《经济学人》多国向高糖高盐“开战”：从黑标警告到垃圾食品税

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P1	《经济学人》多国向高糖高盐“开战”：从黑标警告到垃圾食品税	11:15

P1 · 《经济学人》多国向高糖高盐“开战”：从黑标警告到垃圾食品税 [B2] p01 原声 (P1)

《经济学人》多国向高糖高盐“开战”：从黑标警告到垃圾食品税 [B2] p01 原声 (P1)

发布于 2026-10-15 · 时长 11:15

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:02	International.	国际.
0:06	Junk food.	烂食.
0:08	The state versus sugar, salt and fat.	州与糖,盐和肥.
0:13	After years of nagging	经过多年的抱怨
0:14	people to eat more healthily, governments are trying more radical measures.	政府试图采取更激进的措施,
0:20	Sunday afternoons in Simon Bonivar Park are an orgy of calories.	西蒙·博尼瓦尔公园的周日下午是热量狂欢
0:25	Many stalls in this green	这绿色的很多摊位
0:26	corner of Colombia's capital, Bogotá, sell obleas, sandwiches of wafers stuffed with	哥伦比亚首都波哥大的一角, 出售面额, 三明治的饼夹
0:32	layers of fattening fillings, including syrups, jams, caramel and cheese.	包括糖浆、果酱、焦糖和奶酪。
0:37	An acid green bubblegum	酸绿泡泡

展开字幕全文（179 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	International.	国际.
2	Junk food.	烂食.
3	The state versus sugar, salt and fat.	州与糖,盐和肥.
4	After years of nagging	经过多年的抱怨
5	people to eat more healthily, governments are trying more radical measures.	政府试图采取更激进的措施,
6	Sunday afternoons in Simon Bonivar Park are an orgy of calories.	西蒙·博尼瓦尔公园的周日下午是热量狂欢
7	Many stalls in this green	这绿色的很多摊位
8	corner of Colombia's capital, Bogotá, sell obleas, sandwiches of wafers stuffed with	哥伦比亚首都波哥大的一角, 出售面额, 三明治的饼夹
9	layers of fattening fillings, including syrups, jams, caramel and cheese.	包括糖浆、果酱、焦糖和奶酪。
10	An acid green bubblegum	酸绿泡泡
11	sauce is among the enticing options.	酱汁是诱人的选项之一。
12	Life's too short not to eat the food that you love,	生命太短,不能吃你爱的食物
13	reads a sign above one of the stalls.	在一个摊位上读到一个标志。
14	So Colombians evidently believe a quarter of them are obese, according to the UN's	哥伦比亚人显然认为其中四分之一是肥胖,
15	World Health Organization, a share that has risen five-fold since 1980.	世界卫生组织的份额自1980年以来增加了五倍。
16	Diabetes, high	糖尿病,高
17	The health care system, already severely underfunded and then stretched almost to breaking point	保健制度已经严重资金不足,然后几乎达到突破点。
18	by Covid-19, has struggled to cope.	由科维德19, 一直挣扎应付。
19	In 2022, the previous government decided radical action was needed.	2022年,前政府决定需要采取激进行动.
20	It required all processed	它要求所有处理
21	food with high levels of sugar, salt or the unhealthiest forms of fat to be labelled as	食用高含量的糖、盐或最不健康的脂肪作为标签
22	such with big black warning signs.	黑色的警示标志
23	More important, it imposed a 10% tax on such products, which	更为重要的是,它对此类产品征收10%的税。
24	rose to 15% in 2024 and 20% last year.	2024年升至15%,去年升至20%.
25	Colombia is not the only place that is meddling in the food business to counter obesity.	哥伦比亚并非唯一一个干预食品生意以对抗肥胖症的地方。
26	On	打开
27	September 29, Gavin Newsom, the governor of California, who is likely to run for president	9月29日,加州州长加文·纽索姆(Gavin Newsom)可能竞选总统.
28	in 2028, signed a bill requiring grocery chains to place healthy foods in high traffic areas	2028年,签署法案,要求杂货连锁店在高交通区放置健康食品
29	within stores.	在商店内部。
30	A law came into effect in Scotland on October 1, barring big businesses from	一项法律于10月1日在苏格兰生效,禁止大型企业
31	displaying unhealthy foods prominently in shops and from offering promotions that encourage	在商店中突出展示不健康食品,不提供鼓励
32	bulk purchases of them, such as buy-one-get-one free deals.	大量购买它们,例如购买一元自由交易。
33	In India, on October 6, a public	在印度,10月6日,一个公众
34	consultation ended on a proposal to prohibit sales of junk food to children within 50 metres	关于禁止向50米以内儿童出售垃圾食品的建议的协商结束
35	of a school.	一个学校。
36	The state of Maharashtra already has such a law barring sales of junk food	马哈拉施特拉邦已经有这样的法律禁止出售垃圾食品
37	to anyone near a school.	给学校附近的任何人
38	Heavy-handed policies like these used to be a rarity.	像这样的严厉政策过去是很罕见的。
39	Between 1992 and 2020, Britain	1992年至2020年间,英国
40	adopted no fewer than 14 official government plans to curb rising obesity, not counting	通过了至少14项政府官方计划,以遏制肥胖症的上升,但不计在内
41	the initiatives of devolved governments in Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.	北爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士的权力下放政府的倡议。
42	Those	这些
43	plans involved 689 individual policies.	计划涉及689项个人政策。
44	The majority aimed to make consumers more aware	多数旨在让消费者更加了解
45	of the health risks of junk food and to provide better access to healthy alternatives, especially	消除垃圾食品的健康风险,提供更好的机会,特别是
46	in schools.	在学校。
47	None banned any forms of junk food, only 3% restricted access to it and	没有禁止任何形式的垃圾食品,只有3%的食品被限制使用,
48	only two policies, or 0.3% of the total, created any financial disincentive to consume it,	只有两项政策,或占总数的0.3%,对消费造成了财政抑制,
49	such as higher taxes.	例如提高税收。
50	This cajoling approach has failed.	这种串联方式失败了。
51	England's obesity rate has doubled since the early 1990s.	英格兰的肥胖率自1990年代初以来翻了一番.
52	About a fifth of 11-year-olds are now obese.	大约五分之一的11岁的孩子现在肥胖。
53	In both rich countries and poorer ones, obesity	在富国和穷国,肥胖症
54	rates have been rising steadily.	失业率稳步上升。
55	In America, 72% of adults are obese or overweight.	在美国,72%的成年人肥胖或超重.
56	In	内
57	Mexico, 74% are.	墨西哥,74%是。
58	All this cost the countries in the OECD, a club mostly of rich countries,	经合组织国家为此付出了代价,它们是一个主要由富国组成的俱乐部,
59	an average of 3% of GDP a year in healthcare spending and lost productivity.	平均每年3%的国内生产总值用于医疗开支和生产力损失。
60	Although GLP-1 drugs, the weight-loss treatments that have become commonplace in the rich world	尽管GLP-1药物,减重治疗在富裕世界变得很普遍
61	in recent years, hold out the hope of dramatically reducing obesity.	近年来,希望大幅度降低肥胖症。
62	They are pricey, especially	特别贵
63	considering patients must remain on them indefinitely.	考虑病人必须无限期留在他们身上。
64	Poorer countries in particular will struggle	较穷的国家尤其会挣扎
65	to provide them to a big proportion of the population.	为大部分人口提供这些服务。
66	Politicians are instead turning to a bewildering array of policies intended not to persuade	政客们反而转向一系列令人困惑的政策,意在劝说
67	people to change their habits, but rather to alter the food environment around them.	人们改变他们的习惯, 而是改变周围的食物环境。
68	Many of the new rules concern labels.	许多新规则涉及标签。
69	About 10 years ago, health officials in Britain,	大约10年前,英国的卫生官员
70	France and elsewhere created simple symbols in traffic-like colours to rank foods from	法国和其他地方在交通类颜色中创造了简单的符号,将食物从
71	best to worst, either for ingredients of concern, such as fat, sugar and salt, or overall, based	最好到最坏的,或者针对值得关注的成分,如脂肪、糖和盐,或者基于总体
72	on a formula that takes into account healthy ingredients too.	考虑健康成分的公式
73	Many countries have since	许多国家自2000年
74	adopted such easily digestible scoring systems, but most remain voluntary.	采用了这种容易消化的评分系统,但大多数仍然是自愿的。
75	That is changing	这正在改变
76	A bill to make France's labels mandatory has been introduced in parliament.	一项使法国标签具有强制性的法案已经提交议会。
77	Singapore	新加坡
78	will soon oblige manufacturers to label foods that score poorly under its system.	很快将迫使制造商在它的系统下给得分不佳的食品贴上标签.
79	The most	最多一个
80	sweeping rules, however, involve warning labels like Colombia's, akin to the frightening	类似哥伦比亚的警示标签,
81	messages many countries require on cigarette packets.	很多国家需要香烟包。
82	Since 2016, for instance, Chile has obliged manufacturers to plate as many as four black	例如,自2016年以来,智利要求制造商对多达4辆黑色的汽车进行盘牌。
83	stop sign-shaped alerts on the front of unhealthy products, depending on how many ingredients	停止对不健康产品正面的标志形提示,视成份数而定
84	exceed the regulatory threshold.	超过管制阈值。
85	Canada adopted similar rules earlier this year.	加拿大今年早些时候通过了类似的规则。
86	Such rules have an impact, both by deterring buyers and by prompting chastened manufacturers	这些规则通过威慑买方和促使受惩罚的制造商产生影响。
87	to alter recipes to avoid being branded unhealthy.	改变食谱,避免被贴上不健康的标签。
88	A recent analysis of Mexico's labelling law,	最近对墨西哥标签法的分析,
89	which came into effect in 2020, concluded that it had led to a 15% drop in calories	2020年生效,结论是导致卡路里下降15%
90	sold, a 25% drop in added sugar, and a 12% drop in saturated fats, even as overall sales	销售,加糖减少25%,饱和脂肪减少12%,即使总销售额
91	volumes remained stable.	数量保持稳定。
92	About 90% of the reduction in calories was the result of products	大约90%的卡路里减少是产品造成的
93	being reformulated rather than of people changing which products they bought.	而不是人们改变他们购买的产品。
94	Restrictions on marketing unhealthy foods are also proliferating.	对销售不健康食品的限制也在扩散。
95	About a dozen countries	大约十几个国家
96	ban television ads for junk food when children are likely to be watching, or bar ads and	禁止电视广告在儿童可能观看时播放垃圾食品,或禁止酒吧广告和
97	packaging, from appealing to children using cartoon characters and the like.	包装,从吸引到儿童使用卡通人物等等。
98	In January,	1月份,我们...
99	Britain went a step further, banning ads for unhealthy foods online and on social media,	英国更进一步,禁止在网上和社交媒体发布不健康食品广告,
100	following a similar move by Portugal in 2019.	继葡萄牙在2019年的类似举动之后.
101	Local governments can be especially zealous.	地方政府可以特别热心。
102	In 2022, New York banned junk food ads on all city property, as have several places	2022年,纽约禁止垃圾食品广告在所有城市财产, 和几个地方
103	in Australia and Britain.	在澳大利亚和英国
104	Amsterdam and London ban them on public transport.	阿姆斯特丹和伦敦禁止他们使用公共交通.
105	Then there are restrictions on where unhealthy foods can be sold.	之后在哪些不健康食品可以出售方面也有限制.
106	Britain's planning law was amended in 2024 to allow local authorities to ban new fast food	英国的规划法于2024年修订,允许地方当局禁止新的快餐
107	joints within walking distance of a secondary school, although so many such outlets already	中学步行距离内的关节,虽然已经有很多这样的门
108	exist that the new rules may have little effect.	新的规则可能效果甚微。
109	Maharashtra's law is much more restrictive,	马哈拉施特拉的法律更严格
110	but enforcement is patchy.	但执法不严
111	The difficulty of enforcement is one of the many drawbacks	强制执行的困难是许多缺点之一
112	of complex rules around junk food.	关于垃圾食品的复杂规则。
113	They can place heavy burdens on businesses, which also	它们会给企业带来沉重的负担,而企业也有可能为企业带来沉重的负担。
114	often find creative ways around them.	经常找到有创意的方法
115	Since 2022, for example, Britain has banned supermarkets	例如2022年起,英国禁止超市
116	from displaying unhealthy packaged foods near checkouts, shop entrances and the ends of aisles	在退房、商店入口和过道的尽头展示不健康的包装食品
117	to curb impulse purchases.	以抑制冲动购买。
118	The share of the affected foods in overall sales fell by 7%	受影响食品在总销售量中的比例下降了7%
119	the year after the ban.	禁忌之后的一年。
120	But sugary, greasy pastries swiftly took their place near the	但糖味的油腻的糕点很快就在靠近
121	since freshly baked items are exempt from the ban.	因为刚烤好的物品不受禁令限制
122	Such experiences have prompted authorities	这些经验促使当局
123	in Britain to consider an alternative approach.	在英国考虑另一种办法。
124	Instead of upteen rules about what can be sold	而不是关于什么可以出售的十九条规则
125	where and to whom, they are pondering targets for the healthiness of supermarket chains total sales	他们考虑在哪些地方和向哪些人提供超市健康服务,连锁销售总额
126	based on the nutrition scores already in use for Britain's restrictions on junk food advertising.	根据英国限制垃圾食品广告已经使用的营养分数
127	It would be in effect a minimum spinach to sweets ratio, but the chains would be free to decide	这其实是菠菜对甜品的最小比例但链子可以自由决定
128	whether to promote spinach more or sweets less or to persuade junk food manufacturers	或劝说垃圾食品制造商
129	to put more spinach in their sweets.	把更多的菠菜放在他们的甜点。
130	Supermarkets wield lots of influence over shoppers.	超市对店主影响很大
131	Sainsbury's, a big British chain, saw sales of fruit quadruple when it offered collectible	萨因斯伯里一家英国大连锁店出售水果四重奏时看到
132	Disney-themed cards with each sale.	迪士尼主题牌每张销售。
133	Supermarkets would probably press suppliers to make their	超级市场可能会迫使供应商
134	products healthier, says Hugo Harper of Nesta, a think tank in London.	Nesta的Hugo Harper说,产品更健康,他是伦敦的一个智囊团。
135	A frozen pizza, for instance,	比如冰冻的披萨
136	might end up with a few more vegetables on top and a bit less salt in the sauce.	酱汁里少点盐吃点什么
137	Nesta estimates that marginal changes to a quarter of items in the typical British	Nesta估计,在典型的英国人中,四分之一的物品略有变化。
138	shopping basket could lead to a sustained 8.5% reduction in calories in an average consumer's	购物篮可导致平均消费者卡路里持续减少8.5%
139	diet.	饮食.
140	Such a reduction in turn could halve obesity.	减少肥胖症又会减半。
141	Retailers naturally do not want to	零售商当然不想
142	be responsible for getting people to eat more healthily even if governments give them some	即使政府给了他们一些
143	way about how they do it.	他们怎么做到的
144	A simpler alternative is to curb consumption of junk food by taxing it.	一个比较简单的办法是通过征税来抑制垃圾食品的消费.
145	More than 100 countries impose special taxes on sugary drinks with great effect.	100多个国家对糖性饮料征收特别税,效果显著.
146	The year	这一年
147	after Mexico imposed such a tax in 2014, sales of the products affected fell by around 6%.	在2014年墨西哥征收这种税后,受影响的产品的销售下降了约6%。
148	Many manufacturers also changed their recipes to make drinks less sugary.	许多厂商也改变了他们的食谱,使饮料少加糖.
149	Mexico's government is so fond of the tax it raised it from 1.64 pesos	墨西哥政府非常喜欢它从1.64比索的税额
150	0.09 dollars a litre to 3.08 earlier this year.	今年早些时候每升0.09美元到3.08美元.
151	Any talk of raising taxes is awkward at a time	说要提高税费很尴尬
152	of high inflation and widespread resentment at the rising cost of living.	高通胀和对生活费用上涨的普遍不满。
153	Public opinion does appear	舆论确实出现了
154	to be warming to more forceful regulation, however.	然而,将变暖为更强有力的监管。
155	In a poll last year, 51% of Americans	去年的民调中,51%的美国人
156	said they were in favour of restrictions on the sale of junk food in grocery stores,	说他们赞成限制杂货店销售垃圾食品,
157	and 44% approved of higher taxes on it.	44%的税额
158	Nearly 70% of Britons say they would support an extension	将近70%的不列颠人说他们支持延期
159	of Britain's tax on sugary drinks to other unhealthy foods if the proceeds were used to	英国向其他不健康食品征收的糖类饮料税,如果所得用于
160	promote better diets.	促进更好的饮食。
161	Moreover, many governments already tax food both heavily and inconsistently.	此外,许多政府已经对粮食课税严重且不一致。
162	In some countries, it should be possible to penalise junk food by adjusting rates for	在一些国家,应当能够通过调整垃圾食品价格来惩罚这些食品。
163	different products without raising taxes overall.	不同的产品没有提高总的税收。
164	A study published last year in Nature found that	去年在《自然》发表的一项研究发现
165	10 European countries charge higher rates of value-added tax on fruits and vegetables	10个欧洲国家对水果和蔬菜征收较高的增值税
166	than on meat and dairy.	比在肉和奶制品。
167	Reversing this, the researchers argued, would bring about big	研究者认为,扭转这种局面将带来巨大的
168	health benefits at almost no cost to consumers.	保健福利对消费者几乎免费。
169	VAT reforms along these lines are being discussed	正在讨论这方面的增值税改革
170	in Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands.	丹麦、德国和荷兰。
171	Junk food is popular for many reasons.	瘾君子食品因多种原因流行.
172	It is convenient.	这是方便的。
173	It is often cheaper calorie for calorie than healthier food.	卡路里通常比更健康的食物便宜。
174	Sugar, salt and fat are hard	糖,盐和脂肪都很硬
175	to resist.	来抵抗
176	Food companies and supermarkets make more money from it than from healthy stuff because	食品公司和超市赚的钱比健康的东西多
177	they both sell more of it and earn higher margins on it.	他们都卖更多并赚取更高的利润。
178	Against these daunting advantages, however,	然而,面对这些巨大的优势,
179	governments have found a formidable array of countermeasures.	各国政府已经发现了一系列巨大的对策。

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