in the sense of	当然,大脑的部分是真正神秘的意义上,
146	how it controls the destiny of the cell and the body.	如何控制细胞和身体的命运。
147	So sickness, sickness, disease, cancer.	所以,疾病,疾病,癌症。
148	What do we know about the role that this little thing plays	我们都知道这个小东西扮演的角色是什么
149	in these chronic diseases and illnesses and cancers that so many people suffer with?	这些慢性病疾病和癌症这么多人遭受?
150	Yeah.	对
151	Well, this is the organelle that becomes damaged, and it can be damaged in many, many	嗯,这是风琴变得损坏, 它可能损坏在很多,很多
152	different ways.	不同方式
153	For cancer is what we have spent a lot of our time on, and now we've moved into the	因为癌症是我们花了很多时间并且我们现在已经搬进了
154	stations of ill health to the mitochondria in a particular population of cells.	特定细胞群中线粒体健康不良的电站。
155	But in the case	但在这种情况下
156	of cancer, which is what we call the most serious of the chronic diseases, creating the most trauma,	癌症,我们称之为最严重的慢性病, 造成最严重的创伤,
157	the most emotional distress.	最激动的情绪。
158	But we have clearly shown, based on many, many works,	但是,根据许多作品,我们清楚地显示,
159	that multiple things from our environment can damage this organelle in a particular	我们环境的多样东西会对这个器官造成伤害
160	population of cells in a particular organ.	特定器官内的细胞群。
161	For example, when you talk about carcinogens,	例如,当你谈论致癌物时,
162	it's a chemical that causes cancer.	它是一种引起癌症的化学物质.
163	How does that chemical cause cancer?	这种化学物质如何引起癌症?
164	It damages the proteins and	它破坏蛋白质和
165	the lipids.	脂质。
166	These little squiggles are delicate internal membranes.	这些小qui是微妙的内部膜.
167	They contain the proteins	它们含有蛋白质
168	and the lipids that allows us to generate energy when we breathe.	我们呼吸时能产生能量的脂质
169	Okay, you're breathing, I'm	好吧,你在呼吸,我还在呼吸
170	breathing.	呼吸呼吸呼吸呼吸
171	I take in oxygen.	我吸氧气。
172	Oxygen serves as a final acceptor for electrons that allows ATP	氧作为允许ATP的电子的最终接受者
173	to come out of this little, and don't forget it's a tubular network.	别忘了这是一个管状网络
174	And ATP is the energy currency.	而ATP则是能量货币.
175	It's the chemical energy currency.	这是化学能源货币。
176	It allows us to, enzymes to work,	它允许我们, 酶工作,
177	allows all the metabolic machinery inside of a cell to work optimally.	允许细胞内的所有代谢机械优化工作.
178	So just to play this back to you so I know I'm clear, oxygen comes in because I breathe in,	所以,只是播放这个回你所以我知道我很清楚, 氧气进来因为我呼吸,
179	I don't eat food.	不食饮食.
180	In that mitochondria, it does a process and it spits out ATP as the energy.	在线粒体中,它做一个过程, 它吐出ATP作为能量。
181	Well, and the waste products of a good energy metabolism would be CO2 and water.	良好的能量新陈代谢的废品是二氧化碳和水。
182	So when we burn gasoline in an engine of a car, we break down the octane, the carbon-hydrogen bonds	所以,当我们燃烧汽油在汽车的引擎, 我们打破辛烷,碳氢键
183	in an octane, and we have an internal explosion that drives pistons.	在辛烷中,我们有一个内部爆炸驱动活塞。
184	Okay, the exhaust is a lot	好吧,排气量很大
185	of waste products from breaking down.	废品的拆卸。
186	We're doing the same thing inside the cell.	我们在牢房里做同样的事
187	We're	我们是
188	busting carbon-hydrogen bonds.	破坏碳氢键。
189	And that combustion of carbon-hydrogen is a graded process.	而碳氢的燃烧是一个分级的过程。
190	So it's not an immediate explosion.	所以这不是立即爆炸
191	You're breaking down the carbon-hydrogen bonds in a very	你在打破碳氢键在一个非常
192	precise way, producing ATP, which then drives the entire machinery of the neurons and the	精确的方式,产生ATP,然后驱动神经元和神经元的整个机械
193	rest of the body.	身体的剩余部分。
194	It can respond dramatically to energetic stress, emotional stress.	它可以对充满活力的压力,情感压力作出剧烈的反应.
195	Anyway, I gave you an example of a carcinogen, intermittent hypoxia.	总之,我给你们一个间歇性缺氧致癌的例子
196	People who have sleep apnea, they stop breathing for 30 seconds or more in that general.	睡过安眠的人, 停止呼吸30秒或以上在将军。
197	And then that creates rust, ROS.	然后会生锈,ROS。
198	And that's what carcinogens do, ROS.	这就是致癌物的作用,ROS。
199	These are called reactive	这些叫做反应
200	oxygen species.	氧气种类。
201	They damage those delicate membranes.	它们损坏了这些微妙的膜.
202	And then what happens if it's too acute,	然后,如果它太急性,会发生什么,
203	too stressful, the whole cell will die.	压力太大,整个细胞都会死
204	The cell loses its energy and we get apoptosis or	细胞失去能量,我们就会死亡
205	cell death.	细胞死亡。
206	If it's gradual, chronic over years, months, years, this organelle loses its ability	如果它是渐进的,慢性的几年,几个月,几年, 这个管风琴失去了它的能力
207	to produce sufficient energy.	产生足够的能量。
208	But the cell compensates, interestingly enough, by using	但细胞通过使用
209	these ancient pathways, heirlooms of our evolutionary past.	这些古老的道路, 继承我们进化的过去。
210	Because all life on the planet evolved	因为地球上所有的生命都在进化
211	in oxygen, without oxygen in the dark.	在氧气, 没有氧气在黑暗中。
212	These cells grew like crazy.	这些细胞长得像疯子
213	There was no,	没有
214	there were single cells, unbridled proliferation and all this kind of stuff.	有单细胞,无节制的扩散和所有这些东西。
215	They didn't have mitochondria.	他们没有线粒体
216	They had bacteria.	他们有细菌。
217	And the bacteria, which this organelle came from,	和细菌, 这个管风琴来自,
218	was a fusion between one cell that had a nucleus and was fermenting through the cytoplasm.	是一个细胞之间的核聚变细胞质在发酵
219	And this	还有这个
220	two different forms of energy.	两种不同的能量形式。
221	You have the energy in the cytoplasm, the ancient fermentation,	你有细胞质的能量古老的发酵
222	and then you have this new form, which can take in oxygen and generate energy much, much	然后你有了这种新的形式, 它可以吸收氧气产生很多能量,很多
223	more efficiently than the heirloomic.	比传记更有效率
224	Listen, one of our big discoveries, if you can believe it.	听着,我们最大的发现之一,如果你能相信的话。
225	But you see that space in the middle there?	你看到中间那个空间了吗?
226	That's called the matrix.	这就是所谓的矩阵。
227	And that's where	就是这样
228	the Krebs cycle, the TCA cycle, which breaks down the food that we eat.	Krebs循环,TCA循环, 打破我们的食物。
229	But they have an ancient	但他们有一个古老的
230	part of a fermentation mechanism inside.	内部发酵机制的一部分
231	Because before oxygen came, all life forms were fermenters.	因为氧气到来之前所有生命形式都是发酵器
232	They produced energy without oxygen because there was no oxygen.	因为没有氧气,所以产生没有氧气的能量.
233	We had to wait for those bacteria	我们不得不等待这些细菌
234	to make oxygen through a photosynthetic process.	通过光合作用过程制造氧气。
235	But all organisms were fermenters in the beginning.	但所有的生物在一开始都是发酵者.
236	After this organelle came in and was able to take in oxygen, make energy really,	这个管风琴进入并能够吸收氧气, 使能量真的,
237	really quick.	快点
238	But in that matrix they have in the cycle, there's a little pathway there	但在这个基质中,他们在循环中, 有一个小路径在那里
239	that makes energy without oxygen from the evolutionary past.	这使得没有氧气的能量从进化的过去。
240	So we have it in the	所以我们有它
241	cytoplasm of the cell because they can ferment in the cytoplasm.	细胞的细胞质,因为它们可以在细胞质中发酵.
242	But our big discovery with	但我们的大发现是
243	the work of Christos Shounopoulos from Semmelweis University is that we're a leader on that little	克莉丝托斯·舒诺普洛斯(Christos Shounopoulos)在森梅尔韦斯大学的著作中认为我们是一个领导者
244	pathway.	路径。
245	When this organelle becomes impaired, these ancient pathways of energy through fermentation	当这个器官受损时这些古老的能量途径通过发酵
246	arise.	出现。
247	They try to replace the lost energy from the efficiency of this organelle.	他们试图用这个管风琴的效率来取代失去的能量.
248	That space	那个空间
249	starts throwing out ATP from glutamine.	开始把谷氨酸的ATP扔出去
250	It's another fermentation fuel.	是另一种发酵燃料.
251	And it's making ancient	和它使古老
252	energy in the sophisticated organelle that evolved to make efficient energy.	进化成高效能源的精密管风琴
253	So let me tell you.	让我告诉你
254	So you asked me what about damaging this organelle and what happens.	所以,你问我如何破坏这个管风琴发生了什么事。
255	If the damage to oxidative phosphorylation, which means energy through oxygen, is too acute,	如果氧化磷酸盐的损伤, 也就是通过氧气产生的能量, 是太急性的,
256	the cell will die.	牢房会死
257	Cyanide is a perfect example of this.	氰化物就是这方面的一个完美例子.
258	You take a mouse or a rat or a person	你带老鼠、老鼠、人
259	你喝Kool-Aid, 氰化物的Kool-Aid, 你死了。
260	Because what happens is that cyanide binds	因为会发生的是氰化物的结合
261	to the protein that's going to use oxygen for energy.	用氧气换能量的蛋白质
262	And the whole system shuts down.	而整个系统也关闭了.
263	It suffocates you basically.	它基本上让你窒息。
264	Yeah, you die instantly.	是啊,你当场死亡。
265	And there are other things that can kill quickly,	还有其他东西可以快速杀死,
266	azide and a variety of the chemicals.	各种化学物质
267	But for chronic diseases, it's usually	但对于慢性病来说,通常是
268	not an acute stress on this organelle.	不是对这个器官的强烈压力。
269	It's a chronic stress.	久服应力.
270	And in cancer, what happens	在癌症,会发生什么
271	in a particular tissue, whether it's a bone, lung, bladder, brain, they gradually compensate	无论是骨骼、肺部、膀胱、脑部它们都逐渐补偿
272	with these ancient fermentation pathways.	与这些古老的发酵途径。
273	So this organelle signals to the nucleus,	所以这个管风琴信号到核,
274	I'm suffocating, I'm not getting enough energy.	我窒息,我没有得到足够的能量。
275	So the nucleus turns on the transporters on the	所以核能打开运输机
276	surface of the cell to bring in fuels that will elevate energy through what we call	将能量通过我们所谓的
277	oxygen-independent mechanisms.	氧独立机理.
278	This is an oxygen-dependent organelle.	这是一个依赖氧气的器官。
279	This gets most of	这得到的大部分
280	its energy because we breathe, all of our cells are using oxygen.	它的能量,因为我们呼吸, 我们所有的细胞都在使用氧气。
281	And the CO2 that we're blowing	我们吹的二氧化碳
282	out and the water that will be collected in the form of urine when you put other waste products	和放入其他废品时以尿液形式收集的水
283	in there, that's efficient metabolic homeostasis.	在那里,这是有效的代谢顺势疗法。
284	This organelle makes not only the cell, but the	这个管风琴不仅使细胞,而且使
285	whole body in a state of metabolic homeostasis, where all systems are working at optimal	整个身体处于新陈代谢的顺势性状态,所有系统都在最佳状态运作
286	efficiency.	效率。
287	But with chronic disruption, smoking, lack of exercise, you can go right down the list	但是,由于长期干扰,吸烟,缺乏锻炼,你可以直接从名单上下来
288	of all of the different things that can elicit cancer.	可能引发癌症的各种不同事物。
289	Any kind of carcinogens, microplastics,	任何种类的致癌物,微塑胶,
290	forever chemicals, glyphosate, any of these kinds of things that would chronically damage	永远的化学物质,甘磷酸盐, 任何这种东西将长期损害
291	the ability of this organelle to produce energy, viruses, oncogenic viruses, inflammation,	这个管风琴能产生能量病毒肿瘤病毒炎症
292	you have chronic inflammation.	你有慢性炎症。
293	Any of those things damaged the sophisticated ability of	任何这些东西破坏精密的能力
294	this organelle to produce sufficient energy.	这个管风琴能产生足够的能量
295	That's why the oncogenic paradox, which we solved.	这也是我们所解决的内生悖论的原因.
296	What's the oncogenic paradox?	什么是内生悖论?
297	That was the paradox that was first put out by Albert Szent-Gyorgy, a Hungarian	这是匈牙利人阿尔伯特·森特-乔治首先提出的悖论。
298	scientist who received the Nobel Prize, I think, for vitamin C. He said he was very interested in	我想是因维生素C而获得诺贝尔奖的科学家他说他很感兴趣
299	cancer in living systems.	癌症在生命系统中。
300	He said there's a paradox.	他说有一个悖论。
301	He said, we know multiple things	他说,我们知道很多事情
302	in the environment can elicit cancer.	在环境中,可引起癌症。
303	We've identified these oncogenic viruses,	我们发现了这些致病病毒
304	chronic inflammation, carcinogens, intermittent hypoxia, rare germline mutations.	慢性炎症,致癌,间歇性缺氧,罕见的细菌突变.
305	He said,	他说,
306	we don't understand the common pathophysiological mechanism by which any of those	我们不理解共同的病理机制通过其中任何一个
307	provocative agents would elicit dysregulated cell growth, which is cancer.	挑衅剂会导致细胞发育不良,即癌症。
308	When you talk	当你说话
309	about cancer, what is cancer?	关于癌症, 什么是癌症?
310	It's cell division out of control.	这是细胞分裂失控。
311	It's dysregulated cell growth.	是细胞生长障碍.
312	This organelle determines when cells should divide and when they should not divide.	这种器官决定了细胞应何时分裂,何时不应分裂.
313	It regulates the	它管理
314	destiny of the cell.	细胞的命运。
315	What happens when this organelle becomes chronically impaired, it falls	当这个器官长期受损时会怎样?
316	back on these ancient pathways, these pathways that existed before oxygen came into the environment,	回到这些古老的路径这些在氧气进入环境之前就已经存在的路径
317	where all the cells were dysregulated in the growth because they didn't have this regulatory	生长过程中细胞都受到抑制因为它们没有这种调节
318	system, which is the mitochondria coming from a bacteria.	这是细菌产生的线粒体
319	So let me play that back to you in a way, just so I make sure I understand.	所以,让我用某种方式回弹给你, 只是让我确保我理解。
320	I know it can be kind of deep.	我知道可能有点深
321	Okay.	摆
322	So in this mitochondria here that I have in front of me, there is an ancient,	所以在我面前的线粒体里有一个古老的
323	because this came from a fusion of bacterias a long, long time ago, that old bacteria-	因为这是很久以前的细菌聚变的结果那个老细菌...
324	About several billion years ago.	大概是几亿年前的事了
325	Used to be very selfish and just think about itself.	曾经很自私,只想着自己
326	It used to grow on its own and didn't	曾经独自成长,没有
327	communicate with anybody, had its own way of growing and multiplying that was really not	与任何人沟通, 拥有自己的成长和倍增的方式, 这其实不是
328	in cohesion with anything else.	以任何物配主,
329	That is still in there somewhere.	那还在某处
330	And although now in its	虽然现在
331	form, because there's been that fusion, it grows thinking about the wider organism.	形式,因为有核聚变, 它开始思考更广泛的生物。
332	When it becomes damaged, it falls back on that old selfish way of growing.	当它受损时它又回到了那种自私的生长方式上
333	And that's kind of	这算是
334	what can cause cancers.	是什么会导致癌症。
335	So if there's stresses on this, which could be all the carcinogenic	如果这上面有压力, 可能是所有的致癌物
336	things you described, then sometimes this falls back on that prehistoric selfish way of growing,	你所描述的事物, 有时这又回到了史前自私的成长方式,
337	where it doesn't think about the wider organism.	在它不考虑更广泛的生物。
338	It's close.	近近无碍.
339	In the sense of thinking, we don't know about that.	从思考的意义上来说,我们不知道这一点.
340	We just know the consequences	我们只知道后果
341	of what happens when it falls back on those ancient pathways.	当它回到那些古老的道路时会发生什么。
342	Now here's the situation.	现在情况是这样的
343	People knew from what Otto Warburg said, cancer is an energy problem in the cell.	人们从奥托·沃堡(Otto Warburg)的说法中知道,癌症是细胞中的能量问题.
344	Why would the cells start to ferment and produce a massive amount of fermentation waste product,	为什么细胞会开始发酵产生大量的发酵废物产品,
345	which is lactic acid?	什么是乳酸?
346	Even in the presence of oxygen, 100% oxygen, they're still fermenting.	即使有氧气,100%的氧气,它们仍然在发酵.
347	That shouldn't happen.	这不应该发生。
348	When you and I hold our breath or have a heart attack, let me tell you	当你和我屏住呼吸或心脏病发作, 让我告诉你
349	something.	东西。
350	This is really remarkable.	这真的很了不起。
351	And this is another piece of information that got us on this	这是另一条信息我们得到了这个
352	whole thing.	整个事情。
353	When people have heart attacks, they stop breathing.	当人们心脏病发作时,就会停止呼吸.
354	The heart ceases.	心灭.
355	
356	the bloodstream immediately fills with these fermentation waste products, which are lactic	血液中立即充满了这些发酵废物,这些废物是乳化的
357	acid and the other one, which we now know is succinic acid.	酸和另一个,我们现在知道是苏奇尼克酸。
358	Okay, wow.	好吧,哇呜。
359	These two waste products.	这两种废品.
360	Now, if you don't start breathing in a short period of time, you're going to be dead.	现在,如果你不开始呼吸在短时间内,你会死。
361	And you die because the neurons in your brain cannot sustain this kind of fermentation energy	你死是因为你脑中的神经元无法维持这种发酵能量
362	for very long.	很久没见了
363	As soon as you use the heart, you give them cardiac massage and whatever,	你一用心脏就给他们做心脏按摩之类的
364	the guy's heart starts beating again.	他的心脏又开始跳动了
365	The waste products of lactic acid and succinic acid go away.	乳酸和Succinic酸的废品消失。
366	They disappear because you're breathing now.	他们消失了,因为你正在呼吸。
367	You don't need to ferment when you have oxygen	有氧气就不用发酵了
368	in the environment and the mitochondria can utilize the oxygen in the environment.	在环境中,线粒体可以利用环境中的氧气。
369	Cancer cells, Warburg said, it's the weirdest thing.	癌症细胞,沃堡说,这是最奇怪的事情。
370	These cancer cells	这些癌细胞
371	continue to ferment even in 100% of oxygen.	继续发酵即使100%的氧气。
372	Why are they doing that?	他们为什么要这么做?
373	And he speculated	他猜测
374	that this organelle was damaged.	这个管风琴被损坏了
375	Irreversible damage to the organelle happened in these cancer	这些癌症对器官造成不可逆的损害
376	cells.	细胞。
377	He didn't have an electron microscope at the time.	当时他没有电子显微镜.
378	He didn't have the sophisticated	他没有精致的
379	tools that we have today.	我们今天掌握的工具。
380	So he projected that all on biochemistry.	因此,他预测这一切在生物化学。
381	At that time, he was a biochemist	当时,他是一个生物化学家
382	and he said, you should not produce fermentation if you have oxygen.	他说,你不应该产生发酵如果你有氧气。
383	Oxygen should shut that off	氧气应该关掉
384	and these guys should return to a normal metabolic homeostasis.	这些家伙应该回到正常的新陈代谢顺势
385	And he said, that's because there's	他说,那是因为有
386	irreversibly damaged in this organelle.	无法挽回的损坏在这个管风琴。
387	So a lot of people attacked him and they said,	所以很多人攻击他他们说
388	oh, we don't have any evidence for that.	哦,我们没有任何证据。
389	Here's the beautiful thing.	这是美丽的东西。
390	Some cancer cells continue	一些癌细胞还在继续
391	to take in oxygen and make ATP.	吸收氧气,制造ATP
392	Therefore, Warburg must be wrong.	因此,沃堡一定是错了.
393	We showed the cancer cell takes in	我们给癌细胞看了
394	oxygen but it's not making energy through ATP in any great amount.	氧气但它并没有通过ATP产生大量的能量
395	It's using it for ROS,	它使用它为ROS,
396	these radicals that further damage and cause the DNA mutations that everybody is	这些激进分子进一步破坏并导致DNA突变每个人都是
397	facing.	面对。
398	It's all downstream effects of damage.	这是下游所有的影响损害。
399	So what does this mean in simple terms?	简而言之,这是什么意思?
400	Because	因为
401	I'm aware of a lot of my ideas.	悉得广大智.
402	It means I say, okay, so I have dysregulated cell growth.	这意味着我说,好吧, 所以我有障碍细胞生长。
403	That's	这是
404	ultimately what the problem we're dealing with.	归根结底,我们处理的问题是什么。
405	We can't control how these cells are dividing.	我们无法控制细胞的分裂
406	We're throwing all kinds of crazy stuff at them, trying to poison, irradiate, surgically remove	我们向他们扔各种疯狂的东西, 试图毒药,辐照,外科切除
407	them.	他们。
408	We're trying to do everything to stop this dysregulated cell growth.	我们想尽一切办法阻止细胞的生长
409	So when we look at this	所以,当我们看这个
410	under the electron microscope, we find these cristae are often missing.	在电子显微镜下我们发现这些晶体经常缺失
411	You have what they call	你有他们所说的
412	ghost mitochondria.	鬼线粒体。
413	You got the shell but nothing inside.	你得到了贝壳但里面什么都没有。
414	Or if they're inside, they're all deformed.	或若内身皆变形.
415	So we know there's a foundational principle in biology.	因此,我们知道生物学中有一个基本原则。
416	Structure determines function.	结构决定函数.
417	If the	如果
418	structure is abnormal, the function will be abnormal.	结构异常,函数会异常。
419	This is known to all biologists except	所有生物学家都知道这一点除了
420	oncologists.	肿瘤学家。
421	They don't seem to understand that.	他们似乎不理解这一点。
422	What's an oncologist?	肿瘤学家是什么?
423	Those are the people who	这些人是谁
424	are oncologists.	是肿瘤学家
425	When we know that if the organelle is damaged, you're not going to be able to produce	当我们知道如果管风琴损坏了你就无法生产
426	energy efficiently by oxidative phosphorylation.	以氧化磷化为高效能量.
427	I think you're a bit further down the road, Thomas,	我认为你走的更远一点,托马斯
428	than a lot of my viewers are.	比我的观众多得多
429	For me, hearing that there's this energy engine in my cells,	对我来说听说我的细胞里有能源引擎
430	and there's trillions of them or billions of them, and they also communicate with each other,	并且它们有数万亿或数十亿个它们之间也相互沟通
431	and when this becomes stressed or hurt or damaged because of lifestyle choices that I make,	当这变得紧张或伤害或损坏因为我的生活方式选择,
432	energy production and inefficiency will change, and that could cause this to die or malfunction	能源生产和效率低下将发生变化,这可能导致这种死亡或故障
433	in some way, that is, for me, I go, I've got it.	某种程度上,那就是,对我来说,我走了,我得到了它。
434	Okay.	摆
435	That's a major step forward.	这是向前迈出的重要一步。
436	Now we build	现在,我们建设
437	upon that.	在那个上面。
438	Yes.	对
439	Now we build upon that.	现在我们在此基础上再接再厉。
440	Okay.	摆
441	So here's the situation.	情况是这样的
442	We've discussed cancer	我们讨论过癌症
443	cells, all of them that we have ever looked at, have defects in the number, structure and function	我们曾经研究过的细胞数量、结构和功能都有缺陷
444	of that organelle.	那个管风琴。
445	Okay.	摆
446	I have looked at, I published that big paper where I spent over	我看过,我发表了那篇大论文在那里我度过
447	a year of my time going through the early electron microscopy literature.	我花了一年时间研究早期电子显微镜文献
448	Warburg didn't have that	沃堡没有那个
449	opportunity because that technology was not there for him, so he speculated that based on the	因为他没有这种技术所以他推测
450	biochemistry, but I went back and I looked at these electron micrographs of mitochondria and	生物化学,但我回到了过去,我看了这些电子微图线粒体和
451	cancers, and they're all damaged.	癌症,它们都损坏了。
452	There is few of them that, Chris, they are gone.	他们中很少有人,克里斯,他们走了。
453	I worked with	我曾经合作过
454	some of the best, like Aris Mendy Murillo, who is a world leader in beautiful electron microscopy of	一些最好的,比如亚里士·门迪·穆里略他是一个世界领先者在美丽的电子显微镜
455	cancer cells, and you can see all the damage under his magnificently beautiful, and we have a couple	癌细胞,你可以看到所有损伤在他的美丽,我们有一对夫妇
456	of papers, but let me tell you something else, Stephen.	但让我告诉你,斯蒂芬。
457	In the cytoplasm, these organelles are	在细胞瘤中,这些器官是
458	also in contact with other cellular membranes, like the endoplasmic reticulum.	也与其他细胞膜接触,如内膜还原.
459	There's a lot of	还有很多
460	organelles inside a cell.	管风琴在牢房里。
461	You have the nucleus, you have the mitochondrion, you have lysosomes.	你有核糖体,有线粒体,有淋巴糖
462	There's intimate contacts between some of the other membranes, mitochondrial associated membranes	其他的膜间有亲密的接触线粒体相关膜
463	we see, and they're also abnormal when you look at them under the electron microscope.	在电子显微镜下看着它们也是不正常的
464	The ones it's talking to are abnormal.	它说话的那些是不正常的。
465	Yeah, the ones that you can see.	是啊,你可以看到的那些。
466	The mitochondria are abnormal and the membranes that contact them	线粒体和接触它们的膜异常
467	are abnormal, and that intimate contact, I'll get into the calcium signaling a little bit later,	和亲密接触, 我会进入钙信号一点点后,
468	which controls the destiny of the cell.	它控制着细胞的命运
469	Why the cell is growing out of control?	为什么细胞变得失控?
470	Well, first of all, it's fermenting.	嗯,首先,它是发酵。
471	That means it's getting energy from sources other than	也就是说它从其他来源获取能量
472	oxidative phosphorylation.	氧化磷脂.
473	You can take a cancer cell and treat it with cyanide or azide, and it's	你可以拿一个癌细胞用氰化物或亚齐德治疗它,它是
474	still living.	还活着。
475	It's still growing because it's not using the oxygen pathway.	它仍在生长,因为它没有使用氧气通道。
476	They're not using the	他们不使用
477	oxygen, falling back on oxygen-independent mechanisms, which are called fermentation.	氧,在氧独立机理上回落,称为发酵.
478	So I understand that to be that there's a malfunction in the mitochondria,	所以我知道线粒体发生故障
479	which means that it no longer uses its oxygen pathway necessarily.	这意味着它不再使用它的氧气通道。
480	As sufficiently as it should.	尽其应.
481	There's always some residual level.	常有余量.
482	And it finds another way to make the energy, which is how it survives.	它找到另一种方法来制造能量, 这就是它如何生存。
483	Yes.	对
484	And then it stops communicating with the rest of the cell.	然后它停止与细胞的其余部分沟通.
485	Well, it actually communicates with the nucleus to open up the floodgates,	其实它能和核糖体沟通打开水闸
486	to bring in the fuels that drive this fermentation energy.	带来驱动这种发酵能量的燃料
487	It gets more and more greedy.	渐渐贪着.
488	It has to because you're taking an organelle that produces energy highly efficiently.	这是因为你正在服用一种能高效生产能量的管风琴。
489	Okay.	摆
490	比如34到36个ATP's.
491	With oxygen.	以氧气.
492	And now you're trying to replace that	而现在你试图取代
493	with fuels that give you two moles of energy.	燃料能给你两只摩尔能量
494	So it's inefficient.	所以效率低下.
495	Very.	甚处来.
496	And then you get two out of the...	然后你得到两个出...
497	So you're getting four.	所以你得到四个。
498	So you have to take in...	所以你必须接受...
499	In order to make up the efficiency, you must have a tremendous logistic.	为了弥补效率,你必须有巨大的后勤能力.
500	You must have tremendous	你一定很厉害
501	supply of the fuels that will give us energy.	提供能给我们能量的燃料
502	Which are?	哪个?
503	Glucose, the sugar.	葡萄糖,糖类。
504	Yeah.	对
505	And the amino acid glutamine.	还有氨基酸谷氨酸
506	Okay.	摆
507	Our bodies are loaded with glutamine.	我们的身体充满了谷氨酸
508	That's the most abundant amino acid in our	这是我们最丰富的氨基酸
509	bloodstream.	血液流动。
510	And evolution provided that for us.	进化为我们提供了它。
511	Because if we stop breathing,	因为如果我们停止呼吸,
512	we use that fuel to keep the cells alive.	我们用燃料来维持细胞的生命
513	Our gut is controlled by glutamine.	我们的肠胃被谷氨酸控制着
514	Our immune system uses glutamine.	我们的免疫系统使用谷氨酸
515	What is glutamine?	什么是谷氨酸吗?
516	It's an amino acid.	是一种氨基酸.
517	Which we make from food.	我们用食物做的
518	Which we can make from food, true.	我们可以用食物来做,真的
519	Or they call essential and non-essential amino acids.	或称必需和非必需的氨基酸.
520	Essentials are from that we must eat.	要点是我们必须吃的东西。
521	We must have certain foods that provide these.	我们必须有一定的食物提供这些。
522	Glutamine is considered a non-essential amino acid.	谷氨酸被认为是非必需的氨基酸.
523	It's an essential amino acid, biochemically	这是必需的氨基酸生化
524	called non-essential, because we can make it from sugar.	叫做非必需的因为我们可以用糖做
525	But basically, it's the most abundant	但基本上,这是最丰富的
526	amino acid in our body.	我们体内的氨基酸
527	I think I get it now.	我想我现在明白了。
528	Okay.	摆
529	Feed me back.	养我回来。
530	Let me test you.	让我来测试你
531	There should be a button just down below here.	这里下面应该有个按钮
532	And if it says subscribed, you're already	如果上面写着签了,你就已经签了
533	subscribed.	订阅。
534	If it says subscriber, that means you're not yet.	如果说是订户,那就说明你还没订户
535	And if you're not subscribed,	如果你没被订阅
536	please could you do us a favour and hit that button.	拜托你帮个忙,按下那个按钮
537	It helps the show more than you know.	这比你知道的更有助于演出
538	And according to the algorithm, you're someone that watches our show,	根据算法你是看我们节目的人
539	but you haven't yet hit that button.	但你还没有按下那个按钮
540	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
541	When we fall, the mitochondria falls to that prehistoric pathway where it starts making	当我们跌倒时,线粒体会掉到史前的路径上它开始制造
542	energy in a really, really inefficient way without using oxygen in the same way.	能量以真正,真正低效的方式, 不使用氧气的方式。
543	It starts relying now on glucose and glutamine to produce that energy, which is a much less	它现在开始依赖葡萄糖和谷氨酸来生产这种能量, 少得多
544	efficient source of energy.	高效能源来源。
545	So it gets a bit more greedy and it needs much more to make the same	所以,它变得有点贪婪, 需要更多的做同样的
546	amount of ATP, which is energy.	ATP 数量,即能量。
547	So these cancer cell can be very, very greedy.	因此这些癌细胞可以非常,非常贪婪.
548	It's not responding	没有反应
549	to oxygen in the same way.	同样的氧气。
550	And they're a bit more selfish.	他们更自私
551	They start sort of multiplying without	他们开始倍增没有
552	thought of the broader organism.	认为更广泛的有机体。
553	Yes.	对
554	So the question I have is, how does this happen?	我的问题是,这怎么会发生?
555	How does this...	这怎么...
556	The malfunctioning of the... What is it that I've done?	故障的... 我做了什麽?
557	You know what I want to ask this question as	你知道我想问的是什么
558	well?	怎么样?
559	It's because children can get these cancers or a 90-year-old can get the cancer.	这是因为孩子可以得到这些癌症或者90岁的孩子可以得到癌症。
560	And it doesn't appear to me that a three-year-old has necessarily made life choices yet that could...	在我看来,一个三岁的孩子已经做出选择了,但是...
561	As I said, when you consider forever chemicals that are in the environment, things that we have,	正如我说的,当你考虑永远的化学物质在环境中,我们拥有的东西,
562	that we use in our technologically advanced societies can get through the placental wall	我们技术先进的社会可以通过胎盘墙
563	and get these into these children's organs.	把这些放到儿童器官里
564	You have to put it together.	你必须把它拼凑起来。
565	Usually it's a	通常是一个
566	constellation of things.	星座的东西。
567	Because don't forget, I said carcinogens.	因为别忘了我说了致癌物
568	Some of these carcinogens	其中一些致癌物
569	are fat soluble.	是脂肪溶解剂。
570	Some of these carcinogens can get in and damage those during early stages of	其中一些致癌物可能会进入并损害那些在早期的致癌物。
571	development.	发展。
572	People always say, how do you explain brain cancer in a six-month-old baby?	人们总是说,你怎么解释一个六个月大的婴儿的脑癌?
573	Okay.	摆
574	He wasn't smoking and drinking and partying all the time.	他不抽烟,喝酒和聚会所有的时间。
575	But the mitochondria	但线粒体
576	and a population of cells in his brain became damaged.	脑中的细胞群受损了
577	And that damage then led to this	伤害导致了这个
578	dysregulated cell growth.	抑制细胞生长.
579	Because the organelle controls when cells should divide and not divide.	因为管风琴控制细胞应该分裂而不是分裂的时间.
580	And then where's the energy coming from?	然后能量从何而来?
581	How do you take a highly sophisticated piece of an organelle	如何拿一个非常精密的风琴
582	and making energy so incredibly efficient?	让能源变得如此高效?
583	And now we're using energy...	现在我们在用能量...
584	This organelle signals to the nucleus called mitochondrial stress response, retrograde signaling.	这种管风琴向核的信号称为线粒体应力反应,反向信号化.
585	The nucleus acts as a respondent to what this organelle wants.	核心是这个管风琴想要的回应者
586	The nucleus then oncogenes,	核果,然后结实,
587	which you've heard a lot about, they open the floodgates to bring in the glucose and glutamine	你听说过很多, 他们打开了洪水门带来葡萄糖和谷氨酸
588	that allow the cell to grow in a dysregulated way.	使细胞以不规范的方式生长。
589	So as you said, they go back to these ancient	所以,正如你说, 他们回到这些古老的
590	fermentation pathways where there was no regulation because this organelle was not part of the	发酵途径,没有规定,因为这个管风琴不属于
591	problem.	问题。
592	So what are the lifestyle factors that are causing this to drastically increase the	是什么生活方式因素导致它急剧增加
593	probability of this happening?	发生这种情况的可能性?
594	It's not necessarily what the person did in all cases.	这不一定是人在所有情况下所做的。
595	It's what the	这是什么
596	person was exposed to that could have elicited this.	被暴露在这种危险之中的人
597	That's the oncogenic paradox.	这就是内生悖论.
598	So we have shown that inflammation produces these cytokines when you have an inflammatory	所以,我们已经证明,炎症产生这些细胞基当你有一个炎症
599	heat inflammation.	热炎.
600	They damage the ability of this organelle to make energy efficiently.	它们破坏了这个管风琴高效制造能量的能力.
601	Chronic inflammation is known to be a risk factor for cancer.	慢性炎症已知是癌症的风险因素.
602	Chronic inflammation.	慢性炎热.
603	Intermittent	间歇性
604	hypoxia.	低血压
605	Carcinogens.	致癌药.
606	What's intermittent hypoxia?	什么是间歇性缺氧症?
607	It's like sleep apnea, that kind of thing.	这就像睡眠阿普涅亚,那种事情。
608	Warburg had clearly shown that intermittent hypoxia on cells would damage the efficiency	Warburg明确表示细胞间歇性缺氧会损害效率
609	of oxidative phosphorylation, leading to a compensatory fermentation.	导致补偿性发酵。
610	So you have to	所以你必须
611	compensate because, let me tell you, if you don't compensate, you're dead.	补偿,因为,让我告诉你, 如果你不补偿,你已经死了。
612	The cell dies.	细胞死亡。
613	When we look at the populations around the world that have the most prevalence of cancer,	当我们观察全世界癌症发病率最高的人口时
614	it doesn't appear to be some of the countries like Niger, Gambia, Nepal consistently rank at	似乎不像尼日尔、冈比亚、尼泊尔等一些国家一样,
615	the very bottom for cancer incidence.	癌症发病的底部。
616	Conversely, high-income countries like Australia, New Zealand,	反之,澳大利亚、新西兰、新西兰等高收入国家,
617	and the United States have the highest rates of cancer.	美国的癌症发病率最高。
618	Why is that?	为什么?
619	It's because of our	是因为我们
620	technology.	技术。
621	We are still paleolithic man, and our biology has allowed us to store energy	我们还是苍白石人我们的生物学让我们可以储存能量
622	efficiently because of times of famine.	由于饥荒,
623	We are now in a new environment where we have massive	我们正处在一个新的环境里我们拥有巨大的
624	amounts of highly processed carbohydrates, inactivity, emotional stress.	高度加工的碳水化合物、不活动、情绪压力。
625	We have poor	我们穷
626	sleep habits.	睡眠习惯。
627	You pile all those together with the exposure to carcinogens and whatever,	你把这些和致癌物的接触一起堆积起来
628	and you chronically damage this organelle.	你长期破坏这个风琴
629	In some organs, you can get breast cancer,	在某些器官中,你可以患乳腺癌
630	if it's a lung.	若为肺.
631	Whatever it is, that organelle becomes chronically damaged in some populations	不管是什么器官在部分人群中长期受损
632	of cells in a particular organ, and you can elicit dysregulated cell growth as the result of that.	细胞在某个器官中生长, 并因此引起细胞生长障碍。
633	What I find is in the paper that we have with the chart, if you can keep your mitochondria healthy,	我发现的是我们手上的报纸上的图表如果你能保持你的线粒体健康
634	just don't forget, paleolithic man, our ancestors from 500,000 years ago, or modern men, like you	别忘了,苍白的人类,我们50万年前的祖先或现代人,像你一样
635	said in these countries, living according to traditional ways with minimal interference from	说,在这些国家,按照传统方式生活,极少受到来自
636	modern diet and lifestyle issues, have lower amount of cancer in general.	现代饮食和生活方式问题,癌症普遍较少。
637	This is what Albert	这是阿尔伯特
638	Weitzer found, the famous humanitarian physician.	魏策发现,著名人道主义医生.
639	He was specifically looking for cancer in African	他专门在非洲寻找癌症
640	tribes, and he said, remarkably, it's extremely low.	部落,他说, 显著,这是极低的。
641	What are these guys doing where Western	这些家伙在西部做什么?
642	society has a lot of cancer and these Africans living according to the traditional ways?	社会上有很多癌症这些非洲人按照传统的方式生活?
643	They have a lot of exercise.	他们有很多锻炼。
644	They're eating all organic foods.	他们正在吃所有的有机食品。
645	They're not under the same kind	他们不在同类之下
646	of stress or exposure to chemicals that modern societies have, and you find out you have very	压力或接触现代社会的化学品, 你发现你有非常
647	low cancer.	低癌症。
648	Like, for example, dogs are all evolved from the wolf.	比如说,狗都是从狼中演化出来的.
649	Wolves in the wild rarely	野外的狼很少会这样
650	have cancer.	得了癌症。
651	The domestic dog, cancer is the number one killer of the domestic dog.	家犬,癌症是家犬的头号杀手.
652	What is the dog	什么是狗吗?
653	doing at the wolf?	做在狼吗?
654	The wolf is out running around eating natural foods.	狼正在到处吃自然食物
655	The dog is in an apartment	狗在一间公寓里
656	somewhere, gets a dog walker once a day, right?	某处,得到一个狗行尸一天一次,对不对?
657	And the next thing, the dog is obese and full of	接下来,狗肥胖了
658	cancer.	癌症。癌症。
659	So it all comes down to what you do to maintain the health and vitality of the mitochondria	所以,一切都取决于你如何维持线粒体的健康和活力
660	that reduce the risk, and that's what this chart I'll show you has, reduce the risk of	降低风险,这就是这个图表我会告诉你,降低风险
661	damaging this chronically, okay?	长期破坏,好吗?
662	So that can explain in large part why modern societies	因此,这在很大程度上可以解释为什么现代社会
663	are struggling with chronic diseases.	正在与慢性病作斗争。
664	Not only cancer, we have type 2 diabetes, we have obesity,	不仅是癌症,我们有2型糖尿病,我们有肥胖症,
665	we have blood pressure, we have a whole, even neuropsychiatric problems.	我们有血压, 我们有一个整体, 甚至神经心理问题。
666	If you can protect	如果你能保护
667	and keep this organelle healthy, you reduce risk.	并保持这个器官健康, 你减少风险。
668	Now, people say, well, cancer has to be genetic,	人们说癌症必须是遗传性的
669	because we have inherited genes that put us at higher risk, like the BRCA1 for breast cancer,	因为我们继承了基因使我们处于更高的风险, 像BRCA1 对于乳腺癌,
670	还有Li-Fraumeni 治疗各种其他癌症
671	Our paper in this pile, done by Bob Kaplan,	鲍勃·卡普兰的论文
672	he went through and looked at all the genetic risk.	他经历了所有遗传风险
673	Which paper is it?	哪张纸?
674	It's one of the ones published	这是出版的
675	in oncology.	在肿瘤学。
676	But none of these mutations are 100% penetrant, meaning that they're secondary risk	但是这些突变都不是百分之百的, 意味着它们是次要风险
677	factors.	因素。
678	A primary risk factor would be every time that mutation is there, 100% of the people,	主要的风险因素是每次突变发生时 100%的人
679	because I work in Tay-Sachs disease, I work in worn areas of metabolism, those mutations are 100%	因为我在Tay-Sachs病里工作, 我在旧的代谢区工作, 这些突变是100%的
680	responsible for that condition.	对这种情况负责。
681	There's no gene mutation that's 100% penetrant.	没有基因突变是100%的穿孔.
682	You have that gene,	你有那个基因,
683	you've got 100% good cancer.	你有100%的好癌症。
684	Most of them are what they call incompletely penetrant.	它们大多是它们所谓的不完整的穿透体.
685	So what does that tell us about the nature of... Well, and then we went back.	那告诉我们什么是... 然后我们回去了
686	What Bob did is he	鲍勃做的是他
687	went back and he looked at what every one of those gene mutations in some way disturbs the	回到了过去,他看着这些基因的变异以某种方式干扰了它
688	efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in that organelle.	氧化磷在那个管子中的效率。
689	In the mitochondria.	在线粒体。
690	We have all the evidence, all the risk factor, all the genetic... Just	我们有所有的证据,所有的风险因素,所有的遗传... 刚刚
691	the front page there.	头版
692	I wasn't going to show you the hard data, but you got it.	我本来不打算给你看硬数据但你懂的
693	So anyway,	所以不管怎样
694	all of them damage the efficiency of energy through this organelle.	它们都通过这个管风琴破坏了能源的效率。
695	So that's like carcinogens,	这就像致癌物,
696	that's like viral infections.	这就像病毒感染。
697	The viruses, like hepatoma and papilloma,	病毒,如肝瘤和乳头瘤
698	their products will go in here and damage it, or they will replicate inside this organelle,	他们的产品会在这里破坏, 或者他们会复制在这个管风琴,
699	screwing up the efficiency, causing a compensatory fermentation, causing the	破坏效率,引起补偿性发酵,导致
700	dysregulated cell growth through abnormal calcium signaling, causing cells to no longer	通过异常的钙信号来抑制细胞生长,导致细胞不再存在.
701	be responsive to their neighbors.	回应他们的邻居
702	Is that clear?	明白了吗?
703	If I can make you understand this,	如果我能让你明白
704	we can make everybody understand this.	我们可以让每个人都明白这一点。
705	Yeah.	对
706	So the reason I spend a lot of time	所以我花了很多时间
707	asking why and asking for clarification is because when I do the show, I then go out into	问为什么和要求澄清是因为当我做这个节目,然后我出去
708	the real world and I meet the people that listen.	真实的世界我遇见了倾听的人
709	And one of the groups of people that listens are	倾听的人群之一
710	young offenders.	年轻罪犯。
711	And when I went and visited them, I pointed at the episodes that I thought	当我去拜访他们时,我指着我想的几集
712	would help them.	将帮助他们。
713	And one of the young offenders said to me, I can't listen to that episode because	其中一个年轻罪犯对我说我不能听那集因为...
714	the words you used were too big.	你用过的词太大了
715	And I remember thinking to myself...	我还记得在想...
716	I get that all the time, but guess what?	我一直都知道,但你知道吗?
717	Now we have AI and you can take	现在我们有了人工智能,你可以接受
718	these statements and put it into AI and it'll dumb it down for you.	把这些声明放进人工智能里会让你失望的
719	So that's a tool that we	这就是我们的工具
720	previously did not have.	以前没有。
721	So I use that all the time.	所以我一直用这个
722	I said, when you hear me speak like this,	我说,当你听到我这样说,
723	don't think I'm Eric.	别以为我是埃里克
724	These are the terms that we use when you're part of the academy.	这些都是我们使用的术语当你是学院的一部分。
725	But we can take those terms now and AI can do a wonderful job in synthesizing.	但我们现在可以接受这些条件,AI在合成方面可以做一个出色的工作.
726	Oh yeah,	对
727	I know what he's talking about now.	我知道他在说什么
728	But without that tool, then it becomes like you said,	但是没有那个工具,它就会变成你说的,
729	well, I can't understand anything.	好吧,我什么也听不懂。
730	I've got 60 seconds and I'm going to show you how much	我有60秒,我要告诉你多少钱
731	I can get done because of our sponsor called Whisper Flow.	因为我们的赞助商叫Whisper Flow,我可以完成
732	And for those of you that don't	而对于你们这些不
733	know what it is, it's a business I invested in that turns your speech into text in any app	我投资了一笔生意让你的演讲变成任何应用程序的文字
734	or device.	或设备。
735	I'm going to post into our Slack channel, which rewards whichever team member	我将发布到我们的Slack频道, 它奖励任何团队成员
736	conducted the most experiments this week.	本周进行的实验最多
737	Hi everyone.	大家好,你们好
738	Here is this week's experimenter of	这是本周的实验者
739	the week.	这周
740	祝贺CEO拖车团队的日记,该团队是Ant,Liv,Dom和Cam.
741	You guys have won.	你们赢了。
742	Okay, now I'm going to open Gmail.	好吧,现在我要打开Gmail。
743	So here is one of our founders on an email	所以,这里是我们的创始人之一在电子邮件
744	chain that I want to connect my team with.	我要把我的团队连接起来
745	All I have to say is add my team's emails and Whisper	我只要加上我的团队的邮件和微声
746	will do exactly that.	将完全做到这一点。
747	Now a quick message to Juan, who does my schedule every single week.	现在给胡安一个短讯, 他每周都会做我的日程安排。
748	Hey Juan,	嘿,胡安,
749	can I record on Wednesday at two p- actually no, let's record at three p.m. on Wednesday.	我可以在周三下午两点录音,实际上不, 让我们在周三下午三点录音。
750	Whisper Flow is four times faster than typing and it is incredibly easy to use.	耳语流速比打字快四倍,而且非常容易使用。
751	So if you want to	如果你愿意的话
752	试试看,你要做的就是低声说话 is slash Steven to develop it today. 今天,我砍了史蒂文来下载它。
753	If you know me, and if you've listened to this podcast before, you'll know how obsessed I am	如果你了解我如果你之前听过这个播客你会知道我有多着迷的
754	with sleep.	和睡觉。
755	I've been on a bit of a journey with sleep.	我睡了一会儿
756	I see it as the single most important thing	我认为这是最重要的事情
757	that I have the privilege of having control over.	我有幸能掌控一切
758	And that's exactly what our sponsor,	这正是我们的赞助商,
759	8Sleep, are.	睡觉,是的。
760	It's a very, very intelligent piece of material to sleep on.	这是一个非常,非常聪明的材料睡觉。
761	Here's what the 8Sleep	这是8号睡眠
762	pod does.	舱有。
763	It monitors your body while you're sleeping and with that AI, it adjusts the	你睡觉的时候它会监视你的身体与人工智能,它会调整
764	temperature for you using billions and billions and billions of hours of sleep data.	使用数十亿亿小时的睡眠数据
765	And members	成员
766	have reported up to a 34% deeper sleep and falling asleep up to 44% faster.	报告睡眠深度达34%,睡眠速度达44%。
767	Me and my fiance, Melanie,	我和我未婚夫梅兰妮
768	sleep on different parts of the bed and it adjusts my part of the bed to my body and her part of the	睡在床的不同部分, 它调整我的部分床到我的身体和她的那部分
769	bed to her body.	躺在她身体的床边
770	所以,如果你想了解更多关于这个舱, 去8sleep.com slash Steven。
771	Big opportunity.	大机会
772	I'm not kidding.	我没有开玩笑。
773	Give it a try.	试试看
774	I really want to just make sure I tick off the box	我真的想确保我从盒子里掉下来
775	of cause factors.	原因因素。
776	So you mentioned stress.	所以你提到了压力。
777	You mentioned sleep.	你提到睡觉。
778	I currently don't have cancer,	我目前没有癌症
779	God forbid, but I want to do everything I can to prevent the probability.	上帝保佑但我想尽我所能防止发生这种可能性
780	And from what I've	从我身上
781	understood, that means protecting my mitochondrial function by living a lifestyle where I'm not	理解,这意味着保护我的线粒体功能通过过一种生活方式
782	creating this sort of like crazy oxidative stress on the mitochondria.	在线粒体上产生这种疯狂的氧化应力。
783	So give me a prescription of	所以给我开个处方
784	how I should live my life to keep my mitochondria healthy.	我该怎么过我的生活保持我的线粒体健康
785	Well, that's why we developed the	这就是为什么我们开发了
786	glucose ketone index calculator, the first biomarker tool that can allow people to know	葡萄糖酮指数计算器,第一个可以让人们知道的生物标记工具
787	the level of health of their mitochondria.	他们的线粒体的健康水平。
788	Because when you shift from carbohydrate fuel	因为当你从碳水化合物燃料转移
789	to lipid fuel, what's lipid fuel?	脂质燃料, 什么是脂质燃料?
790	Fat.	发胖.
791	So ketones are a water soluble breakdown product of	所以酮是水溶解产物
792	fatty acids.	脂肪酸盐.
793	Okay.	摆
794	So we store adipose tissue.	所以我们储存脂肪组织。
795	We store fat, which is the belly fat all over.	我们储存脂肪,这是腹部脂肪。
796	We	我们
797	have fat on the outside.	外头有肥胖的
798	Yeah.	对
799	So on the outside, that was there because as a species, we had to	所以在外表,那是因为作为一个物种,我们不得不
800	survive in the most harsh environments and food was not always there.	在最恶劣的环境中生存,食物并不总是在那里。
801	So we had to survive all	所以我们必须活下来
802	kinds of famine, all kinds of absence of food.	各种饥荒, 各种缺乏食物。
803	It's a machine that was home over millions of	这台机器曾经是超过数百万人的家
804	years to be super efficient.	年复一年的超级高效。
805	Glucose is gold.	胶是金.
806	Sugar.	苏糖.
807	Okay.	摆
808	You either burn it or you can store	你要么烧掉,要么就储存起来
809	it as fat.	它像脂肪一样。
810	Okay.	摆
811	That's the key.	这是关键。
812	But when you have, you're not bringing in sugar, that stored	但是,当你有,你不会带糖,储存
813	fat now moves into the bloodstream, goes to the liver.	脂肪现在进入血液进入肝脏
814	It's like taking a branch and putting it	这就像拿一个树枝放在
815	in a chopper and you outcome these little soluble ketone bodies.	在直升机上,你结果这些小可溶性酮体。
816	They're breakdown products of long	长的破碎产物
817	chain fatty acids.	链状脂肪酸.
818	They can replace sugar for the brain, for the muscles, for most other cells in	它们可以取代大脑,肌肉,大多数其他细胞的糖
819	body except erythrocytes, but they can replace the energy of glucose.	除了红细胞外,它们还可以取代葡萄糖的能量.
820	Okay.	摆
821	And that's how we	我们就是这样
822	evolved.	进化。
823	But we're now in an environment where we have massive amounts of highly processed	但是,我们现在所处的环境我们有大量的高加工
824	carbohydrates and we don't want to pee them out unless you have diabetes or something.	碳水化合物,我们不想尿出来除非你有糖尿病什么的。
825	So we store	所以,我们储存
826	them as fat.	他们像脂肪。
827	So we have an obesity epidemic as the result of our evolutionary ability to store energy,	因此,我们有一个肥胖流行因为我们的进化能力储存能量,
828	which kept us alive as a species.	它让我们作为一个物种活着。
829	Because if we were unable to store the fat in 500,000,	因为如果我们不能在50万之内储存脂肪
830	we would evolve and you and I, this conversation would never exist.	我们会进化,你和我, 这种对话永远不会存在。
831	We would never have existed as	我们永远不会像
832	a species except for our ability to store energy.	除了我们储存能量的能力之外
833	And we burn energy efficiently in these organelles.	我们在这些管风琴中高效燃烧能量。
834	So this is all a very highly efficient machine.	这都是非常高效的机器。
835	So when we lose that ability, when we have so	所以,当我们失去这种能力, 当我们有这样
836	much energy in the environment, stress and no exercise, all this, we store more and more fat.	环境里很多能量,压力和没有运动, 所有这一切,我们储存越来越多的脂肪。
837	We produce an environment that's very damaging to this organelle.	我们创造了一种对这个器官非常有害的环境。
838	But say that again.	再说一遍
839	So how does stress impact that?	那压力会怎样影响呢?
840	Stress elevates corticosteroids.	压力提升皮质类固醇。
841	When you're under stress, you get into a fight, into an argument,	当你承受压力时,你就会打斗,争吵
842	or you're stressed out by business deal gone bad, whatever.	或者你因为商业交易而压力很大不管怎么样
843	Corticosteroids elevate blood sugar,	皮质类固醇可以提升血糖,
844	contributing to systemic inflammation.	助长系统炎症。
845	It's okay for a short period of time to be pissed off at	在很短的一段时间里生气是没问题的
846	something.	东西。
847	But it's the chronic stress, the chronic, like looking at the cell phone, doom	但是,这是慢性压力,慢性, 像看手机,末日
848	scrolling, all this kind of crazy stuff, while eating the big Twinkie, doom scrolling, eating	卷卷,所有这种疯狂的东西, 同时吃大甜饼,末日卷卷,吃
849	Twinkies, not moving.	蛋糕,不要动。
850	All of this creates stress on this organelle in some population of cells.	这一切在一些细胞群中给这个器官造成了压力.
851	It makes it work harder.	这会使它更困难。
852	It's damaging because you produce reactive species that damage the efficiency of this organelle to	它的破坏,因为你产生的反应性物种损害这个器官的效率
853	effectively.	有效地。
854	And that either will kill the cell gradually if it can't use compensatory	如果细胞不能使用补偿,它就会逐渐死亡
855	fermentation or predispose you to cancer.	发酵或倾向致癌.
856	So either way, it's unhealthy.	所以不管怎样,都是不健康的.
857	So we have chronic	所以我们有慢性病
858	disease.	诸病.
859	Cancer is the number one big dog in the chronic disease world.	癌症是慢性病世界的头号大狗.
860	I mean, it's the one that	我的意思是,这是一个
861	people fear the most.	人们最害怕。
862	Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, all of these are part of damage	2型糖尿病心血管疾病痴呆症这些都是损伤的一部分
863	this organelle in one way or another.	这个管风琴以某种方式。
864	And like I said, for Parkinson's disease, when that organelle	就像我说的,帕金森病, 当那个管风琴
865	gets damaged, the cells of the substantia nigra die.	受到破坏硝化亚基的细胞会死亡
866	They are incapable of compensating with	他们无法赔偿
867	fermentation.	发酵.
868	So they up and die.	所以他们起来死。
869	Cancer is very rare in neurons of the brain.	癌症在大脑的神经元中非常罕见.
870	Neurons, the glial	神经,滑翔
871	cells of the brain form these brain tumors mostly.	大脑的细胞主要形成这些脑瘤.
872	But neurons can't compensate with fermentation.	但神经元无法用发酵来补偿.
873	They die.	他们死了。
874	So you either get compensatory ancient fermentation leading to dysregulated cell growth,	所以,你要么得到补偿古代发酵导致细胞生长障碍,
875	which we call cancer, or we get cell death leading to chronic diseases.	我们称之为癌症或者细胞死亡导致慢性病
876	What about sleep then?	那睡觉呢?
877	What's going on with sleep that's causing?	何因睡眠而导致.
878	Sleep is a way we can restore the energy efficiency of the mitochondria.	睡眠是恢复线粒体能源效率的一种方法。
879	If we're well slept.	如果我们睡得很好的话
880	If we have good sleep, yeah.	如果我们有良好的睡眠,是的。
881	You know, everybody feels good when you have a good night's sleep.	你知道,每个人都感觉很好当你有一个美好的夜晚的睡眠。
882	Your body feels rejuvenated because you're not stressing out.	你的身体恢复了活力因为你没有压力
883	You're reducing the ability of	你在减低能力
884	this organelle to manage the metabolic environment.	这个管风琴来管理新陈代谢环境
885	If you're up all night and you're like stressed	如果你整夜不睡,又紧张
886	out and you're never given this organelle in a particular cell in a particular part of the	出来,你从来没有给这个管风琴在特定的细胞在特定的部分
887	body, you know, you get neuropsychiatric problems, you can get digestive problems,	身体,你知道,你有神经心理问题, 你可以有消化问题,
888	you can get cancer, you can get type two diabetes, you have a whole and we put it in the paper there,	你可以得癌症,可以得2型糖尿病, 你有一个整体,我们把它放在报纸上,
889	all the different stress, all the different things that can chronically or acutely damage	所有不同的压力,所有不同的东西可能长期或严重损坏
890	oxidative phosphorylation.	氧化磷脂.
891	So sleep basically gives the mitochondria a little bit of a break.	因此睡眠基本上让线粒体稍稍休息.
892	Yes, it gives your whole body a break, let's be honest.	是的,它让你整个身体休息, 让我们说实话。
893	But you pile those things on together.	但你把这些东西堆在一起
894	Lack of exercise, our ancestors, what do you think,	缺乏锻炼,我们的祖先, 你怎么看,
895	our ancestors?	我们的祖先?
896	You know how hard it is to run down and kill a big buffalo or a woolly mammoth?	你知道跑下去杀死一只大水牛或羊毛猛兽有多难吗?
897	I mean, you're exhausted after doing something.	我的意思是,你累了之后做一些事情。
898	As a matter of fact, you chase these animals, you separate, and this is another thing was really	事实上,你追逐这些动物,你分开, 这是另一回事,真的
899	interesting, came out of Israel, I think it was last year.	有趣的是,从以色列出来,我想是去年。
900	They looked at the cavemen,	他们看着洞穴人,
901	what they were eating.	他们吃的东西。
902	They were eating the strongest members of the herd.	他们吃了最强壮的牛群
903	Leading to the indirect extinction of these animals, they found out that if you can eat	导致这些动物的间接灭绝他们发现如果你能吃
904	the strongest member of the herd, you'll get the vitality of that buffalo or elephant or whatever	牛群中最强壮的成员, 你会得到水牛或大象的活力
905	the hell they were eating, because they knew the marrow and the physiology of that organism	因为他们知道那个生物的髓和生理
906	at that point in its life could provide you with the strength that that had.	在其生命的那一时刻能够提供你拥有的力量。
907	Now, when you eat the strongest members of the herd, because you want to be tough,	现在,当你吃最强的畜群成员, 因为你想要坚强,
908	you're putting the old and the young vulnerable to predators, leading to the extinction.	你让老人和年轻人容易受到掠食者的伤害导致灭绝
909	And this is what a big paper came out of Israel.	这就是以色列的一份大报。
910	They looked at these cavemen, what they were	他们看着这些洞穴人,他们是什么
911	eating like 500,000 years ago, whatever they were doing.	吃得像50万年前一样不管他们在做什么
912	So humans indirectly caused extinction of	所以人类间接导致了灭绝
913	other species, in part, not only in part, because they were eating the toughest guys in the herd.	其他的物种, 一部分, 不仅仅是一部分, 因为他们正在吃最艰难的家伙在群。
914	So because they felt that if I eat those guys, I'm going to be strong too.	因为他们觉得如果我吃了那些家伙,我也会坚强起来。
915	And in a way,	在某种程度上,
916	they're right.	他们是对的。
917	But all of it has to do with the energy efficiency of your muscles, your brain,	但是这一切都与你的肌肉和大脑的能源效率有关
918	your ability to be resilient, endurance.	你有能力有弹性,耐力。
919	I'm telling you, these guys were chiseled.	我告诉你,这些家伙被打晕了。
920	They weren't dying from type 2 diabetes, cancer, dementia.	他们不会死于2型糖尿病,癌症,痴呆症.
921	They were dying from infections and	他们死于感染
922	injuries and child mortality.	受伤和儿童死亡率。
923	We're mostly killing our Paleolithic ancestors.	我们大多是杀死旧石器时代的祖先.
924	But when you bring	但当你带来
925	your body back into a low glucose ketone, you're actually going back like you were.	你的身体回到一个低糖酮, 你实际上会像以前一样回去。
926	And this is	这是
927	why we developed the glucose ketone index.	为什么我们开发了葡萄糖酮指数。
928	What is in that envelope in front of you?	你面前的信封里装的是什么?
929	Well, this is a paper that's under embargo because they think it's going to be,	这是一份被封锁的文件因为他们认为...
930	the world thinks it's going to be very important.	全世界认为这很重要
931	And what it is, this is a way to keep that organelle	是什么,这是保持风琴的方法
932	healthy.	健康点
933	So this is a way to manage energy efficiency in the body.	所以这是管理体内能源效率的方法。
934	And this hasn't been released yet?	这个还没放出来?
935	It hasn't been released.	未释.
936	Okay, it's coming out.	好吧,它出来了。
937	It's going to be a lead article	这将是一篇主要文章
938	for the Frontiers in Science.	在科学的前沿。
939	And not only that, the paper was written for the scientists.	不仅如此论文是为科学家写的
940	And then the journal decided to make a second copy for, they call Young Minds.	然后,该期刊决定制作第二本副本, 他们叫永明。
941	So letting kids	所以让孩子们
942	that are like 8 to 12 or 14 years old synthesize it down.	大约8到12岁或14岁的时候合成它
943	And one of my colleagues said that's	我的一位同事说
944	probably what most people will be reading because they don't want to know about the bioenergetics	也许大多数人会读什么因为他们不想了解生物能量
945	that actually goes on inside this organelle to explain why this chart means something.	解释为什么这个图表意味着什么
946	And you've been working on this for some time?	你一直在研究这个?
947	Well, I built a GKI.	我建了一个GKI
948	So let me tell you the story.	让我告诉你这个故事。
949	There was a woman, an American woman,	有个女人一个美国女人
950	a lawyer, Trudy DuPont, who developed a kind of a brainstem tumor.	一个律师,特鲁迪·杜庞特, 他发展了一种脑瘤。
951	And after I wrote my book,	在我写书之后
952	that book there, that's my only book.	那本书是我唯一一本书
953	Anyway, Trudy wanted to use this metabolic therapy.	总之,特鲁迪想用这种代谢疗法.
954	She stayed alive much longer, over 10 years with this.	她活得更久 10年多都这样
955	She eventually passed away,	她最终去世了,
956	unfortunately.	很遗憾
957	So I was measuring, because we knew that the tumor cells needed sugar to grow.	所以我在测量,因为我们知道肿瘤细胞需要糖来生长。
958	Otto Werberg showed that, and many other people showed that.	奥托·维尔伯格(英语:Otto Werberg)表明了这一点,许多其他人也表明了这一点.
959	And they can't burn ketones,	他们不能烧酮,
960	because you need a very efficient mitochondria to burn ketones for energy.	因为你需要一个非常高效的线粒体来燃烧酮作为能量。
961	Our normal cells	我们的正常细胞
962	can burn ketones for energy, and that gives us tremendous, we can actually breathe lower	可以燃烧酮作为能量, 这给我们巨大的,我们实际上可以呼吸更低
963	oxygen, more energy, if you can burn ketones efficiently in this organelle.	氧气,更多的能量,如果你能在这种管风琴中有效燃烧酮.
964	But if the organelle	但是,如果风琴
965	is damaged, they can't use the ketones.	他们不能使用酮。
966	They can't burn fatty acids or ketones,	他们不能烧脂肪酸或酮,
967	which stores lipid drops.	储存脂滴。
968	It's one of these big papers here.	这是这些大文件之一。
969	Steven, you can't believe how people	史蒂芬,你简直不敢相信
970	misinterpret information.	错误的信息。
971	They see droplets of fatty acids in the cytoplanes.	它们看到细胞平面中的脂肪酸液滴.
972	You see the cancer	你看见癌症了
973	cell needs all that fatty acid.	细胞需要所有的脂肪酸。
974	No, they can't.	不,他们不能。
975	It's there to protect them.	它在那里保护他们。
976	狦稱 burn
977	it, they blow this up and die.	它,他们炸了这个并死了。
978	So there is a storage of fat.	因此,有一个储存的脂肪。
979	They can't burn fatty acids	他们不能烧脂肪酸
980	or ketone bodies.	或酮体.
981	So I knew cancer needed glucose, and I knew cancer couldn't burn fatty acids or	所以我知道癌症需要葡萄糖我知道癌症不能烧脂肪酸
982	fatty acids.	脂肪酸盐.
983	So I'm measuring glucose and ketones independently in Trudy.	我在楚蒂独立测量葡萄糖和酮。
984	She's doing the finger	她的手指在动
985	prick thing, sending me the information back and saying, oh, here's my glucose, here's my ketones.	蠢货,给我回信息说,哦,我的葡萄糖,我的酮。
986	Okay.	摆
987	So I have a ketone glucose reader in front of me.	因此,我有一个酮葡萄糖阅读器在我面前。
988	If I put my blood on this strip,	如果我把我的血在这个条,
989	it tells me my glucose levels.	它告诉我的葡萄糖水平。
990	If I put my blood on this strip, it tells me my ketone levels.	如果我把我的血液在这个条, 它告诉我的酮水平。
991	Right.	对
992	But if you look at them independently, glucose is very volatile, very variable.	但是,如果你独立地看它们, 葡萄糖是非常不稳定的,非常可变的。
993	And this is why I developed the glucose-ketone ratio, because Trudy had a parking spot that was	这就是为什么我开发了葡萄糖-酮的比例, 因为特鲁迪有一个停车位是
994	for handicapped, because she had a cane.	因为她有拄杖
995	Her brainstem glioma was preventing her from walking	她的脑胶瘤阻止她走路
996	as effectively as normal.	和正常一样有效
997	So somebody took her parking spot.	有人抢了她停车位
998	She was bullshit.	她是废话。
999	So she ran upstairs	所以她跑上楼
1000	and took her blood sugar, and it was 186 milligrams per deciliter.	并服用了她的血糖, 每升186毫克。
1001	It was very, very high.	它非常,非常高。
1002	And I know she was on a ketotic diet.	我知道她正在吃点药
1003	And she emails me and says, I'm going to die,	她给我发邮件说,我要死了,
1004	my cancer is going to grow fast.	我的癌症会长得很快
1005	What's going on?	这是怎么回事?
1006	She said, my blood sugar is like 186,	她说我的血糖就像186
1007	and you told me it was supposed to be 60 or 50, 65 in that zone.	你告诉我,它应该是60或50,65 在那个区域。
1008	So I said, what's your ketone	所以我说,什么是你的酮
1009	level?	关卡?
1010	Oh, it's still like you just had 0.4 millimolar, or I think it was 0.9 millimolar.	哦,它仍然像你刚刚有0.4毫莫拉, 或者我认为它是0.9毫莫拉。
1011	I said, well, that didn't change, right?	我说,嗯,那没有改变,对不对?
1012	No, just the sugar changed.	不,只是糖变了
1013	所以我对在Josh Meidenbauer工作的学生说,Josh,试图衡量
1014	these two independently versus a bullshit, this is hard to figure out.	这两个独立对一个废话, 这是很难想象的。
1015	So what we decided to do	所以,我们决定做什么
1016	in millimolar, because glucose comes out in milligram per deciliter, whereas ketones come	以毫摩尔计,因为葡萄糖以毫克/十升计,而酮来
1017	out in millimolar.	在迈里莫尔。
1018	So we had to convert glucose to millimolar and divide it by the ketone in	所以我们不得不把葡萄糖转换成米摩尔然后用酮分化成
1019	millimolar.	弥勒摩.
1020	And then you get a number that's not all over the world.	然后你得到的号码,不是全世界。
1021	It's very stable.	非常稳定.
1022	So because of Trudy, that one cancer patient, we developed the ratio of this.	因此,由于特鲁迪, 一个癌症患者, 我们发展了这个比例。
1023	Then later on,	后来
1024	we realized that this ratio is a statement of how healthy your mitochondria actually are.	我们意识到这个比例是表明你的线粒体实际上有多健康。
1025	So when you have these low ratio, you're a paleolithic man.	所以,当你有这些低比例, 你是一个苍白石的人。
1026	You're back in the zone where	你回到那个区域
1027	we didn't have chronic diseases because we didn't have damage to the organelle that would cause	我们没有慢性病,因为我们没有损伤风琴会导致
1028	those diseases.	这些疾病。
1029	So paleolithic man, think, where are they getting their pastries?	所以,古石人,想, 他们从哪里得到的糕点?
1030	Where are they	他们在哪里?
1031	getting their cakes and sweets and all this other kind?	得到他们的蛋糕和甜品和所有这些其他类型的?
1032	They didn't have it.	他们没有
1033	They weren't there	他们不在那里
1034	because of choice.	因为选择。
1035	They were there because of circumstance.	他们在那里是因为情况。
1036	And we learned paleolithic man	我们学会了苍白石人
1037	was always in some sort of a state of some ketosis because they wouldn't have food for periods.	一直处于某种病态因为他们有一段时间没有食物了
1038	They	他们
1039	were very active in their exercise.	他们非常活跃地进行活动。
1040	They didn't have chronic diseases, but they had other kinds	他们没有慢性病,但他们有其他的病
1041	of diseases.	治疗疾病。
1042	So then, my student, Derek Lee, myself and myself, and Derek and myself, myself and	所以,我的学生,德里克·李, 我和我自己, 德里克和我自己,我自己和

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