和耶鲁顶尖环境专家从城市的一点一滴出发了解可持续发展

发布于 2023-01-31 · 时长 1:03:12

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:04	I just want to say good day to everyone, especially to our speaker, Yale professor	我只是想跟大家说再见尤其是我们的演讲人耶鲁教授
0:09	Karen Zito, and also some of our participants from the 2021 and 2022 Smart Talks on Climate	Karen Zito,以及2021年和2022年气候问题智能会谈的部分参与者
0:18	Change program.	变更程序.
0:20	Welcome to this Yale Center Beijing event on the 21st century urbanization	欢迎来到耶鲁中心北京21世纪城市化活动
0:27	and grand challenges for global sustainability, which is part of the Greenberg Distinguished	以及全球可持续性面临的巨大挑战,这是格林伯格杰出
0:32	Colloquium featuring plot leaders who play pivotal roles in building bridges between	学术讨论会由在建立桥梁方面发挥关键作用的图谋领导人参加。
0:38	China and the US.	中国和美国.
0:40	我是北京耶鲁中心执行董事Carolee Rafferty 还有
0:46	a Yale College alumna.	a 耶鲁大学校友。
0:48	For those of you who may be new to the Yale Center Beijing or events,	对于你们中那些刚来过耶鲁中心的人来说

展开字幕全文（936 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	I just want to say good day to everyone, especially to our speaker, Yale professor	我只是想跟大家说再见尤其是我们的演讲人耶鲁教授
2	Karen Zito, and also some of our participants from the 2021 and 2022 Smart Talks on Climate	Karen Zito,以及2021年和2022年气候问题智能会谈的部分参与者
3	Change program.	变更程序.
4	Welcome to this Yale Center Beijing event on the 21st century urbanization	欢迎来到耶鲁中心北京21世纪城市化活动
5	and grand challenges for global sustainability, which is part of the Greenberg Distinguished	以及全球可持续性面临的巨大挑战,这是格林伯格杰出
6	Colloquium featuring plot leaders who play pivotal roles in building bridges between	学术讨论会由在建立桥梁方面发挥关键作用的图谋领导人参加。
7	China and the US.	中国和美国.
8	我是北京耶鲁中心执行董事Carolee Rafferty 还有
9	a Yale College alumna.	a 耶鲁大学校友。
10	For those of you who may be new to the Yale Center Beijing or events,	对于你们中那些刚来过耶鲁中心的人来说
11	the center is Yale University's only university-wide center outside of the US.	中心是耶鲁大学唯一的全美大学中心
12	Throughout the year,	一整年里,
13	we host activities such as these, convening leaders from all sectors to discuss the most	我们主办这样的活动,召集所有部门的领导人讨论
14	cutting-edge, important, and critical issues facing our world.	我们的世界面临的尖端、重要和关键问题。
15	Today, I'm so delighted	今天,我很高兴
16	to be able to invite professor Karen Zito to discuss trends in urbanization, which is	能够邀请Karen Zito教授讨论城市化的趋势,即
17	happening rapidly and at such an unprecedented scale, and the opportunities and challenges	迅速发生和规模空前,机会和挑战
18	urbanization presents for global sustainability.	城市化带来了全球可持续性。
19	Karen Zito is the Frederick C. Hexen Professor	凯伦・齐托是弗雷德里克・C・赫克森教授
20	of Geography and Urbanization Science at Yale University.	耶鲁大学地理和城市化科学学院。
21	An urban and land change scientist,	一位城市和土地变化科学家,
22	she's one of the world's leading experts on contemporary urbanization and global change.	她是当代城市化和全球变化的世界领先专家之一.
23	She uses satellite, remote sensing, field interviews, and modeling methods to understand	她利用卫星、遥感、现场访谈和建模方法来理解
24	how urbanization will affect the planet, including land change, food systems, biodiversity,	城市化将如何影响地球,包括土地变化、粮食系统、生物多样性、
25	and climate change.	气候变化。
26	She has pioneered methods to reconstruct urban land use with satellite imagery	她开创了利用卫星图像重建城市土地利用的方法
27	and has developed novel methods to forecast urban expansion.	并开发了预测城市扩张的新方法.
28	She has extensive fieldwork experience	她有丰富的实地工作经验
29	in Asia, sorry about that, especially China and India, and I understand that she'll be traveling	在亚洲,对不起, 特别是中国和印度, 我知道她会旅行
30	to India soon, where she has conducted research for over 20 and 10 years respectively.	不久,她在印度分别进行了20年和10年以上的研究。
31	Professor	教授
32	Zito serves on numerous national and international scientific bodies.	Zito在众多国家和国际科学机构任职。
33	She currently co-chairs the U.S.	她目前担任美国共同主席.
34	National Academy's Climate Security Roundtable, established by the direction of the U.S. Congress	国家学院气候安全圆桌会议,由美国国会指示设立.
35	to help better understand and anticipate the ways climate change affects U.S. national security	帮助更好地了解和预测气候变化如何影响美国国家安全
36	interests.	权益。
37	She also co-chairs the U.S. National Academy Subcommittee on U.S.-China Scientific	她还担任美国国家科学院美国-中国科学小组委员会共同主席。
38	Engagement.	订婚
39	She has been a coordinating lead author for the IPCC sixth and fifth assessment	她一直是气专委第六次和第五次评估的协调牵头作者。
40	reports.	报告。
41	From 2000 to 2008, she was faculty at Stanford, where she held joint appointments in	从2000年到2008年,她在斯坦福大学担任教职,在那里,她曾于2000年和2008年在斯坦福大学联合任职。
42	the Woods Institute for the Environment and the School of Earth Sciences.	森林环境研究所和地球科学学院。
43	She has received many	她收到了许多
44	awards for her scientific contributions, including the Outstanding Contributions to	科学贡献奖,包括
45	Remote Sensing Research Award from the American Association of Geographers.	美国地理学家协会遥感研究奖.
46	Professor Zito is	齐托教授
47	the member, as a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts	作为美国国家科学院、美国艺术科学院的成员
48	and Sciences, the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering, and the American Association for	康涅狄格科学与工程学院和美国
49	the Advancement of Science.	科学的进步。
50	She received her Ph.D. in geography from Boston University.	她获得了波士顿大学的地理博士学位.
51	And as a short note, I'm so delighted to welcome her back to the Yale Center of Beijing for an	简而言之,我很高兴欢迎她回到北京耶鲁中心
52	event, albeit virtually, because the last time she was able to come was back in 2014 and 2015,	事件,尽管几乎是,因为她最后一次能来是在2014年和2015年,
53	when the Center first started.	当中心开始。
54	So I hope that we might be able to get you back for a tenth year,	所以我希望我们能把你带回十年
55	maybe.	也许
56	So today's event will proceed as follows.	因此,今天的活动将如下。
57	Professor Zito will give a presentation followed	Zito教授随后将发表演讲
58	由Q&A.
59	All of you participants are welcome to type your questions in the chat box as we speak,	欢迎各位与会者在我们发言时在聊天箱里输入你们的问题
60	and I'll select the questions and later unmute some of you to pose your questions.	我将选择问题并随后解密你们中的一些人提出你的问题。
61	I may also	我也会
62	ask some questions that the Yale Center Beijing team has collected in advance.	问耶鲁中心北京队事先收集的一些问题.
63	Without further ado,	不用再多说了
64	let's welcome Professor Zito.	欢迎齐托教授
65	Thank you.	谢谢
66	Thank you, Carol.	谢谢你,卡罗尔。
67	And it's really nice to be back to	回来真好
68	Yale Center Beijing, even if it's just virtually.	耶鲁中心北京,即使它只是几乎。
69	But it's nice to see the center behind you.	但看见你身后的中央真好
70	So	这么说
71	it's nice to be here virtually.	很高兴能来这里
72	So I will spend the next 35 or 40 minutes talking about	所以我接下来要花35到40分钟
73	21st century urbanization trends and really highlighting at a very high level what these	21世纪的城市化趋势,并在非常高的层次上真正突出
74	trends mean for sustainability at the global level.	趋势意味着全球一级的可持续性。
75	So I'm going to focus on the challenges	所以我要专注于挑战
76	that urbanization presents for global sustainability.	城市化带来了全球可持续性。
77	So I'd like to start off with	所以我想先说
78	some general statistics first.	先是一些一般统计数字。
79	So we right now are twenty twenty three.	所以,我们现在是23。
80	Let's see where we're	让我们看看我们在哪里
81	twenty twenty three.	二十三岁
82	We have almost about four and a half billion people living in cities and towns.	我们大约有45亿人生活在城镇中。
83	One of the things that I want to remind everyone is that this is a incredible change over a very	我想提醒大家的一件事是这是一个不可思议的变化而不是一个非常
84	short period.	时间短。
85	As recently as 1950, that's less than 100 years ago.	最近到1950年,还不到一百年前.
86	We had fewer than one billion	我们只有不到十亿
87	people living in cities and towns.	居住在城镇的人。
88	So in less than 100 years, our urban population has increased	在不到100年的时间里,我们的城市人口增长了
89	significantly to over four, four and a half billion people.	超过45亿人口
90	And the most recent U.N. estimate is that	联合国最新估计是
91	by 2050, our global population will reach 10 billion people.	到2050年,全球人口将达到100亿人。
92	Of those 10 billion people,	在这100亿人口中,
93	six point seven billion will be living in cities and towns.	670亿人口将生活在城镇中。
94	So that means that over the next 30	所以,这意味着在未来30年
95	or so years, we're adding about two and a half billion people to cities and towns.	大约几年,我们增加了大约25亿人到城镇。
96	Just to put this into perspective, that means that every five days the urban population is	仅仅从这个角度来说,这意味着每5天城市人口
97	increasing by one million people every five days, one million people.	每五天增加100万人,100万人。
98	So here's a picture of	所以这里的图片
99	Shanghai.	上海报.
100	Maybe some of you are from Shanghai or based in Shanghai.	也许你们中有些人来自上海或者总部在上海.
101	This is a picture of Shanghai	这是上海的照片
102	in the early 80s.	在80年代早期。
103	And this is Shanghai today.	这是今天的上海。
104	So this is a kind of urban development that I imagine	因此,这是一种城市发展,我想
105	many of you on the call have witnessed in your own life.	你们中的很多人都亲眼目睹了你们的生活
106	But I want to underscore that this is not	但我要强调,这不是
107	only happening in very big cities like Shanghai, it's also happening in rural places.	只有发生在上海这样的大城市, 也发生在农村。
108	We are seeing	我们看见了
109	urbanization in rural places such as what you see here.	农村的城市化,比如你在这里看到的。
110	This is in Nepal.	这是在尼泊尔。
111	This is a picture taken in	这是一张照片
112	one of my field sites in Nepal in the Himalayas.	在喜马拉雅山的尼泊尔,
113	This is in the early 90s.	这是在90年代初。
114	And this is the same	这是相同的
115	place just in the 2010s.	刚刚在2010年代。
116	So in about 20 years, we see this pretty significant change even in	所以在20年左右,我们看到了这个相当显著的变化,即使是在
117	the Himalayas.	喜马拉雅山脉。
118	So urban populations are increasing, but another really important trend is that average	因此,城市人口正在增加, 但另一个真正重要的趋势是平均
119	household size is declining.	家庭规模正在下降。
120	And this is happening again all around the world, where the most recent	这又发生在世界各地, 在那里最近的
121	statistics coming out of China show that this is also a trend happening in China.	来自中国的统计数字表明,这也是中国出现的趋势。
122	So here I show	所以我在这里展示
123	five countries, US, New Zealand, Australia, the UK and Canada.	五个国家,美国、新西兰、澳大利亚、联合王国和加拿大。
124	I could show any country in the world	我可以向全世界任何国家展示
125	and the trend would be the same, very, very similar.	并且这个趋势是相同的,非常,非常相似。
126	The only difference is that the y-axis	唯一的区别是Y轴
127	would be different.	这将是不同的。
128	In the US, the average household size was about three and a half	在美国,平均家庭规模约为3个半
129	in 1960.	(原始内容存档于1960年). In 1960.
130	And today it is about two and a half.	今天大约是两个半。
131	If we were looking at African countries,	如果我们看着非洲国家,
132	this y-axis would be seven or eight, going down to about five or six.	这个Y轴是7或8, 下降约5或6。
133	But again, we would see a very,	但再说一遍,我们会看到一个非常,
134	very similar trend all around the world.	全世界的趋势都非常相似
135	So populations are increasing, but household sizes	因此,人口不断增加,但家庭规模
136	are declining.	正在下降。
137	The other big trend is that new home sizes are also increasing.	另一个大趋势是,新的家庭规模也在增加。
138	So in 1973, the average size of a new house in the United States was about 1,600 square feet.	因此1973年,美国新房子的平均规模约为1600平方英尺.
139	And today it's almost 2,800 square feet.	而今天它几乎是2800平方英尺.
140	And again, this is the same trend all around the world.	同样,全世界的趋势也一样。
141	The only difference is that the y-axis would be different if we were looking at China	唯一的区别是,如果我们看中国,Y轴会不同
142	or other countries.	或其他国家。
143	So what does this all mean?	这是什么意思?
144	So these are three big urbanization challenges,	这就是三大城市化挑战,
145	increases in population, declining household size, but increasing size of the homes themselves.	人口增加,家庭规模减少,但家庭本身规模增加。
146	I will just briefly, very briefly talk about what this means for land and resources, food,	我将简短地,非常简短地谈谈这对土地和资源、粮食意味着什么。
147	biodiversity, and then I'll end with some discussion about climate change.	最后我要谈谈气候变化。
148	So first of all, the increase in population requires land, right?	首先,人口增长需要土地,对吧?
149	We need land to build homes,	我们需要土地来建造家园
150	to build schools, hospitals, roads.	建造学校、医院、道路。
151	And we've done some research in my lab where we have forecasted	我们在我的实验室做了一些研究在那里我们预测
152	urban land expansion going out to 2050.	城市土地扩张至2050年.
153	So I'm showing the work of one of my PhD students,	所以我在展示我一个博士生的作品
154	Hanning Huang, who is now a professor actually in China at NYU Shanghai.	黄咸宁,现为纽约大学上海分校中国实际教授.
155	And he has forecasted the growth of land all around the world.	他预测了世界各地土地的增长。
156	And what you see here in this	你在这里看到的
157	map are probabilities that different areas will become urban.	地图是不同地区将成为城市的概率。
158	So anything in red indicates higher	所以,任何红色的表示更高
159	probability that this will become urban land by 2050.	有可能到2050年成为城市土地。
160	And the lighter colors and yellow	颜色和黄色
161	means that it still has a probability, but not a hundred percent.	表示它仍然有概率,但不是100%。
162	So lower probability,	这么低的概率,
163	but still probability that it will become urban.	但还是有可能变成城市
164	If we look at China and India, we see that	如果我们看看中国和印度,我们就会看到
165	there's going, we forecast a lot of new urban expansion in the center part of the country.	接下来,我们预测,中部地区将出现许多新的城市扩张。
166	And if we look at India, what's interesting is that we forecast a lot of new urban development,	如果我们看看印度,有趣的是我们预测了很多新的城市发展,
167	but very small scale.	但规模很小。
168	So you can imagine rather than in China, where you have big mega urban	所以,你可以想象,而不是在中国, 在这里,你拥有巨大的城市
169	regions, in India, you have smaller towns and cities becoming larger.	在印度,小城镇和城市变得更大。
170	So they're more discreet.	所以他们比较谨慎
171	And the same thing we're forecasting for sub-Saharan Africa.	同样的事情,我们预测撒哈拉以南非洲。
172	But this is one of the	但这是其中之一
173	biggest impacts that we're seeing is land, the loss of land.	我们所看到的最大的影响是土地,土地的损失。
174	If we looked and see what this might	如果我们看看,看看这可能是什么
175	mean in terms of how much new land.	意味着多少新土地。
176	So let's just focus here on this last row.	所以,让我们集中在这里最后一行。
177	Here, this is the total amount of urban land around the world in square kilometers in 2015.	这里,这是2015年全世界城市土地的总面积,以平方公里计.
178	These are different scenarios, SSP 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.	这些是不同的情景,SSP 1, 2, 3, 4和5.
179	SSP 2 is basically a middle of the road.	SSP 2基本上是一个中间路段.
180	Basically, if we continued, if the world economies continue to develop as is.	基本上,如果我们继续,如果世界经济继续发展。
181	This SSP 5 is one where we see rapid urban and economic development that's really fueled by	这个SSP 5是我们看到城市和经济发展迅速的地方, 而城市和经济发展真的由
182	fossil fuels.	化石燃料。
183	And we can see in this scenario, we can almost see a doubling of the urban	我们可以看到,在这个情景中, 我们几乎可以看到城市翻了一番
184	footprint, nearly a doubling of the urban footprint.	足迹城市足迹几乎翻了一番
185	Even in the middle of the road,	即使在路中间
186	we're expecting to see over 150,000 square kilometers of new urban land.	我们期望看到超过15万平方公里的新城市土地。
187	The point that I want to highlight here is that there's a very large range,	我想强调的一点是范围很广
188	depending on what will happen to the world's economy.	取决于世界经济将发生什么。
189	But if we take the average of these	但是如果我们把平均这些
190	forecasts, what this means is that we're expecting to see a lot of new urban development happening	预测,这意味着,我们期待看到许多新的城市发展
191	every single day.	每一天都这样
192	This is a picture of an American football field.	这是一张美国足球场的照片。
193	It is equal to	这等于
194	20,000 American football fields becoming urban every single day for the next 40 years.	在接下来的40年里,每天有2万个美国足球场成为城市.
195	So someplace on the planet, we will see 20,000 American football fields becoming urban.	地球上的某个地方,我们会看到两万个美国足球场变成城市。
196	If we	如果我们
197	were to aggregate all this new land, all this new urban land, it will be the equivalent of these four	这些新土地,这些新城市土地, 将相当于这四块土地
198	countries.	国家。
199	It's a lot of land.	其地甚广.
200	So it's the land of these four countries, France, Germany, Spain,	所以这是这四个国家的土地法国德国西班牙
201	Italy combined.	意大利加起来。
202	So it's a lot of land.	故曰多地.
203	What does this mean for resources?	这对资源意味着什么?
204	So that's just land that	所以那只是陆地
205	we were just talking about.	我们只是在谈论。
206	But if we look at the resources required to build the built environment,	但是如果我们看看建设建筑环境所需的资源,
207	I want to highlight what this new urban area will look like.	我想强调这个新的城市地区将是什么样子。
208	These are graphs that show	这些图显示
209	the development of cities in both the lateral dimension, so lateral expansion.	城市的横向发展,所以横向扩张。
210	So this is	这就是
211	outward growth.	外向增长.
212	But on the y-axis, this shows upward growth, so vertical development.	但是在y轴上,这显示了向上增长,所以垂直发展.
213	The colors indicate increase in density.	颜色表示密度增加。
214	These colors that are purple and black,	这些颜色是紫黑色的,
215	they mean that vertical growth in places that were already urban in an earlier period.	它们意味着在较早时期就已经是城市地区的纵向增长。
216	So what I'm showing here are six Indian cities.	我在这里展示的是六个印度城市。
217	And what you can see here is over a 10-year period,	你可以看到的是10年的时间里
218	Indian cities are primarily going to grow outward.	印度城市主要向外发展.
219	So they're outward.	所以他们是外向的。
220	So there's this	是这样的
221	lateral expansion.	横向扩张.
222	But there's very little upward expansion.	但向上扩张很少.
223	Do you see these little arrows here?	你看到这些小箭了吗?
224	There's a little bit of upward expansion.	有一点向上扩张.
225	So Indian cities are growing out, but they're not	因此,印度的城市正在成长,但它们不是
226	growing up very much.	长大了很多。
227	Okay.	摆
228	So here we see African cities.	我们在这里看到了非洲城市。
229	So African cities over this 10-year period,	因此在这十年里,非洲城市,
230	they're also growing outward and a little bit upward, but not very much.	它们也向外发展向上增长一点点但并不太多
231	So I want everyone to	所以我希望每个人都
232	put in their chat.	让他们聊聊天
233	If folks can just pull up in the chat, I'm going to show	如果人们可以拉起在聊天,我要去显示
234	Chinese cities in a minute.	中国城市一瞬间.
235	What do you expect Chinese cities to look like?	中国城市长什么样子?
236	Can people just type in the chat?	人们能打个字吗?
237	What do you expect these arrows to look like?	你期望这些箭看起来像什么?
238	Carol, could you just read off some of these?	卡罗尔,你能读一下这些吗?
239	Because I can't see my chat right now.	因为我现在看不到我的谈话
240	Sure.	当然
241	Let me see.	让我看看。
242	Upwards dramatically.	向上明显。
243	Okay.	摆
244	Upwards dramatically.	向上明显。
245	Grow both out and up.	既长出与上.
246	Higher, but not very much outward.	更高,但不太对外。
247	Okay.	摆
248	All right.	好吧,我们走。
249	So the side, thanks Carol.	这边,谢谢卡罗尔。
250	So the sides of these arrows indicate how much.	因此,这些箭头的侧面表明了多少.
251	So the longer the arrow means more expansion.	所以箭的长度越长,就意味着更多的扩张.
252	And the longer the arrow, if it's vertical,	而箭越长,如果它是垂直的,
253	means very high cities.	意味着非常高的城市。
254	So somebody said high, but not very up.	所以有人说高,但不太高。
255	All right.	好吧,我们走。
256	So A for that student or	所以A给那个学生,或者
257	whoever it is, put that in the chat.	不管是谁把那个放到聊天室
258	So we can see Chinese cities over this last 10-year period	因此,我们可以看到中国的城市在过去10年的时间里
259	from 1999 to 2009 have grown dramatically upwards.	从1999年到2009年,增长迅速。
260	So you can see Shanghai, that picture that I just	这样你就能看见上海,那张照片,我只是
261	showed, very, very high.	显示,非常,非常高。
262	A city like Beijing, a lot of upward growth, but not as high as Shanghai	像北京这样的城市,很多向上增长,但比不上上海
263	and a lot of outward growth, much more lateral growth.	和大量的外向增长, 更多的横向增长。
264	And then if we look at smaller cities,	然后如果我们看看小城市,
265	so here in the south in Dongguan, you can see it's still upward, but a lot more lateral growth.	所以在东莞的南部, 你可以看到它仍然向上, 但更多的横向增长。
266	And if we were to look at smaller Chinese cities, like in central China or in western China,	如果我们看看中国较小的城市比如中国中部或西部
267	we would actually see that those cities look a lot more like African and more like Indian cities,	我们其实会看到这些城市更像非洲城市更像印度城市,
268	that they're smaller in scale and not a lot of upward growth.	说它们的规模较小,没有太多向上增长。
269	So we see a lot of upward growth.	因此我们看到了很多向上的增长。
270	What this means is we can translate this to raw materials, the raw material demand.	这意味着,我们可以将它转化为原材料,原材料需求。
271	And globally, what we are expecting between now and 2050 is with all these cities growing	从全球来看,现在到2050年,我们所期望的是所有这些城市都在增长
272	out upward, it's going to require a lot of new concrete, steel, and raw materials.	需要大量新的混凝土钢材和原材料
273	And the UN estimates that the raw materials to build and operate cities will more than double	联合国估计,建造和运营城市的原材料将增加一倍以上。
274	from 40 billion tons a year to 90 billion tons.	从每年400亿吨到900亿吨。
275	And they conclude that the high demand for such	他们得出结论,这种需求很高,
276	raw materials far exceeds what the planet can sustainably provide.	原材料远远超出了地球可持续提供的能力。
277	So this is one of	所以这是其中之一
278	the biggest challenges.	最大的挑战。
279	How can we continue to build cities in a way that does not require	我们如何以不需要的方式继续建设城市?
280	so much raw materials?	这么多原料?
281	This is a big design and engineering challenge.	这是一个巨大的设计和工程挑战。
282	I'm going to transition	我要去过渡
283	to talk about food systems.	谈论食物系统。
284	So if we know that urbanization requires land, so here's a picture	所以,如果我们知道城市化需要土地, 所以这里有一个图片
285	of Chinese city, new urban development encroaching on agricultural land, we know that if cities take	新的城市发展侵蚀了农地我们知道如果城市占据
286	land, they're going to take land in places that used to be agriculture.	他们将在曾经是农业的地方夺取土地。
287	So here's an example of	举个例子
288	that.	那个
289	But it's not happening only in China.	但并非只在中国发生.
290	So this last picture was in China.	所以,这最后一张照片是在中国。
291	This is a picture	这是一张画
292	in the US.	在美国
293	Urban development is also taking up prime agricultural land in the US, but it's not	城市发展也占据了美国的主要农业用地,但不是
294	only happening in the US, it's happening in Egypt.	只有在美国,它发生在埃及。
295	It's happening all around the world.	普现一切世界.
296	The most productive agricultural land are being taken up by urban development.	城市发展占用了生产力最高的农田。
297	This is a huge challenge.	这是一个巨大的挑战。
298	Now, this is work also done in my lab.	这是在我的实验室里做的
299	If we were to look globally	如果我们从全球看
300	at the amount of agricultural land that's being lost to urban expansion,	由于城市扩张而损失的农田数量,
301	this is the total amount right here.	这是这里的总金额。
302	It's about 2% of the global crop land is being lost to urban	大约全球2%的耕地被城市占用
303	expansion.	扩张。
304	So that's not that much.	所以,这不是太多。
305	But if we look at the productivity of this land,	但是如果我们看看这片土地的生产力
306	if this number was one, it means that the land that's being lost is equal in productivity to	如果这个数字是一个,这意味着失去的土地生产力等于
307	the national average.	全国平均水平。
308	This number is 1.77.	这个号码是1.77。
309	So this means that it is almost twice as productive as the	也就是说它几乎是
310	average, more productive than national.	平均,比国家生产力高。
311	And if we look at very specific countries,	如果我们看看非常具体的国家,
312	so if we look at, for example, Nigeria, Nigeria is estimated to lose almost 6% of its crop land,	因此,如果我们看看,例如尼日利亚,估计尼日利亚将损失近6%的耕地,
313	Pakistan will lose about seven and a half.	巴基斯坦将损失约7个半.
314	Egypt is estimated to lose a third of its crop land	埃及估计损失三分之一的耕地
315	to urban expansion.	到城市扩张。
316	And Vietnam will lose about 10%.	而越南将损失约10%.
317	So this is really dramatic.	所以,这是真的戏剧性。
318	And if we look at	如果我们看
319	Africa back here, the agricultural land that will be lost is significantly more productive.	回到这里的非洲,将失去的农业用地的生产力要大得多。
320	So this is going to be pretty substantive.	因此,这将是相当实质性的。
321	And if we look at specific crops like maize, rice,	如果我们看看特定的作物,比如玉米,水稻,
322	soybean and wheat, we see that for wheat, Africa will lose about a quarter of its wheat production.	豆类和小麦,我们看到,对于小麦,非洲将损失其小麦产量的四分之一左右。
323	China will lose about 13% of its wheat production to urban development.	中国将损失约13%的小麦产量用于城市发展.
324	So we're going to lose a	所以我们会失去一个
325	lot of very productive agricultural land due to urbanization.	许多非常有生产力的农田由于城市化。
326	But the other part of urban	但另一个城市
327	impacts on food system is through demand.	对粮食系统的影响是通过需求。
328	And one of the biggest things that we're seeing with	我们所看到的其中一件大事
329	urbanization, especially in places like in China and also in Africa, is a significant change in	城市化,特别是在中国和非洲等地的城市化是一个重大变化。
330	diets and an increase in food away from home and an increase in fast foods.	饮食与家外饮食增加,快餐增加.
331	In the food literature,	在食物文献中,
332	there's a very big literature that shows that as countries urbanize and as they get richer,	有一种非常大的文献显示, 随着国家城市化和它们变得更富,
333	there's what is called a nutrition transition.	这就是所谓的营养过渡。
334	People go from eating, they're foraging for plants,	人们从吃饭开始, 他们为植物觅食,
335	they're eating just plants that they find.	他们只吃他们找到的植物
336	They go from that to legumes and from legumes to	他们从那里到豆类从豆类到豆类
337	wheats and grains.	小麦和谷物。
338	So like rice and wheats.	故如稻麦.
339	And from wheats and grains, they go to dairies	他们从麦子和谷粒中去乳房,
340	and processed sugars and eating much more meat.	和加工糖和吃更多的肉。
341	This is a very well-known nutrition transition	这是一个众所周知的营养转型
342	that's been documented all around the world.	全世界都有记录
343	What we see is a new urban transition.	我们看到的是新的城市过渡。
344	In addition to the transition that I just talked about, the other thing that we're seeing is an	除了我刚才提到的过渡之外,我们看到的另一件事是
345	increase in the food away from home.	增加远离家的食物。
346	So these are data from 80 countries.	这些数据来自80个国家。
347	So each dot represents	所以每个点代表
348	a country.	一个国家。
349	And on the y-axis, this is the percentage of the country's population that is urban.	在Y轴上,这是全国城市人口的百分比。
350	And here on the x-axis, this is the percentage of food that is consumed away from home.	在X轴上,这是离家消费的食物的百分比。
351	You see a very clear and positive correlation that the more a population, a country's population	你可以看到一个非常明确和积极的关联越是人口,一个国家的人口
352	is urban, the larger percentage of the food that is actually consumed away from home.	城市,实际在家庭以外消费的食品比例较高。
353	There's a lot of different reasons for this.	其原因各异.
354	Urban populations means that often you have dual	城市人口意味着你经常有双重性
355	incomes.	收入。
356	So both members of both of the heads of households are working.	因此,两个家庭的户主都在工作。
357	So there's less time to	所以时间不多了
358	prepare food and eat at home.	在家准备食物和吃饭。
359	If both people are working at the office, they're more likely to eat	如果两人都在办公室工作他们更有可能吃东西
360	food at the office going out.	办公室的食物出去。
361	And so what we're seeing is if you imagine a world where	所以,我们所看到的是如果你想象一个世界,
362	most of the population is urban, this means that most of an increasing percentage of our	大部分人口是城市人口,这意味着我们人口中大多数人口正在增加。
363	is actually consumed away from home.	其实是远离家消耗的。
364	Another aspect of this is that as we eat more food away	另一方面是,当我们吃更多的食物离开
365	from home and as we have longer supply chains, this has a big impact on what is called cold	我们拥有更长的供应链这对所谓的冷有重大影响
366	chain logistics.	连锁物流.
367	So back in the olden day, when we used to shop more frequently for food,	以前我们经常买东西买东西
368	food didn't have to be refrigerated as much.	食物不需要冷藏这么多
369	But as we shop less frequently and we go to a larger	但是,当我们购物少频繁,我们去一个更大的
370	supermarkets like Carrefour or Walmart, you know, these larger chains, it means that we're	像家乐福或沃尔玛这样的超市这些更大的连锁店意味着我们
371	actually buying foods that are refrigerated.	实际购买冷藏食品.
372	So here on the bottom, you see this picture of a	因此,这里的底部, 你看这张照片,
373	storage unit for fruit that has to be refrigerated.	必须冷藏的水果的储存单位。
374	We've seen trucks that have to be refrigerated.	我们已经看到卡车必须冷藏。
375	So this has a really big impact in terms of the energy demand to refrigerate the food,	这对冷冻食品的能源需求有很大的影响
376	to bring the food to our cities.	把食物带到我们的城市
377	This cold chain logistic is enormous.	这种冷链物流是巨大的。
378	It means that we have to	这意味着我们必须
379	build warehouses like this up in the upper right-hand corner that are all chilled to chill our food	在右上角建这样的仓库冷却我们的食物
380	so that the food does not spoil during this transportation process.	在运输过程中,食物不会腐烂。
381	And it's also not only	不仅如此
382	for fruits and vegetables, but also for seafood.	水果和蔬菜,还有海鲜。
383	And one of the most interesting innovations	也是最有趣的创新之一
384	around seafood is designing packaging and also cultivating fish that can live outside of water	海鲜周围正在设计包装和养殖能生活在水外的鱼
385	for long periods of time.	长时期。
386	This is fascinating.	这太有趣了。
387	So there are some types of fish now that we are	所以现在有些种类的鱼了
388	eating that are able to live outside of water for like six or eight hours.	吃着能活在水外6到8个小时的食物
389	It's incredible, right?	这是不可思议的,对不对?
390	And so anyway, so there's this whole new, you know, development in the food industry	所以,总之,有一个全新的,你知道的,食品业的发展
391	so that we can have these longer supply chains.	这样我们就可以拥有更长的供应链。
392	So I've talked about land resources.	因此,我谈到了土地资源。
393	I'm going	и璶ǐ
394	to switch to talking about urbanization's impacts and challenges for biodiversity.	转向谈论城市化对生物多样性的影响和挑战。
395	So what we are seeing is around the world on the Y-X axis, a significant increase in urban land.	因此,我们所看到的是世界各地在Y-X轴线上,城市土地显著增加。
396	So I showed some of those numbers earlier.	所以,我早些时候展示了其中的一些数字。
397	What this means is that there's a significant decline	这意味着有显著的下降
398	in the habitat range, the amount of habitat that's available to species.	在栖息地范围, 物种可用的栖息地的数量。
399	So we look at	所以我们看
400	1700, we had very little urban land, but we had a lot of habitat.	1700年,我们拥有的城市土地很少,但我们拥有许多栖息地.
401	Now we're in the 2000s,	现在我们在2000年代,
402	we have a lot of urban land and a lot of agricultural land.	我们拥有许多城市土地和许多农业用地。
403	And there's been this	还有这个
404	significant decline, an 18% decline in habitats available.	现有生境显著下降,下降18%。
405	So one thing is the loss of habitat,	所以有一件事是失去栖息地,
406	but the other thing that's being affected is as we have cities, we have lights.	但另外一件事正在受到影响因为我们有城市, 我们有灯。
407	And when we have	当我们有了
408	nighttime lights have a big impact on biodiversity.	夜间灯光对生物多样性有重大影响。
409	So they have a big impact on things like bats,	所以他们对蝙蝠之类的东西有很大的影响
410	on owls, on lizards, salamanders, frogs, lots of different animals are actually affected by	猫头鹰、蜥蜴、山羊、青蛙许多不同的动物实际上都受到
411	nighttime lights and their ability to forage at night, to eat at night, but also many animals	晚上的灯光和夜里觅食的能力还有很多动物
412	actually meet at night.	其实是在晚上见面的
413	So this has a very big impact on reproduction of species.	因此这对物种的繁殖有着非常大的影响.
414	The other	另一个
415	thing is that urbanization is accelerating evolution.	城市化正在加速进化。
416	And so this is being documented	因此,这是记录
417	all around the world and it's many different species that are rapidly evolving, partly because	世界各地的物种都在迅速演变部分原因是
418	of new environments, but partly because of different species coming together, novel species	新的环境,但部分原因不同的物种聚集在一起, 新的物种
419	interacting and each species actually evolving rapidly because they are interacting with novel	相互作用,每个物种都迅速进化因为它们与新事物相互作用
420	species.	物种。
421	What we forecast, so this is again, work being done in my lab, we forecast that future	我们预测,所以这是再次, 工作在我的实验室,我们预测未来
422	urbanization going out to 2050 will have a very big impact on biodiversity loss.	到2050年的城市化将对生物多样性的丧失产生重大影响。
423	We expect that	我们期望
424	will involve at least the loss of more than 400 types of reptiles, more than 200 species of	将至少涉及400多种爬行动物的丧失,200多种爬行动物的丧失。
425	amphibians and over a hundred species of mammals and birds.	两栖动物和一百多个哺乳动物和鸟类物种.
426	So this is going to future urbanization	因此,这是未来的城市化
427	will drive more and more biodiversity loss.	生物多样性将日益丧失。
428	So finally, in my last time remaining, I want to	最后,在我最后剩下的时间,我想
429	So about a year ago, we published the sixth assessment report of the IPCC.	大约一年前,我们发表了气专委的第六次评估报告。
430	So this is the	所以这是
431	UN climate report that's published about every five years or so.	大约每五年出版一次的联合国气候报告。
432	And one of the big results from	最大的成果之一来自
433	that report is that in the 10 years between 2010 to 2019, greenhouse gas emissions were the highest	该报告指出,在2010年至2019年的十年中,温室气体排放量最高。
434	they've ever been in human history.	他们曾经在人类历史上。
435	And we have seen that the earth has already warmed one degree	我们看到地球已经暖和了1度
436	C since 1850.	从1850年起C.
437	We like to use 1850 as a starting point because that is around the time of the	我们喜欢用1850年作为起点,因为那是大约在
438	industrial revolution.	工业革命。
439	That's around the time when we started using a lot of greenhouse, a lot of	那时我们开始使用很多温室,很多
440	fossil fuels.	化石燃料。
441	We are warming about one degree since 1850.	我们从1850年起就升温了
442	And that the report indicates it	报告上说
443	concludes we are not on track to limit global warming to one and a half degrees C. The reason	结论是,我们没有走上将全球变暖限制在1.5摄氏度的轨道。原因
444	why we talk about one and a half degrees C, two things I want to emphasize, this one and a half	为什么我们谈论一个半摄氏度, 两件事我想强调,这个半
445	degrees C is from 1850.	C度从1850年。
446	So that is the starting point.	这就是起点。
447	Whenever you see people talking, scientists	当你看到人们说话,科学家们
448	talking about the one and a half degrees C limit, it is in comparison to 1850.	说到一个半摄氏度的极限和1850年相比
449	And the reason why we	而我们为什么
450	talk about one and a half degrees C is really for two reasons.	谈论一个半摄氏度的C 其实有两个原因
451	One is that this is the temperature	一,这是温度
452	increase that has been agreed upon by members of the United Nations as the temperature that we want	* 增加联合国成员商定的温度
453	to maintain to limit global warming to.	保持将全球变暖限制在。
454	And the reason why is that scientists, there's a lot of	原因是科学家,有很多
455	science that indicates that warming above one and a half degrees C could have really catastrophic	科学显示温度上升超过一个半摄氏度
456	impacts on human well-being on ecosystems all around the world.	对人类福祉的影响。
457	Now, if we look at the share	现在,如果我们看份额
458	of the world's population that account for emissions, it's actually a very small share	占世界排放总量的一小部分
459	of the world's population that are responsible for the majority of emissions.	(a) 占世界排放量大多数的人口。
460	So what I'm showing	所以,我显示
461	here in this graph on the x-axis, this is the share of the world's population.	在X轴的图中这是世界人口的比例
462	And on the y-axis,	在你的轴上
463	this is the share of the carbon footprint.	这是碳足迹的一部分。
464	You can see that about, oh, let's come here, about 20%	你可以看到,哦,让我们来这里,大约20%
465	of the population is responsible for about 60% of the carbon footprint.	约占碳足迹的60%。
466	40% is responsible for	40%负责
467	about 80% of the carbon footprint.	大约80%的碳足迹。
468	If we look at cities, the top 100 emitting cities account for	如果我们看看城市,最大的100个排放城市
469	almost 20% of the carbon footprint.	碳足迹的近20%。
470	So if these top 100 emitting cities focused on reducing their	因此,如果这些排放量最大的100个城市侧重于减少其排放量
471	greenhouse gas emissions, this would have a very big impact on reducing emissions.	这将会对减少排放量产生重大影响。
472	What we see is	我们看到的是
473	that about two thirds of carbon emissions can be attributed to existing cities and towns.	大约三分之二的碳排放可归因于现有城市和城镇。
474	So if we	所以,如果我们
475	look here, this is on the y-axis, this is the urban per capita emissions.	你看,这是Y轴, 这是城市人均排放量。
476	Developed countries	发达国家
477	like the US, Canada, the cities there are responsible for about 23% of total urban emissions	就像美国,加拿大,那里的城市占城市总排放量的23%
478	and per capita emissions are almost 11 tons of carbon per capita.	人均排放量近11吨。
479	If we look at Asia in the	如果我们看看亚洲
480	developing Pacific, the per capita emissions are much lower, but there are a lot more people in Asia.	在发展中太平洋,人均排放量要低得多,但亚洲的人口要多得多。
481	China and India alone are 2.5 billion, so there are a lot more people.	仅中国和印度就有25亿,所以人口就多了。
482	The other thing to consider is	还有一件事要考虑
483	that in the next 20 to 30 years, we're expecting that per capita emissions in Asia and the developing	在接下来的20到30年里, 我们期望亚洲和发展中国家的人均排放量
484	Pacific to increase and possibly reach those in developed countries.	太平洋将增加并可能达到发达国家的水平。
485	So this is going to be a	所以,这将是一个
486	very big challenge going forward.	巨大的挑战前进。
487	The good news is that if we look in the future, there's a lot	好消息是,如果我们展望未来,就有很多
488	we can control in terms of future greenhouse gas emissions that come from cities.	我们可以控制未来来自城市的温室气体排放。
489	This graph	本图
490	indicates the emissions that are associated with building future cities.	说明与建设未来城市有关的排放。
491	So if we look at, let's	所以,如果我们看,让我们
492	say in this dark blue, if we use state-of-the-art building design and low carbon infrastructure,	如果用最先进的建筑设计和低碳基础设施
493	this shows how much new carbon emissions will be due to using state-of-the-art building design.	这表明使用最先进的建筑设计将产生多少新的碳排放。
494	If we were to just build cities as we have been building them in the last 20 and 30 years,	如果我们要像过去20年和30年一样建造城市,
495	we would envision this total urban greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 emissions, up to about 35.	我们设想,城市温室气体排放总量、二氧化碳排放量将达到35个左右。
496	But if we actually use very state-of-the-art infrastructure, or even better yet, if we use	但是如果我们真的使用非常先进的基础设施, 或者更好,如果我们使用
497	low carbon energy systems, we see these different wedges where we can save on future emissions,	低碳能源系统,我们看到这些不同的楔形物我们可以节省未来的排放,
498	depending on how we build our future cities.	取决于我们如何建设未来城市。
499	But the other thing to keep in mind is that	但另一个要记住的是
500	building cities will affect greenhouse gas emissions.	建设城市将影响温室气体排放。
501	But the other thing is that	但还有一件事
502	as cities expand, they will also affect their local climate.	随着城市扩张,它们也会影响当地气候.
503	So I imagine many people here on	所以我想这里有很多人
504	the call are familiar with something called the urban heat iron.	这个电话是熟悉的城市热铁。
505	Cities are hotter than their	城市比他们更热
506	surrounding areas.	周围区域。
507	But urban expansion, the buildup of the vertical space, the buildup	但城市扩张垂直空间的积聚积聚
508	of the outward space, that actually contributes to urban heat.	外向空间, 这实际上会增加城市的热量。
509	And so this is, again, the work	所以这是,再次,工作
510	of one of my doctoral students who shows that urban expansion could increase daytime temperatures	我的一个博士生显示城市扩张会增加白天的温度
511	up to 5.6 degrees C. This means that urban-driven heat will be even greater than climate change-driven	最高为5.6°C. 这意味着城市驱动的热量将甚至大于气候变化驱动的热量。
512	heat.	热。
513	So let me just say that again.	所以,让我再说一遍。
514	In places where urban expansion will significantly increase	在城市扩张将显著增加的地方
515	heat, in some places, the urban expansion-driven heat will be greater than the heat, the increase	热量,在一些地方,城市扩张驱动的热量将大于热量,增加
516	in temperature due to climate change.	由于气候变化,温度上升。
517	So I want to wrap this up and bring this all back to the	所以,我想结束这个并把这些都带回
518	IPCC report, which we concluded that unless there is immediate, rapid, and large-scale reduction	气候小组的报告,我们的结论是,除非立即、迅速和大规模地减少
519	in greenhouse gas emissions, limiting warming to one and a half degrees C will be beyond reach.	在温室气体排放方面,将升温限制在1.5度C将遥不可及。
520	So what do we mean by immediate, rapid, and large-scale reductions?	那么,立即、迅速和大规模削减意味着什么?
521	Well, it means	嗯,这意味着
522	completely transforming the energy grid in cities.	彻底改变城市的能源网
523	It means redesigning cities so that we can walk	意思是重新设计城市这样我们才能步行
524	and bike and use mass transit and not be reliant so much on cars.	和自行车,并使用大众中转, 不依赖这么多的汽车。
525	Again, the good news is we actually	再说一次,好消息是我们
526	have an unprecedented opportunity because more than 60% of the forecasted urban areas in 2050,	有了前所未有的机会,因为2050年预测的城市地区有60%以上;
527	they haven't been built.	他们还没有建成。
528	So we have an incredible opportunity to design future cities so that they	因此,我们有一个不可思议的机会设计未来的城市,以便他们
529	can be low carbon or even better, net-zero carbon, and we can redesign existing cities	我们可以重新设计现有的城市。
530	so that they are more walkable and so that they can transition to low carbon.	这样它们更容易行走,并可以过渡到低碳.
531	So I want to thank	所以,我想感谢
532	you for everyone's attention, and I'm happy to take questions.	请大家注意我很乐意回答问题
533	Great.	不错
534	Thank you very much,	非常感谢
535	Professor Sito.	西图教授.
536	I see that there are already questions being typed.	我看到已经有问题被输入。
537	I'll start asking	我开始问
538	Andes, and everyone please feel free to post more questions.	安第斯,请大家随意张贴更多的问题。
539	I may also draw some from the	我也可以从
540	pool of questions we've already collected.	我们已经收集了很多问题
541	So let me try to find you, Andy.	让我去找你,安迪
542	Oh, thank you, Professor,	谢谢你教授
543	and thank you for your speech.	并感谢你的发言。
544	And my question is that considering the large amount of population	我的问题是,考虑到大量人口
545	and the vast number of rural areas, some experts in China argue that urbanization in China should	中国的一些专家认为,中国的城市化应该
546	not develop that fast, and the paradigm of urbanization is maybe distinct from cases in	城市化的范式可能不同于
547	Western countries, while some others believe that the rate of urbanization in China still has a	西方国家,而另一些国家则认为,中国的城市化速度仍然
548	What is your opinion to the way that China will choose as for urbanization, and will there be a	你对中国选择城市化的方式有什么看法?
549	maybe different way for China to develop urbanization?	也许中国发展城市化的方法不同?
550	And thank you.	谢谢
551	Yeah, well,	对啊
552	I mean China already, so I spent the first 15 years of my career studying China's urbanization,	我的意思是中国已经, 所以我在职业生涯的前15年研究中国的城市化,
553	and it's very clear that China's path of urbanization is unlike any other country in	很明显,中国的城市化道路不像其他任何国家
554	history.	历史
555	I don't have those slides ready, those statistics, but basically roughly in about 50	我没有这些幻灯片,这些统计, 但基本上大约在50个左右。
556	years, it took China to achieve in 50 years what it took the United States about 200 years to	花了50年时间美国花了200年
557	achieve in terms of urban development, in terms of the resources and infrastructure that is in	在城市发展、资源和基础设施方面实现
558	And I think a really important point to remember is that urbanization is strongly correlated with	我认为一个非常重要的一点是, 城市化与
559	increases in income.	收入增加。
560	And so during this time in China, rapid urbanization has also literally	因此,在这个时候,中国的快速城市化也实际上
561	pulled tens of millions of people out of poverty, like extreme poverty, and hundreds of millions of	数以千万计的人摆脱了贫困,如极端贫困,还有数亿人
562	into a middle-class lifestyle.	进入中产阶级的生活方式。
563	So, I mean, the achievements of China's urbanization are really	所以,我的意思是,中国城市化的成就确实是
564	remarkable, and it's one of these things that we are going to be looking back on history and say,	令人瞩目的是,我们回顾历史并说,
565	wow, this achievement was remarkable.	哇,这一成就是惊人的。
566	That said, those achievements are amazing.	尽管如此,这些成就是惊人的。
567	That said,	这么说
568	we can always, every country, China included, can always make their cities even better,	我们永远可以,每一个国家,包括中国, 永远可以让城市变得更好,
569	can even make them more livable, more walkable, less carbon-intensive.	甚至可以让它们更可活性,更可步行,更低碳密集.
570	So I think that's a really	所以我认为这是真的
571	important thing to remember is that China has achieved incredible success with their cities.	要记住的是,中国在他们的城市中取得了令人难以置信的成功。
572	And I mean, just the fact, you know, I used to go to China two to three times a year,	我的意思是,事实上,你知道, 我曾经去中国每年两到三次,
573	and this is probably for you or any of you who are born.	这可能是为你或你们中任何出生的人。
574	So, you know, I was going to China	我本来要去中国的
575	two to three times a year in the mid-1990s, and places that were agriculture, you know,	在1990年代中期,一年两到三次, 和那些地方是农业,你知道,
576	three months later, there'd be a factory, and three months later, there'd be another factory,	三个月后,会有一个工厂, 三个月后,会有另一个工厂,
577	you know.	你知道吗?
578	And, you know, a lot of my research is using satellite data, and I would have satellite	而且,你知道,我的许多研究是利用卫星数据, 我会有卫星
579	images, and the satellite images that I had from two months before field work did not show the new	现场工作前两个月的卫星图像没有显示新的
580	roads that I was standing on during field work.	我在野外工作时站在路上
581	It was just amazing.	这太神奇了
582	But, you know, sometimes when	但有时候
583	we do things very fast, we may not be able to deliberate what is the best way, and we may not	我们做的非常快,我们也许无法考虑什么是最好的方法,我们也许不能
584	be able to provide, get input from the people who are living in these cities.	能够提供,获得生活在这些城市的人的投入。
585	So I think one of the	所以我认为其中之一
586	big challenges for China cities is to make them more of a human scale.	中国城市面临的巨大挑战是使它们更具有人性。
587	And what I mean by that	还有我的意思
588	is that many of China's cities, you know, I lived in Beijing for a while, you know, many of China	是中国的许多城市,你知道,我在北京住了一段时间, 你知道,很多中国
589	cities like Beijing, the roads are very wide.	北京等城市,道路十分宽阔.
590	I lived very close to, I lived on the Beidao campus,	我住得很近,住在北斗校园
591	and I remember there was a couple of boulevards that were like, you know, four lanes wide, and	我记得有一对夫妇的大道喜欢,你知道,四条路宽,
592	it took a very long time to cross.	花了很长的时间才能穿越
593	It's very, you know, that's not really human friendly, right?	这是非常,你知道, 这不是真的人友好的,对不对?
594	We	我们
595	like to be, humans like to be actually, you know, this is very related to our time in our mother's	喜欢,人类喜欢实际上,你知道, 这与我们的时间在我们的母亲
596	home.	回家去回家来
597	This is really quite interesting.	这真的很有趣。
598	Humans like to be in cozy places.	人类喜欢在舒适的地方。
599	We like to be in	我们喜欢加入
600	streets with like being surrounded by trees, smaller, smaller, smaller, smaller streets.	像被树包围的街道, 更小,更小,更小的街道。
601	We actually don't feel so good psychologically if we're on very wide streets.	如果我们在很宽的街道上心理上我们感觉不太好
602	And part of this is	这其中一部分是
603	related back to us simply as humans.	和我们人类的关系
604	If we're in wide places, we're more likely to be at risk	如果我们在广阔的地方, 我们更可能面临危险
605	to be eaten by a predator, right?	被掠食者吃掉对吧?
606	Of course, we don't have those same kind of risks in a city,	当然,我们没有同样的风险在城市,
607	but I'm trying to just illustrate that it is in our DNA to be in smaller, cozier places.	但我只是想说明在我们的DNA中是在较小的,舒适的地方。
608	It is in our DNA as evolutionary mammals to evolve as mammals to like certain types of	在我们的DNA中进化的哺乳动物进化的哺乳动物喜欢某些类型的
609	environments.	环境。
610	And so a lot of cities that have been designed that are very big scale, that are	因此,许多城市设计非常大的规模,即
611	not at the human scale, we could redesign them.	不是在人类规模, 我们可以重新设计它们。
612	And so, and this is a long answer to your question,	所以,这是一个很长的答案你的问题,
613	Andy, you know, I think that there are many opportunities for Chinese cities to be redesigned.	安迪,你知道,我认为有很多机会中国的城市被重新设计。
614	And I want to highlight here that it's not just Chinese cities.	我想在这里强调,这不仅仅是中国的城市。
615	A lot of American cities have been	许多美国城市已经
616	redesigned.	重新设计。
617	I did my PhD in Boston, and Boston had a very large, a very large highway that cut	我在波士顿做了博士,波士顿有条大,非常大的公路切开
618	through the entire city.	穿过整个城市
619	There was a tenure effort to take that big highway and put it underground,	曾有终身制努力夺取那条大公路并把它放在地下,
620	completely redesigned the city.	完全重新设计了城市。
621	San Francisco is another city that had a very big highway cutting	旧金山是另一座公路大割断的城市
622	across the city.	穿过城市
623	They redesigned it after the 1989 earthquake.	他们在1989年地震后重新设计了它.
624	So it is a natural process for	所以这是一个自然的过程
625	cities to get redeveloped.	城市被重新开发。
626	Cities are always undergoing change.	城市总是在变化。
627	We don't design cities,	我们不设计城市,
628	build them, and then, you know, it's not a museum.	然后,你知道,这不是博物馆。
629	And so I think that in this next 10 years,	所以我认为在这接下来的十年里
630	this is an incredible opportunity for Chinese cities to become even better and to become	这是中国城市变得更美好和
631	more human-centric and more sustainable.	更以人为本,更可持续。
632	Thank you, Professor Sito.	谢谢你,西多教授
633	I'm going to ask a question	我要问一个问题
634	that we collected, and it's kind of, it's a composite question from a number of people,	我们收集, 有点, 这是一个综合问题从一些人,
635	actually in academia.	实际上在学术界。
636	And it's about whether you have seen examples, whether in developing	是关于你是否看到过实例是否在发展
637	or developed countries where countries or policymakers have done a good job in protecting	国家或决策者在保护
638	food systems and biodiversity, for example.	例如,食物系统和生物多样性。
639	For example, one professor from, I believe,	例如,一名教授,我相信,
640	the Beijing Language and Culture University cited Britain's so-called anti-urbanization movement	北京语言文化大学引用了英国所谓的反城市化运动
641	and efforts at rural protection.	以及保护农村的努力。
642	What are your thoughts on some of the interesting examples that	你对一些有趣的例子有什么想法?
643	cities or about-to-be urbanized places can draw on?	城市或即将城市化的地方可以借鉴?
644	Thanks.	谢谢
645	Yeah.	对
646	So there are many examples	所以有很多例子
647	around the world of places that have protected biodiversity, and I think really important is	在保护生物多样性的地方,我认为真正重要的是
648	protecting agricultural land.	保护农田。
649	And one of the things that we've learned from this work and	我们从这部作品中学到的一件事
650	from research is that it's more effective to save agricultural land if multiple cities and regions	从研究是,如果多个城市和地区,拯救农业用地更加有效
651	work together.	一起行动
652	It's not so effective if one city says, you know, so if this is a city,	如果一个城市说,它不是那么有效所以如果这是一个城市,
653	so you can see my little, you know, this is a city and a city says, okay, we're not going to build	这样你就能看见我的小,你知道, 这是一个城市和一个城市说,好吧,我们不会建造
654	outside of the city and save all this land.	城外救护一切国土.
655	That actually is not very effective because what	这实际上不是很有效因为什么
656	happens is if there's another city here, people will just move to this city and this city will grow	如果这里有另一个城市, 人们会搬到这个城市,这个城市会成长
657	and then take up the agricultural land and this city that has its rules about not growing will	然后占领农地和这个城市它的规则是不种植意志
658	be impacted by the city and all this new development.	受到城市和所有这些新发展的影响。
659	So cities have to work together as regions,	因此,城市必须合作作为地区,
660	as mega regions to protect their agricultural land.	保护他们的农业用地。
661	That's number one.	即第一义.
662	The second thing is that	第二点是
663	cities and regional and national governments must work together.	城市与区域和国家政府必须共同努力。
664	Cities can only do so much.	城市只能做这么多。
665	National governments are in charge of things like railways.	国家政府负责铁路等事务.
666	National governments, like in the US,	国家政府,像美国,
667	like in China, they're the ones that provide funding for high-speed rail, for transportation	像中国一样,它们为高速铁路,运输提供资金
668	corridors.	走廊。走廊。
669	They also are the national governments are the ones that direct investments,	他们也是那些直接投资的国家政府,
670	direct foreign investments.	外国直接投资。
671	So for example, in China in 1973, with the opening up of China,	例如1973年随着中国的开放,
672	the national government directed foreign investments to Shenzhen, right?	国民政府将外资投向深圳,对吗?
673	And after	之后
674	Shenzhen, it was to the Pearl River Delta and then to other regions in China.	深圳,原为珠江三角洲,后又进入中国其他地区.
675	Same thing in the US,	同样的事情在美国,
676	same thing in many other countries.	在很多其他国家也是这样
677	National governments can focus national investments and	各国政府可集中国家投资,
678	international investments in a few places.	在一些地方进行国际投资。
679	And if national governments value biodiversity,	如果各国政府重视生物多样性,
680	if they value agricultural land, they must work together with regional and local governments to	如果它们重视农业用地,就必须与区域和地方政府合作,
681	protect agricultural land.	保护农田。
682	So this must be a multi-tier approach.	因此,这必须是一个多层次的方法。
683	And I think in the countries that	我想在这些国家
684	have done so, and not just countries, I would say cities and regions that have done so end up	我要说,已经这样做的城市和地区最终会这样做,而不仅仅是国家。
685	being the most successful.	成为最成功的。
686	The other thing that's really important to keep in mind is that	另一件很重要的事是记住
687	many cities have a lot of biodiversity within the city.	许多城市在城市内部拥有大量的生物多样性.
688	And so there's an opportunity to actually	因此,有一个机会实际上
689	preserve biodiversity and inside cities and towns as they are expanding.	保护生物多样性,以及城市和城镇内部不断扩大的生物多样性。
690	So there's just a	所以,只有一个
691	huge amount of opportunity here to design cities as they develop, to maintain the green spaces,	这里有大量的机会设计城市随着它们的发展, 维护绿色空间,
692	to maintain impervious surfaces.	保持无孔的表面。
693	There are a lot of ways that we can build cities so that they can	有很多方法,我们可以建造城市这样他们就可以
694	be biologically diverse.	生物多样性。
695	Thank you, Professor Sito.	谢谢你,西多教授
696	For the next question, I'd like to ask	关于下一个问题,我想问
697	Wilbur Zhang, whom I believe is a lawyer from King and Wood Malisons.	张威尔伯我相信他是来自国王和伍德马里森斯的律师
698	I don't know if you'd	我不知道你会不会
699	like to unmute and ask your question.	喜欢解密并问你的问题。
700	Oh, great.	哦,伟大的。
701	Thanks.	谢谢
702	Oh, thank you.	谢谢
703	Thank you for your	谢谢你
704	presentation.	介绍。
705	So my question is, if I may, I want to know your opinion about the low carbon	所以我的问题是,如果可以的话, 我想知道你对低碳的看法
706	regulations and the low carbon standards in China, because I'm not a professional in environmental	中国的法规和低碳标准,因为我不是环境专业
707	science.	科学。
708	So generally, when I'm practicing in the field of environmental protection and	一般来说,当我在环保领域练习时
709	infrastructure development, I may be responsible for drafting some documents or do something like	我可能负责起草一些文件或者做一些类似
710	that.	那个
711	But I don't know much about the standards and the logics of the environmental protection	但我对环境保护的标准和逻辑了解不多
712	behind the work.	在工作后面,我们是...
713	So I would like to know, do you think China now is making enough progress or	所以,我想知道,你认为中国现在已经取得了足够的进步,或者
714	is still trying hard to make more low carbon standards and regulations to guide the market?	仍在努力制定更多的低碳标准和法规来引导市场?
715	Because from my point of view, it seems we have a lot of	因为在我看来,我们有很多
716	ambiguous roles that generally we heavily depend on some policies instead of mandatory	通常我们严重依赖某些政策而不是强制性的模糊作用。
717	regulations.	条例。
718	And sometimes I think that may not be helpful when we are really trying to	有时候我觉得这也许没有帮助当我们真的试图
719	make a low carbon society.	创造一个低碳社会。
720	And I just want to know your opinion about that.	我只想知道你对此的看法。
721	Yeah, thank you.	谢谢
722	Yeah, that's a really important question.	是啊,这是一个非常重要的问题。
723	So if I could just break your question down into two	如果我能把你的问题分成两个
724	parts.	组件。
725	So one part is what is China doing in terms of setting policies for low carbon?	所以有一部分是中国在制定低碳政策方面在做什么?
726	And then the second part of that is really about implementation.	然后,第二部分真正涉及执行。
727	So here's a good example that I'm	因此,这里有一个很好的例子,我
728	going to give for a moment.	将给予一分钟。
729	So I'm wondering for all of you on the call, how many times your parents	所以我在想你们所有的人有多少次你的父母
730	set rules for you, any kind of rule.	为你制定规则任何规则
731	Maybe it's like how much time you can be on the internet or	也许这就像你有多少时间可以上网或
732	how much exercise or how much sleep you should get.	多少锻炼或多少睡眠你应该得到。
733	That's a good rule.	这规则不错
734	Maybe your parents say,	也许你的父母说,
735	this is how much sleep you should get.	这是你该睡多少觉。
736	But it's one thing to say, this is a rule or this is a	但是,这是一件事,这是规则或这是
737	policy.	政策。
738	Maybe the parents don't say it's a policy, but it's another thing to say, I'm now going to	也许父母不说这是政策, 但这是另一个事情说,我现在要去
739	enforce it.	执行它。
740	OK, now it's time to go to bed.	好了现在该睡觉了
741	OK, now you have to get off your internet.	好吧,现在你必须离开你的互联网。
742	Right.	对
743	So China has done a great job in setting a lot of standards.	因此,中国在制定许多标准方面成绩斐然.
744	They have a lot of rules.	他们有很多规则。
745	China's	中国
746	excellent at setting a lot of low carbon standards.	在设定许多低碳标准方面非常出色.
747	The implementation is much, much harder.	执行工作要困难得多。
748	And I would say setting the rules is maybe half right.	我想说,制定规则也许是一半正确。
749	It's very aspirational.	甚有抱负.
750	I want to go to sleep and get enough sleep.	我想去睡觉得到足够的睡眠。
751	I want to be low carbon city.	我想成为低碳城市。
752	I want to be a good	我想成为一个好人
753	student.	学生。
754	But then implementation means I need to get enough sleep.	但执行意味着我需要得到足够的睡眠。
755	I need to enforce the rules with	我需要执行规则与
756	companies, with agencies, with the people.	公司,机构,人民。
757	And the implementation is very, very difficult.	执行非常非常困难。
758	I want to share a picture with you.	我想跟你分享一张照片
759	I want to share.	我想分享。
760	Let me see.	让我看看。
761	Let me just	让我来
762	see.	看到没?
763	Let me want to share something else with you just so you can get an idea	让我跟你们分享点别的这样你们就可以有个主意了
764	of the different strategies that are available, because it's a quite complicated thing if we're	不同的策略, 因为它是一个相当复杂的事情如果我们是
765	going to talk about getting to low carbon or net zero carbon.	说到低碳或净零碳。
766	So I'm just sharing you another	所以,我只是分享你另一个
767	just another diagram from a paper that I've written.	我写的报纸上的另一张图
768	So we think about what	所以我们想
769	cities.	城市。
770	This is specifically for cities.	这是专门针对城市的。
771	What can cities do if we think about	城市能做什么如果我们想到
772	decarbonizing, getting to net zero, getting to low carbon and net zero?	去碳化,得到净零, 得到低碳和净零?
773	There are really three big strategies.	有三个大战略。
774	The first strategy is cities need to reduce the demand for	第一个战略是城市需要减少对
775	energy.	能源。
776	And really, there are three I call these things pathways.	事实上,有三种我称之为路径。
777	So strategy is like a big umbrella	所以,策略就像一个大伞
778	and then a pathway is specific.	然后一个路径是明确的。
779	So we can do spatial planning.	所以我们可以进行空间规划。
780	And if we did spatial planning	如果我们做了空间规划
781	where people could walk to work, that would reduce the demand for cars, reduce the demand for energy.	人们可以步行去工作, 这将减少对汽车的需求, 减少对能源的需求。
782	If if our buildings were more efficient, if we had appliances that were more efficient,	如果我们的建筑更有效率, 如果我们有更有效率的电器,
783	if we conserve energy, like turn down the thermostat, that would reduce demand.	如果我们节约能源,比如把自动调温器关掉, 就可以减少需求。
784	But	不过
785	the other thing that we need to do is the cities need to switch supply of energy.	城市需要调换能源供应。
786	They need to	他们需要
787	switch supply of energy from coal fired electricity to green electricity.	将燃煤电力的能源供应改为绿色电力。
788	So this is what that means	所以这就是意思
789	by decarbonization of electricity.	通过电的去碳化。
790	So we need to switch our electricity supply from coal to	所以我们需要把我们的电力供应从煤炭转为
791	green energy.	绿色能源。
792	But there are a lot of things that are not using electricity, like a lot of heating	但有很多东西不使用电, 像很多暖气
793	is not using heat electricity.	不使用热电。
794	A lot of our mobility like cars and buses are not using	我们有很多的机动性像汽车和公交车没有使用
795	electricity.	电力。
796	And the reason why we focus on using electricity or electrifying heating mobility and	以及为什么我们注重使用电力或电气化的供暖流动性和
797	cooking is we can easily decarbonize electricity.	烹饪是我们可以轻松去碳化的电力。
798	We can use windmills or solar power to generate	我们可以用风车或太阳能发电
799	electricity.	电力。
800	So we use buses running on electricity.	所以我们使用公共汽车运行在电力上。
801	We can then have a decarbonized	然后我们就可以去碳化
802	transport system.	交通运输系统。
803	You can I put the scrap up here because you can see that it would be a	我可以把废料放在这里,因为你可以看到,这将是一个
804	lot easier to set up a lot of rules on decarbonizing all of these things by right.	建立很多规则正确去碳化所有这些东西。
805	But it's a lot harder	但是这很难
806	to actually implement them.	实际执行。
807	But one thing and one thing that is relatively easy that is part of the	但有一件事和一件事是相对容易的,是其中的一部分
808	decarbonization strategy is to enhance carbon uptake.	非碳化战略是加强碳吸收。
809	And so this is related to the earlier	所以这和以前有关
810	question about biodiversity.	生物多样性问题。
811	If cities actually planted trees and had more vegetation, it could	如果城市真的种树并拥有更多的植被,它可能
812	cities to actually help to sequester carbon.	城市可以帮助固碳
813	And that would have also a positive impact on	这也会对
814	on reducing or actually sequestering CO2.	减少或实际封存二氧化碳。
815	So long answer to your question.	这么长的时间回答你的问题。
816	It's a lot harder to	难得多
817	implement, but China's done quite a good job with putting a lot of things in the books.	执行,但中国已经做了一个相当好的工作将很多事情放在书中。
818	I put that	我写了
819	graph up there, that figure up there, because I also wanted to illustrate that a lot of the	上面的图,上面的图, 因为我也想说明很多
820	climate change also will require behavior changes for each of us.	气候变化还需要我们每个人改变行为。
821	So it means that if we can,	所以,这意味着如果我们可以,
822	we should adopt a more low carbon lifestyle.	我们应该采取更低碳的生活方式。
823	And it will be not only up to	不仅如此
824	governments to implement these changes, but also up to us as individuals.	政府执行这些改革,但也取决于我们个人。
825	Thanks, Professor Tito.	谢谢,铁托教授
826	In the interest of time, I'm going to kind of quickly	为了时间的考虑,我要快点
827	slot in.	插槽。
828	There's a short question about whether you thought COVID-19 accelerated or impeded	关于你是否认为COVID-19加速或阻碍
829	urbanization in developing countries.	发展中国家的城市化。
830	我要揭开Christine Ma问你的问题
831	about green cities.	关于绿色城市。
832	And that would be the last question.	这是最后一个问题。
833	Thanks.	谢谢
834	Hi, Professor.	嗨,教授,你好吗?
835	Can you hear me?	你能听到我吗?
836	Yeah, I hear you fine.	是啊,我听到你没事。
837	Yeah, thank you for a very informative lecture on urbanization and	是的,谢谢你的演讲关于城市化和
838	its challenges.	挑战。
839	So obviously, I take geography at school.	很明显,我在学校学习地理。
840	And then in our school discussions,	然后在学校的讨论中,
841	I heard a lot of some people brought up that, for example, Saudi Arabia has designed a new	我听到很多人提起过比如沙特阿拉伯设计了一个新的
842	kind of linear city that's supposed to have a green space and a very sustainable net zero	那种线性城市应该有一个绿色的空间一个非常可持续的净零
843	kind of city model.	一种城市模式。
844	And then also Malaysia has proposed one that has no cars on the island.	之后马来西亚也提出在岛上没有汽车的车型.
845	So obviously, some countries are kind of proposing this kind of environmental-friendly	很明显,一些国家在提议这种环境友好
846	cities that are new, like the newest probably renewable energies that they integrate into their	城市是新的, 像最新的可能是可再生能源他们融入到自己的
847	city systems so that they can better achieve the net zero carbon goals or integrate the environment,	城市系统,以便能更好地实现净零碳目标或整合环境,
848	for example, having plans on the buildings and everything.	例如,在建筑物和所有东西上都有计划。
849	So obviously, that design is great,	很明显,这个设计很棒
850	but the challenges we're debating all over about it is like, obviously, people wouldn't move to	但是我们一直在争论的难题是, 很明显,人们不会移动到
851	these new cities because they've been living in the old city for years.	这些新城市因为他们在老城生活了多年
852	And why would they move?	他们为什么要动?
853	And then also, it's like how building that city also costs a lot of raw materials.	还有,这就像建造这座城市也花费了很多原材料。
854	But on the	不过在
855	other hand, improving upon the existing cities is also a challenge because you said it's easy	另一方面,改善现有城市也是一个挑战,因为你说很简单
856	to set the rules and set the goals, but it's hard to implement all the changes.	来设定规则和设定目标,但很难实施所有的改变.
857	So for example,	比如说,
858	you can change the ways of generating energy, but you have to rebuild all the pipelines and	你可以改变能源生成方式但你必须重建所有管道
859	all the lines and everything.	所有线条和一切。
860	And then also, I heard, for example, Yale had this system where	还有,我听说,例如,耶鲁有这个系统
861	they can store heat and then use a kind of recycling system where they can use the heat	他们可以储存热量然后使用一种循环系统他们可以使用热量
862	to heat up the building in winter.	冬天给大楼加热
863	But then obviously, you can't pluck out a building and	但很明显,你不能拔出一个建筑
864	build an underground vent and then put the building back down.	建造地下通风口,然后把大楼倒下.
865	So obviously, building up	很明显,正在建立
866	on the existing city also requires a lot of challenges because it's been there for ages,	在现有的城市也需要很多挑战因为它已经存在了很多年了
867	and redeveloping it also has challenges.	并且重新发展它也面临挑战。
868	So I was asking you whether having a new city is a	所以我问你新城市是不是
869	feasible solution to climate change or which kind of side do you take, whether it's building a new	解决气候变化的可行办法或者你选择哪一边不论它正在建立一个新的
870	city or improving upon existing ones?	城市还是现有城市的改善?
871	Well, Christina, your class is definitely	克里斯蒂娜你的课绝对是
872	addressing some of the most pressing issues and clearly you have a good handle on them.	解决一些最紧迫的问题,你显然能很好地处理这些问题。
873	There are dozens and dozens of examples in history where governments have tried to build,	历史上有几十个例子政府试图建立,
874	they have tried and they have built new cities as an attempt to be more sustainable and pull people	他们尝试了,他们建造了新的城市以试图更可持续和吸引人们
875	there.	这里
876	There is not a single example of them being successful because exactly like you just said,	没有一个例子能证明他们成功,因为正如你刚才所说,
877	why are people going to move to a city that they have no roots in, for one, but also,	为什么人们要搬到一个他们没有根基的城市, 一个人,但是,
878	there's a real challenge if we think that we know how to design a city, the best city for people to	如果我们认为我们知道如何设计一个城市, 一个人们最好的城市,
879	basically know how to do it less wrong than right, but we don't know 100% what the right,	基本上知道如何做错而不是正确, 但我们不知道100% 什么是正确,
880	what all the solutions are.	所有的解决办法是什么。
881	And so I would say the better solution is to actually redesign the	所以我想说,更好的解决办法是真正重新设计
882	existing cities because also, as you said, Christina, it takes a lot of resources to build	因为,正如你所说,克里斯蒂娜建造城市需要大量资源
883	these new cities. We basically know how to do it less wrong than right, but we don't know 100%	这些新城市。我们基本上知道如何做错小于正确, 但我们不知道100%
884	And and we're better off taking the land	我们最好把土地拿走
885	that is already a city and redesigning it.	这已经是一个城市并重新设计它。
886	That takes a lot longer.	这需要更长的时间。
887	But ultimately, it creates much more durable solutions.	但归根结底,它创造了更持久的解决办法。
888	I have a lot of other thoughts on this, but given the time,	我对此有很多其他想法,但考虑到时间,
889	I'll just end it there.	我会在那里结束它。
890	But but I think it is important to know that there are so many examples	但我认为重要的是要知道有很多例子
891	in history also where cities have been redesigned to be much more sustainable.	历史上也曾对城市进行重新设计,使其更具可持续性。
892	I'll just give one example very quickly, which is in Seville, Spain.	我很快举一个例子, 在西班牙塞维利亚。
893	In two years, the city built over 80 kilometers of bike lanes,	在两年内,城市建造了80多公里的自行车道,
894	and they took the bike lanes that were they built them in streets	他们走的自行车道他们建在街道上
895	that had cars.	有车。
896	Nobody want none of the business owners wanted to get rid of,	没有人希望任何企业老板想要摆脱,
897	you know, space for cars	你知道,车的空间
898	because they thought that was important for their business.	因为他们认为这对他们的生意很重要
899	But ultimately, they were able to do it.	但最终,他们做到了。
900	And it has completely I was in Seville this past summer looking at this	去年夏天我在塞维利亚看这个
901	completely redesigned the space and changed the city.	完全重新设计了空间,并改变了城市。
902	So, you know, every city can redesign themselves.	所以,你知道,每个城市都可以重新设计自己。
903	It's pretty remarkable.	这是相当显著的。
904	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
905	Well, first of all, thank you very much to Professor	首先,非常感谢教授
906	Karen Cito for making time for this very informative,	凯伦·西托为这个信息丰富的事准备了时间
907	inspiring and engaging talk.	鼓舞人心的演讲
908	I've learned a great deal and I'm sure everybody has as well.	我学到了很多,我相信每个人都有。
909	I really hope that with	我真的希望这样
910	the policy changes with	政策变化
911	in China, that we'll all be able to meet at the Yale Center Beijing soon,	在中国,我们很快就会在北京耶鲁中心见面
912	including Professor Karen Cito, as well as our audiences.	包括凯伦·西托教授还有我们的观众
913	As a tradition for for our online events, what we do at the end is we	作为我们网上活动的传统,我们最终要做的就是我们
914	try to ask people if you're able to turn on your cameras to turn them on	试着问人们,如果你能打开你的摄像机打开它们
915	so that we can take a really quick group photo.	这样我们就可以拍张非常快的团体照片。
916	And also, we will unmute you in case you want to say	而且,我们会解除你以防你想说
917	thank you to Professor Karen Cito.	感谢凯伦·西托教授
918	So I'm going to count down from five.	故从五下数.
919	So five or three, three,	所以五三个,三,
920	two, one.	二,一个。
921	Say, yeah, yeah, yeah.	说曰.
922	And please feel free to unmute yourself and say thank you and	请放松一下说声谢谢
923	wish everyone a fantastic year of the rabbit.	祝大家过上完美的一年
924	Yes.	对
925	Happy New Year.	新年快乐
926	Yes.	对
927	Happy New Year.	新年快乐
928	This is our last talk	这是我们最后一次谈话
929	before the Chinese New Year.	在中国新年之前
930	So thank you, everyone, for joining and to Professor Cito for the talk.	感谢大家的加入感谢西托教授的演讲
931	Thanks, Carol.	谢谢卡罗尔
932	Thank you.	谢谢
933	Thank you, everyone.	谢谢大家
934	Have a good night.	边
935	Bye.	再见。
936	Happy New Year.	新年快乐

该视频共有字幕 938 条。解锁更多字幕为会员功能，请移动到价格

下载安装