解读反华移民问题：启示论影响下的矛盾美国

发布于 2021-04-28 · 时长 1:06:17

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:04	Good morning to those of you guys joining us from the U.S. side and good evening to	早上好,你们这些家伙从美国方面加入我们,晚上好
0:09	those of you guys joining us from the China side and we're very glad that everybody is	你们这些家伙从中国方面加入我们我们很高兴大家都是
0:17	here joining us.	在这里加入我们。
0:19	My name is Devin Lau and I am the Assistant Director for Yale Center Beijing.	我叫德文·劳我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任
0:24	For those of you guys that this is your first time joining one of our events, let me give	对于你们这些家伙,这是你们第一次参加我们的活动,让我给
0:29	you a quick word of introduction.	简单介绍一下你
0:32	We, Yale Center Beijing was established in 2014 as Yale's first and only university-wide	我们,耶鲁中心北京成立于2014年,是耶鲁的第一个,也是唯一的全大学
0:40	center outside of New Haven, of course, and we have been lucky enough to host professors	当然,在纽黑文外的中心我们有幸接待了教授
0:49	from across Yale and all its departments and schools in order to showcase a lot of the	从横耶鲁大学及其所有部门和学校为了展示很多
0:58	amazing research that's going on at Yale.	耶鲁大学的惊人研究

展开字幕全文（1136 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Good morning to those of you guys joining us from the U.S. side and good evening to	早上好,你们这些家伙从美国方面加入我们,晚上好
2	those of you guys joining us from the China side and we're very glad that everybody is	你们这些家伙从中国方面加入我们我们很高兴大家都是
3	here joining us.	在这里加入我们。
4	My name is Devin Lau and I am the Assistant Director for Yale Center Beijing.	我叫德文·劳我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任
5	For those of you guys that this is your first time joining one of our events, let me give	对于你们这些家伙,这是你们第一次参加我们的活动,让我给
6	you a quick word of introduction.	简单介绍一下你
7	We, Yale Center Beijing was established in 2014 as Yale's first and only university-wide	我们,耶鲁中心北京成立于2014年,是耶鲁的第一个,也是唯一的全大学
8	center outside of New Haven, of course, and we have been lucky enough to host professors	当然,在纽黑文外的中心我们有幸接待了教授
9	from across Yale and all its departments and schools in order to showcase a lot of the	从横耶鲁大学及其所有部门和学校为了展示很多
10	amazing research that's going on at Yale.	耶鲁大学的惊人研究
11	And even in this past year of pandemic, we've been utilizing Zoom to actually increase our	即使在过去的一年里,我们一直在利用Zimo来增加我们的
12	outreach to people beyond just Beijing and even beyond China to reach a global audience.	面向北京以外甚至中国以外地区的人们,向全球受众进行宣传。
13	And so we've been really excited to have a variety of topics of discussion, everything	所以,我们一直非常兴奋有各种各样的话题讨论,一切
14	from art history to astronomy, to biology, to music, to all sorts of things.	从艺术史到天文学, 生物学,音乐,到各种事物。
15	And so we're very much active.	所以我们非常活跃。
16	Of course, those of you in China are already back to pretty much normal functioning society.	当然,你们这些在中国的人已经回到了相当正常的社会。
17	But here in the U.S., a lot of us have been in our house for over a year still.	但在美国,我们很多人已经在家里呆了一年多
18	And so it's really good to be able to have these conversations with various Yale professors.	所以能和耶鲁大学的多位教授进行这些对话是非常好的。
19	Today, of course, we have a very, unfortunately, very relevant and pertinent topic, which is	当然,今天我们有一个非常不幸、非常相关和相关的议题,即:
20	racism in U.S. history and anti-racism.	美国历史上的种族主义和反种族主义。
21	And as you're all aware, in the U.S., there has been an increase in anti-Asian rhetoric	正如大家所知,在美国,反亚洲言论有所增加
22	and actual physical attacks in the past year or so.	以及去年左右的实际人身攻击。
23	And of course, that's in addition to all the other issues regarding race that we're facing,	当然,除了我们面临的其他种族问题之外,
24	包括Black Lives Matter, 多年的修筑墙的言论,
25	racism and the antagonism across the board.	种族主义和全面对抗。
26	And so, of course, none of this is new and it's all rooted in a very deep history in	所以,当然,这些都不是新的, 都根植于一个非常深刻的历史,
27	the U.S. And so today we're very lucky to have Professor Yijian Lin talk about this	美国今天我们很幸运有林宜健教授谈这个
28	history and how the recent rise of racism is very much rooted in rhetoric that's been	最近种族主义的兴起如何深深扎根于
29	used throughout the U.S. and throughout its history.	在整个美国和历史上都使用过。
30	Professor Lin is associate professor of New Testament at Yale.	林教授任耶鲁新约副教授.
31	She has a master's degree from University of Chicago, TEDS, as well as a Ph.D.	她拥有芝加哥大学TEDS的硕士学位以及博士学位.
32	from Yale.	从耶鲁。
33	Her first book, The Erotic Life of Manuscripts, examines how metaphors of	她的第一本书《手稿的情感生活》研究了如何比喻
34	race, family, evolution and genetic inheritance have shaped the goals and assumptions of	种族、家庭、进化和遗传遗产决定了
35	New Testament textual criticism from the 18th century to the present.	18世纪至今的新约文本批评.
36	And her current book project, very much relevant and something that she's actually been	而她现在的书计划, 非常相关和一些她实际上一直
37	working on before all this recent news, is going to be called, I think, Immigration	在最近这个消息之前工作, 将会被称为,我想,移民
38	and Apocalypse, focusing on the revelation of John in the history of American immigration	美国移民史上约翰的启示
39	and so focusing on this idea of apocalypticism and the use of revelation in the political	并因此专注于这种末日主义的想法和利用启示在政治
40	discourse surrounding American immigration, both in utopian visions of America as well	围绕美国移民的论述,
41	as dystopian fear of outsiders.	作为对外人的恐惧。
42	So I can't think of a more prophetic piece of writing	所以我想不出一个更预言的作品
43	very much, you know, in line with talking about the book of revelation.	非常,你知道, 与谈论启示书。
44	And so a very unique angle in understanding rhetoric and text.	在理解言辞和文字方面,有一个非常独特的角度。
45	And we're extremely lucky to have her joining us today.	我们非常幸运她今天能来
46	And so without further ado, I turn it over to Professor Lin.	所以不用再多说了我把它交给林教授
47	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
48	So I'm going to share my screen.	所以我要分享我的屏幕。
49	So thank you very much for having me and for coming to this talk.	非常感谢你邀请我和前来参加这次演讲。
50	I'm honored and I'm excited to be able to share what is part of, as Devin said, my	我很荣幸,我很高兴能够分享德文说,我
51	current book project, which is titled Immigration and Apocalypse, U.S.	目前名为“美国移民和启示录”的书籍项目。
52	Immigration in the Book of Revelation.	"启示录"中的移民.
53	I begin with this title slide with this photo, and it is a photo of the women's	我从这个题材幻灯片开始用这张照片这是一张女人的照片
54	quarters at the Angel Island Detention Center in the San Francisco Bay.	在旧金山湾的天使岛拘留中心
55	And this detention center was functioning from around 1910 until the 1940s.	而这个拘留中心从1910年左右一直运作到1940年代.
56	And it is where they kept mostly nonwhite immigrants coming to the San	他们把大部分非白人移民关到桑人那里
57	Francisco港以及所有前来的人
58	This is mostly Chinese immigrants at the time, but others coming from Asia were	这大多是当时的中国移民,但其他来自亚洲的移民
59	also held in this detention center and subjected to examination and interrogation.	还被关押在这个拘留中心,并受到检查和审讯。
60	And women were separated from men, et cetera.	女人和男人是分开的
61	And this is where the women stayed.	这里就是女人住的地方
62	And part of it's been kept or redone to reflect what it was like and the conditions	一部分被保留或重新整理以反映它是什么样子和条件
63	that they stayed in while they kept there.	他们在那里待着,
64	So just keep this in mind.	所以记住这一点。
65	I'm going to lead us through a thematic journey that will today focus ultimately on	我将带领我们度过一个主题之旅今天将最终专注于
66	anti-Chinese immigration in the history of the United States.	美国历史上的反华移民.
67	So you might be thinking, what does US immigration and US anti-Chinese immigration	所以,你可能会在想, 美国移民和美国反华移民
68	in particular have to do with apocalypse?	尤其是和启示录有关?
69	That seems like a very strange juxtaposition.	这似乎是一个非常奇怪的并列。
70	And what does she mean by apocalypse?	她是什么意思启示录?
71	Because, of course, there are several different meanings to this, right?	因为,当然, 有几个不同的含义这一点,对不对?
72	There's the broader popular meaning and then a narrower historical meaning.	有较广的流行意义,然后是较窄的历史意义.
73	So we have the broader popular usage of apocalyptic generally is relating to	因此,我们有更广泛的大众使用apocalyptic 通常与
74	world ending catastrophe, disaster or a change of world.	世界结束灾难、灾难或世界的改变。
75	Sometimes this means a glorious entry into a new place, a heavenly utopia.	有时这意味着光荣的进入一个新地方,天堂乌托邦.
76	And this is you related to the immigration and the immigration experience in which	这是你与移民和移民经历的关系
77	you're changing one world for another.	你正在改变一个世界
78	There is a hope for some sort of utopic arrival often ends in catastrophe and disaster.	人们希望某种无线到达往往以灾难和灾难结束。
79	So there is that broader popular understanding of apocalyptic or apocalypse	因此,人们对末日或末日有更广泛的理解
80	that's related to immigration.	和移民有关
81	There's also the far narrower term, which is relating to ancient Jewish literature,	还有更窄的术语和古代犹太文学有关
82	a genre of ancient literature that talks about visions in which somebody,	一种古代文学流派, 谈论的视觉,其中某人,
83	prophet, a seer, is able to see a separate world, is able to ascend into the heavens	先知,一个先知,能够看见一个单独的世界,能够升入天空
84	and see a series of events that are going to come, usually violent, usually destructive,	并看到一系列的事件即将来临, 通常暴力, 通常破坏性,
85	destruction of one world and the entering in the ushering in of a new.	摧毁一个世界,进入一个新的世界。
86	And this is particularly, I'm thinking, of course, of the book of Revelation, the last	我当然想到了《启示录》最后一本
87	book of the New Testament, which is what my focus will be on today in the relation of	新约的书,这是我今天关注的
88	that to U.S.	给美国。
89	leaders thinking and also general population in America, thinking about immigration in	美国的领袖们思考移民问题
90	a particular conception of the United States and of America.	对美国和美利坚合众国的特定概念。
91	So my argument is that Revelation in particular has shaped this conception and	所以我的论点是启示特别形成了这个概念和
92	ideation of America from its discovery to the present and this conception of America	美国从发现到现在和这个概念
93	as that apocalyptic destination has then in turn shaped U.S.	因为那个末日的目的地反过来又塑造了美国
94	and American attitudes towards immigration.	和美国对移民的态度。
95	So put another way by understanding the U.S.	所以用另一种方式来理解美国
96	as this apocalyptic destination, as an exceptional heaven like place, the U.S.	作为这个末日的目的地作为异乎寻常的天堂比如美国
97	leaders and its population have adopted and also apocalyptic attitude towards who gets	领导人及其人民对谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁获得、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到、谁得到
98	to come in and who needs to be kept out at the same time.	他们需要同时被拒之门外。
99	So that is part and parcel of that metaphorical thinking.	因此,这是这种隐喻思维的一部分。
100	So considering these similar images, we have both, in fact, referencing whether directly,	因此,考虑到这些相似的图像, 我们两个,事实上, 引用是否直接,
101	as we see in the Greek icon on the left or indirectly at the poster on the right, both	我们从左边的希腊图标或从右边的海报上间接看到
102	referencing the New Jerusalem.	参考新耶路撒冷.
103	So this is a heavenly city referenced in Revelation, and it's this notion	因此,这是一个天堂城市引用在启示, 这是这个概念
104	of America as a shining city on the Hill coming from this kind of ideation of the U.S.	美国是山上一个光辉的城市从美国这种想法而来
105	and New Jerusalem, and it's first written, so far as I know, by John Winthrop in 1630.	和新耶路撒冷,它的第一个写, 据我所知, 约翰温斯罗普在1630年。
106	So this is a famous sermon encouraging the Puritans who are coming towards America	因此,这是一个著名的布道,鼓励清教徒来美国
107	in the 17th century to be a shining moral example because America is going to be a	在17世纪成为一个光辉的道德榜样因为美国将成为一个
108	shining city on the Hill.	闪耀的城市在山上。
109	So Winthrop here in the sermon is quoting the Bible.	所以Winthrop在布道时引用了圣经
110	It's not from Revelation.	非从启示.
111	It's from the Gospel of Matthew, Chapter five.	出自"马太福音"第五章.
112	But in that text, the city on a hill is definitely Jerusalem.	但在该文本中,一座山上的城市肯定是耶路撒冷。
113	And Winthrop is also referencing this understanding that the Puritan leaders also had of	温斯罗普也引用了清教徒领袖们对
114	establishing a New Jerusalem in this new world that they're arriving at.	在他们即将到达的新世界里建立一个新的耶路撒冷
115	So their mission was to establish God's heavenly city on Earth, right, in God's country	所以他们的任务是在地球上建立上帝的天国
116	and God's city, in particular, as the New Jerusalem.	和上帝的城市,特别是作为新耶路撒冷。
117	And this kind of thinking and ideation would be consistent throughout U.S.	这种想法和想法在美国各地是一致的。
118	history and understanding of American exceptionalism.	历史与对美国例外主义的理解.
119	And the specific language that Winthrop uses is picked up again, the U.S.	而温斯罗普使用的具体语言再次被拾起,即美国.
120	as a shining city on the Hill, famously by John F.	作为山上的光辉城市,由约翰·F(John F.
121	Kennedy in 1961 as president-elect in a speech to the nation, again, emphasizing the U.S.	1961年肯尼迪作为当选总统,在向全国发表演说,再次强调美国.
122	as exceptional, as heavenly and as heaven on Earth or striving to be so.	与众不同,与天同在,与天同在,或努力如此。
123	But the person, the political leader who uses this phrase shining city on the Hill	但那个用这个词在山上闪耀的城市的人政治领袖
124	the most, over 20 times in political speeches, and the most famously, I would have to say,	在政治演讲中最多,20多次, 最著名的,我不得不说,
125	is Ronald Reagan.	是罗纳德·里根
126	So I am going to read you, here is Ronald Reagan as an apocalyptic seer.	所以,我要读你, 这是罗纳德·里根作为一个启示录的见证人。
127	I'm going to read to you a text of Reagan's farewell speech, which he gave in 1989 as he's	我读一下里根的告别演说他1989年的演讲
128	leaving his two-term presidency.	离开两届总统任期。
129	And this is his most famous use of the phrase shining city on a hill.	这是他最著名的用词在山上闪耀的城市。
130	And I will compare it then to the text found in Revelation, Chapter 21.	然后,我将把它与载于《启示录》第21章的案文进行比较。
131	So listen carefully to it.	故仔细听.
132	In it, Reagan really positions himself as the seer, as the prophetic witness of the	在它里,里根真正把自己定位为旁观者,作为先知见证
133	Book of Revelation describing what he sees.	记述他所见的启示录。
134	So let me read that text to you.	让我读给你听
135	I've spoken of the shining city all my political life, but I don't know if I ever quite	我整个政治生活都提到这个光辉的城市, 但我不知道我是否真的
136	communicated what I saw when I said it.	传达我说的话时所看到的
137	But in my mind, it was a tall, proud city built on rocks stronger than oceans, wind	但在我的脑海中,它是一个高大,骄傲的城市建立在比海洋更坚固的岩石上,风
138	It was a city that slept, God-blessed, and teeming with people of all kinds, living in	这是一个睡着的城市,上帝流血, 和所有的人,住在
139	harmony and peace, a city with free ports that hummed with commerce and creativity.	和谐与和平,一个拥有自由港的城市,充满了商业和创造力。
140	If there had to be city walls, the walls had doors, and the doors were open to anyone	如果必须有城墙, 城墙有门, 门对任何人开放
141	with the will and the heart to get here.	带着意志和心脏来到这里。
142	And that's how I saw it and see it still.	这就是我如何看待它,并看到它静止。
143	Again, Reagan sounds like this ancient apocalyptic seer.	再次,里根听起来像这个古老的启示录。
144	He has a vision, right?	他有一个视觉,对不对?
145	I've spoken, I see it.	我说话了我看到了
146	This is how I see it.	这就是我的看法。
147	He sees the shining city.	他看到了光辉的城市。
148	He sees it on this strong foundation.	他看到它在这个牢固的基础。
149	And he understands the city on the hill, the U.S., as this apocalyptic utopia.	他理解山上的城市,美国, 是一个末日的乌托邦。
150	And he's plucking imagery directly from Revelation chapter 21, which describes the	他直接从《启示录》第21章中提取图像,其中描述了
151	New Jerusalem on a firm foundation filled with people and a diverse group of people	新耶路撒冷在牢固的基础之上,充满了人民和不同群体
152	here, Reagan references, teeming with all kinds, right?	这里,里根的参考文献, 充满各种各样的,对不对?
153	And bringing tribute and wealth and with walls, but with doors, Reagan says, that are	并带来贡品和财富和墙壁, 但有门,里根说,这是
154	open.	打开
155	So compare this.	比较一下
156	Let me read to you then the ancient text of Revelation so you can hear the echoes	让我念给你听古老的启示录的文字这样你就能听到回声
157	in Reagan's speech.	在里根的演讲。
158	Revelation 21 in the description of the New Jerusalem says, I saw a new heaven and	启示录21在描述新耶路撒冷说, 我看到一个新的天堂,
159	a new earth.	一个新的地球。
160	It has the glory of God and irradiance like a very rare jewel, like Jasper clear as	它拥有上帝的荣耀和光泽就像一个非常稀有的珠宝就像贾斯珀
161	crystal.	结晶。
162	It has a great high wall with 12 gates and the wall of the city has 12 foundations.	其高墙有12座城门,城墙有12座地基.
163	And on them are the 12 names of the 12 apostles of the Lamb.	他们上面有羔羊十二个使徒的十二个名字.
164	The nations will walk by its light and the kings of earth will bring their glory into	诸国将乘光而行大地诸王将带来荣耀
165	it.	这个
166	Its gates will never be shut by day and there will be no night there.	它的城门不会在白天关闭那里不会有黑夜
167	People will bring into it the glory and the honor of the nations.	人民将带来国家的荣耀和荣誉。
168	So you hear the ways that Reagan has borrowed from this description.	你听到里根从这个描述中借来的方法了
169	So what's the most interesting to me about Reagan's speech is that he is using this	我对里根的演讲最感兴趣的是他正在用这个
170	heavenly city imagery to talk about immigration.	天城影像谈移民.
171	He sounds very pro-immigration.	他听起来非常支持移民
172	He's describing the city with open doors, the symbol of hospitality, and he wants	他用敞开的大门来描述这座城市象征着热情的款待
173	people from everywhere, right?	到处都是人,对吧?
174	The nations, as it's described in Revelation, to come to enrich and to be creative in the	正如《启示录》中所描述的,各国将来丰富和创造
175	United States.	美国。
176	And he's using Revelation to cast a vision for U.S.	他利用启示录给美国投下远见
177	immigration.	移民问题。
178	So listen to the next part of Reagan's speech, the very next section of his farewell	听里根接下来的演讲下一节他的告别
179	speech.	说话
180	He says, after 200 years, two centuries, she still stands strong and true on the	他说,200年后,两个世纪后, 她仍然坚固和真实的在
181	granite ridge, and her glow has held steady no matter what storm, and she's still a	花岗岩山脊无论暴风雨如何她的光芒都保持平稳
182	beacon, still a magnet for all who must have freedom, for all the pilgrims from all	灯塔,对于所有必须自由的人来说, 对于所有朝圣者来说,仍然是磁铁
183	the lost places who are hurtling through the darkness toward home.	那些迷路的地方正在黑暗中伤害着他们
184	So Reagan is really reusing Puritan understanding and ideation.	所以里根真的在重新使用清教徒的理解和思想.
185	He's referencing that here through the use of pilgrims, right?	他通过使用朝圣者来引用,对吧?
186	Claiming U.S. as a beacon and a haven for the saints.	自称美国是圣人信标和避风港.
187	These are the pilgrims from all the lost places, alluding to the Puritans.	这些是所有迷路地方的朝圣者,向清教徒示爱。
188	And there's an implied Christian saintliness of these imagined travelers and the	这些想象中的旅行者和
189	designation, identification of other countries as lost places.	指定、识别其他国家为失地。
190	They're also hurtling through the darkness in this apocalyptic, otherworldly dimension.	他们也在黑暗中挣扎着这个世界末日的维度
191	And Reagan implies that U.S. can be a home for these particular travelers.	而里根暗示美国可以成为这些特殊旅行者的家.
192	So the question that I ask is, who are welcomed as the travelers and who are not?	所以,我问的问题是,谁作为旅行者受到欢迎,谁不是?
193	To whom can the U.S. be an apocalyptic home?	对谁来说,美国能成为一个末日的家园?
194	So I ask these questions because the image of America as a city, as the New Jerusalem,	我问这些问题是因为美国作为一个城市,作为新耶路撒冷的形象,
195	is ultimately problematic and exclusionary.	归根结底是问题和排斥性的。
196	The vision takes this vast land, a land that was already actually inhabited by	这个愿景占据了这片广阔的土地这片土地实际上已经有人居住
197	thousands of indigenous people, and erases them in their past, and then casts this vision	成千上万的土著人民, 并抹去他们的过去,
198	of a three million square mile country, shrinking it into a city, right?	300万平方英里的国家, 缩小它成为一个城市,对不对?
199	As cities historically have been, cities being places of refuge with a wall to	正如历史上的城市一样,城市是通往
200	protect those who are inside and protecting them from what?	保护里面的人并保护他们不受什么影响?
201	Protecting them from threat from the outside.	保护他们免受外界的威胁
202	And these threats are then understood as trying to infiltrate and trying to invade.	然后这些威胁被理解为试图渗透和入侵.
203	So then who are these threats?	那么这些威胁是谁?
204	So once the English and European colonialists had settled in America,	因此,一旦英国和欧洲殖民者定居在美国,
205	they then identified themselves as natives, right?	然后他们自称是本地人,对吧?
206	Became nativists in understanding themselves as those who belong,	成为自以为是的鼻祖
207	and constructing a white European identity as the quintessential American citizen.	作为典型的美国公民建立欧洲白人身份
208	So then those who are not, who do not belong to this white identity,	那么那些不属于这个白人身份的人
209	could be those who are identified as those who must be kept outside, right?	可能是那些被确认为必须留在外面的人,对吧?
210	The threat who are outside and at the city walls, who must be excluded.	城墙内外的威胁必须排除。
211	And Revelation details also in its symbolism and in its description of events,	启示录的细节也体现在它的象征意义和对事件的描述中,
212	what kind of threats these are.	这些威胁是什么?
213	So who are outside and who must be excluded from the New Jerusalem.	何者在外,必须排斥在新耶路撒冷之外.
214	I'm just going to read several quotes from Revelation	我只是要读一下《启示录》的几句话
215	that detail what these might be that are outside.	详细介绍外面可能是什么
216	So here we have, for example, from Revelation chapter 9,	例如,我们从启示录第9章开始
217	that smoke came from locusts on the earth.	那烟来自地球上的蝗虫。
218	They were given authority like the authority of scorpions	他们像蝎子一样被授予权威
219	on their heads or what looked like crowns of gold.	在他们的头上或什么看起来像金冠。
220	Their faces were like human faces,	他们的脸像人的脸,
221	their hair like women's hair and their teeth like lion's teeth.	他们的头发像女人的头发牙齿像狮子的牙齿
222	This is a plague that comes upon the earth, threatening.	这是一个瘟疫降临地球,威胁。
223	This is before the heavenly Jerusalem descends.	这是在天降耶路撒冷之前。
224	From chapter 16, we have the pouring out of the bowls of God's wrath.	从第十六章起,我们从神怒的碗里涌出来.
225	And here the fifth bowl being poured out upon those who had worshiped the beast.	这里的第五个碗倒在那些崇拜过野兽的人身上
226	It's being poured out in its kingdom.	被灌其国.
227	The beast's kingdom is plunged into darkness.	野兽的王国陷入了黑暗.
228	The people's nod their tongues in agony and curse the God of heaven	人民在痛苦中点头诅咒天堂之神
229	because of their pains and sores.	因为他们的痛苦和痛苦。
230	And they did not repent of their deeds.	他们没有悔改。
231	There is also the existence of plague	还有瘟疫的存在
232	and those being inflicted upon those who had worshiped the beast.	和那些崇拜牲畜的人所遭的刑罚。
233	Here, this is after the descent of the New Jerusalem.	在这里,这是在新耶路撒冷的衰落之后。
234	And it's stated, nothing unclean will enter it,	上面说任何不洁的东西都不会进入它
235	nor anyone who practices abomination or falsehood,	或妄言不义者,
236	but only those who are written in the Lamb's Book of Life.	惟羊陀火铃经中记载之人.
237	And I'll just draw your attention to the understanding	我会提醒你注意理解
238	not just of morality or righteousness as qualifications for entering,	不光是道德或正义作为进入的资格,
239	but also the association of being unclean or filthy or dirty	也有污秽或污秽的关联
240	as those that must be kept out.	以及那些必须保密的
241	And this is also those who practice abomination or falsehood	这等人,确是放荡的,确是谬妄的。
242	and who are not in the record,	且未记录者,
243	who are not written down in the Lamb's Book of Life.	他们没有被记录在《羔羊生命之书》中。
244	So remember that.	所以记住这一点。
245	There's also the identification of those outside with evil doing.	亦有辨外道恶行者.
246	And again, with filthy, there's often this equation of filthiness,	再说一遍,脏兮兮的, 经常有这种肮脏的方程式,
247	with moral corruption and evil doing.	道德败坏和恶行。
248	And then finally, sorry, I'm just going to move this,	最后,对不起,我只是要移动这个,
249	are the dogs, the sorcerers and the fornicators	狗、术士和奸夫,
250	and murderers and idolaters and everyone who practices falsehood.	杀人者、以物配主者、以及一切造谣者。
251	So we have a whole amalgamation of characters and elements	所以我们把人物和元素混为一谈
252	identifying those who are outside.	识别那些在外面的人。
253	And the labeling of them as dogs, right,	和标签他们的狗,是的,
254	as bestial or dirty who don't belong,	和不属于人的骨骼或肮脏一样
255	along with practicing magic, sorcery, fornication.	以及练习魔法巫术淫荡
256	So we have the identification of sexual deviants and idolaters.	所以我们有性变态和偶像崇拜者的身份
257	So practicing a different worship or ritual	因此,练习不同的崇拜或仪式
258	and everyone who practices falsehood.	以及一切妄言者。
259	So all of these different elements making up	所以所有这些不同的元素组成
260	for those who must be kept outside.	对那些必须留在外面的人来说
261	There's an array of identifiers, right?	有很多识别器,对吧?
262	And also an array of rhetoric to label those who should be kept outside.	还有一系列的言辞来给那些应该被关在外面的人贴上标签。
263	And this is exactly the rhetoric that has been applied	这恰恰是已经应用的言辞
264	to Chinese immigrants to keep them out	让中国移民不让他们进来
265	and to label them as unfit to enter the United States	并贴上不适合进入美国标签
266	or to be citizens since Chinese immigration to America has begun.	或成为公民自从中国移民美国开始。
267	These very particular labels are those being used.	这些非常特殊的标签是正在使用的标签。
268	What follows is a series of images, historical images	下面是一系列的影像,历史影像
269	that I'm going to show you to discuss some of these labels	我带你去讨论这些标签
270	and rhetoric being used against Chinese immigrants	以及针对中国移民的言论
271	and Chinese immigration.	中国移民。
272	Some of them are very offensive,	其中一些人非常进攻
273	so I'm just going to put that up front.	所以我要把这个放在前面。
274	But it shows these particular labels being used	但它显示这些特定的标签正在使用中
275	in popular media, in advertisement, in newspapers.	在大众媒体,广告,报纸。
276	But I'll begin with this one.	但我从这个开始
277	So this is something that came out in 1898 in Harper's Weekly.	这就是1898年《哈珀周刊》上发表的。
278	It was created before and circulated in Europe.	它创建于之前,在欧洲流传.
279	But this is at the height and peak of panic	但这是在恐慌的高峰和高度
280	over what is called yellow peril.	以黄种人的名义,
281	So a growing understanding of threat that China poses	因此,人们越来越了解中国构成的威胁
282	and the Chinese people.	和中国人民
283	And here we have apocalyptic imagery of this archangel Michael	我们这里有一位天使迈克尔的启示录
284	who's a figure in apocalyptic works	谁是世界末日作品中的人物
285	who has his flaming sword.	他拥有他的烈剑。
286	And he's showing what seems to be a host of warriors	他展示的似乎是一大批战士
287	which are having the iconography of European nations	具有欧洲国家标志性的图案
288	and showing them the threat.	让他们看到威胁
289	He's gesturing towards the threat	他正朝威胁的方向前进
290	which we see in the distance as a flaming Buddha.	远处我们视之为燃烧的佛像。
291	And underneath the flaming Buddha,	和在燃烧的佛像之下,
292	we have fire being set to what we can assume	火烧到可以假设的地步
293	are European villages and towns.	欧洲的村庄和城镇。
294	So this is the yellow peril overtaking	这就是黄色的险境
295	and is an image of both what would be identified as an idol.	并描绘出两个神像
296	So identifying those as idolaters practicing a different faith	故你当以物配主者,
297	but also as a violent threat to both Europe	同时也是对欧洲的暴力威胁
298	and also to white Americans as they would see it.	也给美国白人看
299	So it's kind of apocalyptic imagery	因此,这是一种启示性图像
300	that's casting a vision of what's outside	这就是对外面事物的印象
301	and what needs to be kept outside.	和需要保存在外面的东西。
302	Here's a newspaper clipping from 1892.	以下是1892年的报纸剪报.
303	And this is on the 10-year renewal	这是十年续约
304	of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.	1882年《中国排斥法》。
305	And so this is to foment fear that that act will not be renewed.	因此,这是在煽动人们的恐惧,担心这一行为不会重演。
306	And it is identifying what is called in the headline	它正在识别标题中所说的
307	a celestial horde hovering above in Canada	加拿大上空的天体群
308	waiting to invade the United States.	等着入侵美国
309	And so there's a play on words here.	因此这里有话剧.
310	So celestial is referring to a traditional older reference	因此,天体是指一个传统的古老的参考文献
311	of China as the heavenly kingdom.	以中国为天国.
312	But celestials are then become a mocking ironic slur	但天体却成了嘲讽的讽刺
313	to use against Chinese peoples.	用来对付中国人民。
314	And so playing with this, we have a celestial horde.	所以玩这个,我们有一个天体群。
315	And a horde of course is often used	当然也经常使用一支队伍
316	in identifying Chinese peoples or Asian peoples	在识别中国人民或亚洲人民方面
317	thinking of a word that's being used	想到一个正在使用的词
318	for a large group of anybody we don't like.	为了我们不喜欢的大群人
319	So celestial horde almost like an unholy angelic crowd	因此,天马几乎像一个不神圣的天使群
320	waiting literally to descend from Canada on doomsday,	等待在末日从加拿大降下,
321	the minute the clock strikes 12 on the night of the 3rd	时钟在3号晚上12点
322	when this act needs to be renewed.	当这一行为需要更新时。
323	So this is a positioning of that particular threat	所以这就是那个特殊威胁的定位
324	coming into the United States.	进入美国
325	Now moving on to thinking about filth	现在继续思考污秽
326	and the identification of Chinese people with filthiness,	和污秽的中国人的身份,
327	we have this particular poison advertisement	我们有特别的毒药广告
328	that does two things, right?	这有两件事,对不对?
329	Obviously it advertised the poison that's rough on rats.	显然,它广告的毒对老鼠粗糙。
330	But, and it says they must go referring to the pests,	但是,它说他们必须去提到害虫,
331	but of course also identifying the China man,	当然还有中国人的身份
332	the coolie in the middle of the advertisement	广告中间的酷儿
333	is also one that must go.	这也是必须去的。
334	And the China man is depicted as eating a rat,	那个中国人被描绘成吃老鼠
335	doing something that's disgusting and abominable	做一些恶心和讨厌的事
336	and identifying this identity	和识别身份
337	as something that is completely unassimilable	作为完全不可同化的东西
338	to American identity and American society.	给美国的身份和美国社会
339	So there's an equation of not belonging, right,	所以有一个公式不属于,正确的,
340	to filth and dirtiness and labeling Chinese immigrants	污秽和污秽的中国移民
341	in this particular and disgusting way.	以这种特别和恶心的方式。
342	That's continuing.	还在继续
343	And related to that, of course, is also disease.	当然,与此相关的是疾病。
344	So this is from 1882, San Francisco's news magazine,	这是1882年的旧金山新闻杂志
345	The Wasp.	黄蜂
346	And here we have the ghosts or figures haunting	我们这里有鬼魂或人物
347	over San Francisco of malaria, smallpox, and leprosy.	天花和麻风病
348	And here you can see leprosy actually is a stereotypical	在这里你可以看到麻风病其实是一种陈规定型
349	China man with the cue over from coming from his head.	从头到尾的中国人
350	And also he is pouring out reminiscent of the bull of God's wrath,	他又想起了神的怒火,
351	leprosy or disease onto Chinatown.	麻风病或疾病进入唐人街。
352	In the center of this almost in the middle	在中间,几乎在中间
353	is this church standing bravely in the middle, right,	这座教堂是勇敢地站在中间吗?
354	withstanding the horrors of these particular diseases.	面对这些特殊疾病的恐怖
355	And so there is again the identification of filth	因此,再次发现污秽
356	and disease with Chinese identity seen as particularly prone to disease.	以及被认为特别容易患病的中国特色疾病。
357	And then here, of course, is something much more recent from 2020.	当然,这里是2020年更近期的。
358	From just last year, during the pandemic,	从去年开始,在流行期间,
359	we have the identification of COVID as particularly ethnic	我们确认COVID是特别种族的
360	and racial identified virus and the identification	和种族识别的病毒和识别
361	of Chinese peoples as absolutely disgusting.	中国人民绝对令人厌恶。
362	So this is reminiscent of the rough on rats advertisement, right,	这让人想起了老鼠广告上的粗糙
363	which the Chinese will eat anything.	中国人什么都吃
364	And so therefore they are completely foreign and unassimilable	因此,他们是完全外国和不可同化的
365	and deserving and prone to the disease that they suffer from.	值得和容易感染他们所患的疾病。
366	And so again, this rhetoric is continued and renewed	再说一遍,这种言辞是继续和延续的
367	in anti-Chinese rhetoric and also anti-Chinese immigration	在反华言论和反华移民中
368	understanding of who belongs, who doesn't belong,	了解谁属于谁,谁不属于,
369	who can ever assimilate and who cannot.	谁能同化,谁不能。
370	And this is a combination of filth, disease, moral corruption, et cetera.	这是污秽、疾病、道德败坏等的结合。
371	So here, this is another step beyond the identification of Chinese	所以这里,这是另一个步骤超越识别中国人
372	as prone to disease or suffering from plague,	容易生病或患瘟疫,
373	but the depiction of the Chinese as a plague themselves, right,	但将中国人描绘成瘟疫,对吗?
374	so as taking over the land.	以占领土地。
375	And this you will remember from Revelation chapter 9,	你会记得《启示录》第9章
376	when I read to you almost exactly that particular description	当我读给你听时几乎就是那个描述
377	of the Chinese as locusts who are consuming everything.	中国的蝗虫正在消耗一切
378	They have faces like human faces, hair like women's hair,	他们的脸像人的脸头发像女人的头发
379	and they're coming in to destroy Uncle Sam's farm, right,	他们进来摧毁山姆叔叔的农场
380	they're going to consume everything.	他们会消耗一切
381	And there's this demonic figure in the background	后面有个恶魔人物
382	driving them towards the United States.	把他们驱赶到美国
383	This is a figure of famine who shows up in Revelation chapter 6.	这是一个饥荒的人物,出现在启示录第6章.
384	And so here we have a whole bunch of apocalyptic depictions	所以这里有一大堆启示录
385	or symbols depicting the Chinese and immigration	或象征中国和移民的标志
386	as devouring everything as part of an apocalyptic plague	就像吞噬一切成为末日瘟疫的一部分
387	that's going to overtake and invade the New Jerusalem.	将占领和入侵新耶路撒冷
388	There's also, you remember,	还有,你还记得,
389	the identification of outsiders as fornicators,	以私通者的身份,
390	those who are sexually immoral, sexually deviant.	那些性不道德性变态的人
391	This is also part and parcel of depictions of Chinese immigrants	这也是中国移民形象的一部分
392	and particularly Chinese female identity in the United States.	特别是在美国的中国女性身份
393	电影明星Anna Mae Wong被描绘成龙女
394	There are several things going on in this picture	这张照片有几件事
395	in which she is sexualized in the clothes she's wearing.	在她穿的衣服中,她被性化了。
396	Remember, this is 1931, so this is not just your regular costume,	记住,这是1931年, 所以这不仅仅是你的常规服装,
397	but also highly orientalized in the kind of costume that she's wearing	也非常东方化那种她穿的服装
398	and the shadow she casts is that of a dragon.	她的影子是一条龙
399	So not just a sexual temptation or sexual entertainment	所以不只是性诱惑或性娱乐
400	or fetishization, but also a threat, right,	或迷恋,但也是一种威胁,对,
401	that she hides something behind or beneath the surface,	她隐藏的东西后或下表面,
402	that ultimately she's going to represent yellow peril, right?	最终她会代表黄色的危险,对不对?
403	The dragon being a symbol that had been used in the Manchu period	龙是满洲国时期使用的象征
404	and also here symbolizing Chinese identity	这里还象征着中国的特色
405	as something that in Revelation is definitely identified	作为启示中肯定识别的东西
406	as the enemy of the New Jerusalem,	作为新耶路撒冷的敌人,
407	as the opposing force that's about to invade.	作为即将入侵的对立势力.
408	And this final image I want to focus on	而这个最后的图像我想专注于
409	is a little less direct than those particular labels,	比这些标签更直接
410	but this is a picture of an interrogation of a young boy	但这是审讯年轻男孩的照片
411	at the Angel Island Detention Center.	在天使岛拘留中心
412	And some of these interrogations would last for hours and hours	有些审讯会持续几个小时
413	and generate a ton of paperwork and files	并生成一吨文件和文件
414	when Chinese immigrants were asked to answer questions	当中国移民被问到回答问题时
415	and to give descriptions of their home village for hours on end.	并描述他们的家乡几个小时的结束。
416	I'm here and I want to just underline the reliance on records	我在这里,我想强调依赖记录
417	and record keeping, right?	和记录保存,对不对?
418	So to me, and this might seem far-fetched at first,	因此,对我来说, 这可能会看起来很牵强起初,
419	but it echoes the logic of apocalyptic entry	但它与启示录的逻辑一致
420	into the New Jerusalem.	进入新耶路撒冷。
421	So we read upon the descent that there's the judgment of the dead.	因此,我们读到的下降死者的判断。
422	And what it says is what I like to call the most bureaucratic verse	上面写着我喜欢称之为最官僚的诗
423	of the New Testament in which books are opened	新约中开设的书籍
424	and they're consulted.	他们被咨询。
425	And so there's all these records,	所以有所有这些记录,
426	and this is part of an apocalyptic trope	这是天启曲的一部分
427	in which records must play something in the entry of	记录必须在输入时播放
428	or exclusion from a heavenly city.	或被排斥在天堂之外,
429	And this is also the logic being played within U.S. immigration.	这也是美国移民内部的逻辑。
430	To us, it seems a matter of fact, right?	对我们来说,这似乎是一个事实,对不对?
431	Of course, but that's also because it's been a part	当然,但这也是因为它一直的一部分
432	of immigration understanding and logic.	移民的理解和逻辑。
433	And oftentimes there is no logic to the way records are consulted.	而经常没有逻辑记录的咨询方式。
434	And so there's absurd stories of interrogation at Angel Island	天使岛有荒谬的审讯故事
435	when you have to prove who you are.	当你必须证明你是谁时
436	Now, I'm not going to romanticize immigrants.	我不会把移民浪漫化
437	There are many Chinese immigrants who were absolutely not	有很多中国移民绝对不是
438	who they said they were at Angel Island.	他们说他们在天使岛
439	But at the same time, they were subjected to medical examination	但与此同时,他们接受了体检
440	interrogation, questioning things like how many steps	审讯,质询诸如此类的事情多少步骤
441	are in your home village house?	在你家的村里吗?
442	Is the kitchen on the south side or on the west side?	厨房在南边还是西边?
443	And so they would create these test booklets on their voyage	然后在旅途中制作这些测试手册
444	to America because they knew they would be subjected	因为他们知道自己会受苦
445	to these absurd tests when they got to the detention center.	当他们来到拘留中心时做了这些荒谬的测试
446	So there's a logic of records that I find fascinating	因此,有一个逻辑记录我发现迷人
447	that's going on both in the apocalyptic text	这都发生在启示录的文字中
448	and then also reified and created in the process	并在此过程中重新形成和创建
449	of U.S. immigration in which there's the judgment	美国移民里面有判决
450	and the reference or the recourse to record keeping	和记录的参考或手段
451	of identity and the past of one's life.	身份和过去
452	So I'm going to conclude with this slide just to think again	所以我要用这张幻灯片结束我的想法
453	of the people and the families who are part of this,	属于他们的民众和家属,
454	who through this rhetoric and through this history	通过这种言辞和历史
455	and this kind of conceptualization of the U.S.	和这种概念化美国。
456	as a New Jerusalem and as this apocalyptic city	作为新耶路撒冷和这个末日城市
457	has then also led to the exclusion	也导致了排斥
458	and labeling of others that must be kept out,	并且以他人的标签,
459	those who are unwanted as idolaters and fornicators	以物配主和私通者,
460	and dogs to think of how that's reflected in the laws	和狗想想这如何反映在法律中
461	that were passed in the Page Act of 1875	1875年的《网页法》
462	and the Exclusion Act and subsequent immigration laws	和《排斥法》及其后的移民法
463	and current attitudes towards Chinese immigration	和目前对中国移民的态度
464	and immigrant communities particularly	特别是移民社区
465	in this current crisis.	在目前的危机中。
466	So I'll leave it at that and I know we have some time	所以,我会留在那里我知道我们有一些时间
467	for discussion so I'll let Devin lead that.	讨论,所以我会让德文领导。
468	Thank you so much, that was so fascinating	非常感谢,太迷人了
469	and it's shocking how a lot of those images	令人震惊的是,很多这些图像
470	are still circulating today in same old tropes	今天仍以同样的旧曲子流通
471	as well as new ways and I've studied my share of this stuff	以及新的方法我研究了这些东西的份量
472	and still I'm seeing new images come out.	我仍然看到新的图像出来。
473	Thank you so much for that and for making that connection.	非常感谢你们和我们的联系
474	So I'm sure lots of people were also extremely fascinated	我敢肯定,很多人也极度着迷
475	by your talk so we're gonna move to a time of Q&A	通过你的谈话,所以我们要去移动到一个时代的QQA
476	and discussion and I know that people sometimes take a while	讨论和讨论我知道人们有时需要一段时间
477	to get warmed up with their questions	热身与他们的问题
478	or they're typing it out or whatever	或他们打出来什么的
479	so I guess I'll throw out the first question	所以我想我要抛出第一个问题
480	which is to say, again, I'm quite familiar	也就是说,我还是很熟悉
481	with a lot of this imagery and these words	和这些文字
482	but to make that connection to the Book of Revelation	却使这与启示的经典相联
483	and to see how throughout history	和看看如何在整个历史中
484	there has been this connection and this stream	一直有这种连接和这个流
485	of using these images.	使用这些图像。
486	How did you personally first kind of make that connection	你是如何第一次使这种联系
487	because none of this is new on either side, right?	因为这两边都不是新的对吧?
488	Clearly the US is rooted in these Christian ideas	显然美国植根于这些基督教思想
489	and these images and then clearly there have been	和这些图像,然后显然有
490	these images that have been used	这些已使用的图像
491	for racist purposes throughout history	种族主义的目的
492	but how did you make that connection between those two	但是,你是如何使两者之间的联系
493	either from your own personal experience or academically?	或者从你的个人经验或学术经验?
494	Yeah, thank you for that.	是啊,谢谢你。
495	So this is gonna reflect my very non-methodical way	所以,这将会反映我非常非方法的方法
496	of doing research.	从事研究。
497	It's really through free association	这真的是通过自由结合
498	and also having to do with being raised	也和被抚养有关
499	in San Francisco Bay Area.	在旧金山湾区
500	So I think I was musing on the names that are being used	所以,我想我正在沉浸在正在使用的名字
501	to describe San Francisco and the area surrounding	以描述旧金山及其周边地区
502	and just California in general	整个加州
503	so thinking of the Golden State,	于是想到金国,
504	thinking of the Golden Gate, Angel Island,	想到金门,天使岛,
505	also Chinese reference to San Francisco	也指旧金山
506	and to America in general as Jing San as Gold Mountain	和整个美国作为金山静三
507	and San Francisco as Jiu Jing San as Old Gold Mountain now.	旧金山是久静山现在是老金山
508	So that was just musings on why this, I mean,	所以,这只是沉思为什么,我的意思是,
509	heavenly maybe not an intention or origin description	天堂也许不是意图或来源描述
510	of these particular places	这些特定地点
511	which led me to think about what were attitudes	这让我想到什么是态度
512	and there is a connection as I said in the beginning	正如我一开始所说,有某种联系
513	of like a broader understanding of apocalypse	就像对启示录的更广泛的理解
514	and immigration of entering a new world	进入新世界的移民
515	and changing a new world	改变新世界
516	but then thinking about actually the United States	但后来又想到美国
517	has been conceptualized from its discovery	已经从发现中概念化了
518	as a step in the end of the world.	作为世界末日的一步。
519	I mean, Columbus was understanding it,	我的意思是,哥伦布是理解的,
520	his discovery to be a mission to end the world	他的发现是一个使命结束世界
521	to bring about recapturing of the old Jerusalem	使旧耶路撒冷复辟
522	and to convert those who he found in this new world.	并改变他在这个新世界中发现的人
523	So there is this general fascinating conceptualization	因此,有一个总的迷人的概念化
524	of the US as this eschatological destination	将美国视为这个生态目的地
525	and so I began to think about how that tied in with then,	所以我开始思考如何与当时,
526	well, there's exclusion	嗯,这是排除
527	and that's part of the metaphor.	这是隐喻的一部分。
528	So how does that work and who we see	那么,如何运作和谁我们看到
529	and so just following that finding this kind of imagery	所以就跟着找到这种图像
530	and this kind of rhetoric, I mean,	和这种言论,我的意思是,
531	which is obviously used in other ways as well	它显然也用于其他方式
532	but it has so many shared images and symbols	但它有这么多共享的图像和符号
533	within the usage of revelation	在利用启示的情况下
534	that I started to follow that trail.	我开始跟着那个线索
535	Great, thank you.	很好,谢谢
536	All right, some questions.	好吧,有些问题。
537	Let's start with Meanie.	我们从梅尼开始吧
538	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
539	This was really super interesting.	这真的很有趣。
540	Full disclosure, my scholarship is	完全公开,我的奖学金是
541	on medieval European religious history	中世纪欧洲宗教史
542	so I don't actually know a lot about this.	所以我不怎么了解这件事
543	So I learned so much but I teach a course,	所以我学到了这么多但我教了一门课
544	it's a first year seminar on marriage	这是第一年的婚姻研讨会
545	and I'm at a Jesuit Catholic university	我在耶稣会天主教大学
546	and we did a lot of work around immigration	我们在移民问题上做了很多工作
547	when it was the papal year of grace around immigration	当时是教皇恩赐的移民年
548	and in this we talked about immigration	我们在这里谈到移民
549	to the United States and marriage in particular	特别是婚姻
550	and I have a colleague who's an immigration historian	我有个同事是移民史学家
551	and I asked him like, well, is there immigration marriage law	我问他有没有移民婚姻法
552	and he put together a list for my class	他给我的班级列了一份名单
553	which was very kind and it is so heavily anti-Asian immigration.	这是非常好的它是如此严重的反亚洲移民。
554	Really interesting as we get really interesting conversations	很有趣,因为我们得到真正有趣的谈话
555	with the students around this	和周围的学生
556	and it's particularly targets Asian women and marriage	它特别针对亚洲妇女和婚姻
557	and coming to the United States	来到美国
558	and there is a very obvious shift	有一个非常明显的转变
559	in this sort of immigration marriage legislation	在这类移民婚姻立法中
560	happening after the second world war	第二次世界大战之后
561	with the sort of alliances with China	和中国结盟
562	and sort of interactions with sort of the supporting Japan.	与支持日本的日本互动
563	This is where sort of the popular image of the enemy	敌人的流行形象就在这里
564	shifts from being Japan to being Nazi Germany	从日本变为纳粹德国
565	in like movies and stuff	像电影之类的
566	and I'm wondering if there's a shift in sort of the 40s	我想知道40年代的班级有没有变化
567	and then into the 50s and 60s in apocalyptic imagery	然后进入50年代和60年代的末日影像
568	when it comes to Asian immigration	当涉及到亚洲移民时
569	that would correspond with this.	这会与这个相应。
570	If you know, I don't know if there is	如果你知道我不知道有没有
571	but I'm just really curious.	但我很好奇,你觉得呢?
572	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
573	Yeah, yeah, thank you.	谢谢
574	I mean, there's so many things that I want to address.	我的意思是,有这么多的事情我想谈论。
575	I mean, I want to point, I mean, from what you said	我的意思是,我想指出, 我的意思是,从你说的
576	and I know you probably already know this	我知道你可能已经知道这一点
577	from what you just said but the Page Act in 1875	从你刚才说的... ...但是1875年的《网页法》
578	effectively banned Chinese women.	有效禁止中国妇女.
579	I mean, that was the purpose of that law	我的意思是,这是法律的目的
580	is to keep them from entering the United States	就是阻止他们进入美国
581	in the first federally restrictive immigration law	第一部联邦限制性移民法
582	which I find, I'm like, wow, what a privilege.	我发现,我觉得,哇, 多么的荣幸。
583	That's me, I'm not allowed in.	那是我,我不能进去
584	That was the aim of that particular law	这是该特定法律的目的
585	so that there could be no growing of community	从而不会形成社区
586	of Chinese immigrant communities, right?	华人移民社区,对吧?
587	There was no marriage	没有婚姻
588	because there was no miscegenation allowed at the time	因为当时不允许有错误的遗传
589	and so there couldn't be naturally born citizens	这样就不会有天生的公民
590	within these communities or marriage.	这些社区或婚姻。
591	So coming off of that and the shift,	所以,从那个和轮班,
592	yeah, it's so interesting the way language changes	是啊,它是如此有趣语言改变的方式
593	around political ties and what's accepted.	政治关系和被接受的东西
594	So for example, the Philippines,	例如,菲律宾,
595	you couldn't be enroll as an American soldier	你不可能是美国士兵
596	when it's US territory and gain citizenship	当它是美国领土并获得公民身份
597	but that is revoked when the Philippines	但当菲律宾废除
598	stopped being a US territory.	不再是美国领土
599	So just the give and snatching back	所以,只是给和抢回来
600	of that particular privilege	特别特权
601	depending on political power and military presence, right?	取决于政治权力和军事存在,对不对?
602	So I think the problem with,	所以,我认为问题,
603	I think pinpointing apocalyptic imagery	我认为,确定启示录图像
604	with Chinese identity in particular	特别是中国特色
605	is that in the US that rhetoric gets really lost	是在美国,言辞真的失去了
606	because Asians become a giant group of people	因为亚洲人成为了一大群人
607	that have no distinctive characterization	* 没有显著特征
608	in the popular cultural knowledge, right?	在大众文化知识,对不对?
609	And also in rhetoric.	亦以言语.
610	And so no matter whether it's Japan or,	所以不管是日本还是...
611	and later Japan becomes the enemy in the 1980s	后来日本在1980年代成为敌人
612	as an industrial power, right?	作为一个工业大国,对不对?
613	That also gets visited upon all Asians	这也是所有亚洲人所看到的
614	who are East Asians that are in the United States.	他们是在美国的东亚人。
615	So there's in the land of the rising sun	所以在太阳升起的地方
616	and all of these things, right?	这一切,对不对?
617	Being identified with Japan	与日本确定身份
618	and this apocalyptic new power that's taking over.	而这个末日的新力量正在接管。
619	That's of course shifted back to China	那当然是回中国了
620	in the last 20 years or so as that's changed.	在过去的20年左右,随着它的变化。
621	So you'll see the focus on that	所以,你会看到焦点
622	but in the end those who suffer from that apocalyptic imagery	但最终那些遭受了末日灾难的人
623	I would say are all Asians in the United States	我要说美国所有的亚洲人
624	whether immigrants or not,	不论移民与否,
625	whether coming from that particular country	无论来自哪个特定国家
626	that's targeted or not, which is,	不管目标是否也就是说
627	so this is a much vaster phenomenon that's going on.	因此,这是一个更大的现象正在发生。
628	Great, thanks for that question.	太好了,谢谢你问了这个问题。
629	Next we have Li Yishen.	接下来是李依申
630	Yeah, so thank you Dr. Lin for your fantastic presentation.	是的,所以谢谢你林博士的精彩介绍。
631	For those of us such as me who aren't as familiar	对于我这样的不熟悉的人来说
632	with the Christian scripture,	以基督教经典盟誓,
633	could you help us explain a little more	你能帮我们解释一下吗?
634	this idea of apocalypse?	这个启示录的想法?
635	For example, does it guide what most Christian regard	例如,它是否指导了大多数基督教徒的看法
636	as the final destination of ideals?	作为理想的最终目的地?
637	So I'm partly asking this question	所以我在问这个问题
638	because a lot of the rhetorics you hear today	因为今天你听到的很多言论
639	from some of the most anti-immigrant politicians	从一些最反移民的政客那里
640	that claim to be solid Christians	自称是坚定的基督徒
641	when they pander to certain demographics in voting	当他们顺从某些人口投票时
642	but don't seem to actually embrace other Christian values	但似乎没有真正接受其他基督教价值观
643	such as caring for people.	比如关心别人
644	Yeah, so I would say apocalypse	是啊,所以我会说启示录
645	and the revelation of John in particular	特别是约翰的启示
646	is highly problematic for Christian faith	对基督教信仰来说是很大的问题
647	for several reasons.	有几个原因。
648	It is part of the Christian canon	这是基督教教条的一部分
649	and part of the New Testament	和新约的一部分
650	and it's part of a larger tradition	这是更大的传统的一部分
651	of Jewish apocalyptic literature	犹太末日文学
652	that in part has, ironically,	部分地,讽刺的是,
653	a very anti-empire, anti-earthly power theme to it.	一个非常反胚胎, 反地球的力量主题。
654	At the same time, it's also highly empirical	同时,它也具有高度的经验性
655	and pro-empire of God.	并拥护真主。
656	So whoever takes over that text	所以,谁接管的文本
657	can make it, manipulate it	可以做到,可以操纵
658	to be supporting the power that they see as God's power.	支持他们视为上帝的力量
659	So in America, in a broad, popular,	因此,在美国, 在广泛,受欢迎,
660	maybe evangelical Christian understanding of that book,	也许福音派基督徒对这本书的理解,
661	you can use it, and because it's so malleable,	你可以使用它, 而且因为它是如此可塑,
662	it's apocalyptic, it's so full of imagery	它的启示性, 充满了影像
663	and it's so slippery and protean in the way you can use it.	它是如此滑和原始的方式,你可以使用它。
664	It can be shaped so that it supports the power	它可以被塑造从而支持力量
665	that you want, the idea and the identity	你想要的, 想法和身份
666	that you want to put forward as God's people, God's country.	你们想成为上帝的子民,上帝的国度
667	I think that's one of the major ways	我想这是主要的方法之一
668	that it's been shaped and it's used to explain.	它的形状并用来解释。
669	So there are people who take it very literally	因此,有人谁采取非常字面
670	and people who don't, but there are those	和那些没有,但有那些
671	who would use it to predict like clockwork	用它来预测时钟
672	when the end of the world is coming	当世界末日来临
673	and these nations represent	和这些国家代表
674	these particular identities within the book	书中的这些特殊身份
675	and then there are people who see it more symbolically	然后有人会更象征性地看到它
676	or representing different things,	或代表不同的东西,
677	everything from hope and faith	一切来自希望和信仰
678	to exclusion and violence, right?	对排斥和暴力,对不对?
679	So everything in between.	所以一切在中间。
680	That's part of the problem with dealing	问题就在这里
681	with apocalypticism can be so changeable	有末日主义是可以改变的
682	and I don't think there's any one essential interpretation	我觉得没有任何基本的解释
683	that's reachable.	这是可以达到的。
684	I mean, I don't know if that's ever reachable,	我的意思是,我不知道如果这是永远可以达到,
685	but especially not for apocalyptic	尤其对于末日来说
686	and so revelation can become this thing and it has.	因此,启示可以成为这件事情,它已经。
687	And the use of it to talk about disaster	用它来谈论灾难
688	also often comes with the idea that there are those	也经常有这样的想法:
689	who deserve it or there are those who are reaping	谁应该得到它,或有谁收获
690	these particular things.	这些特殊的东西。
691	So it's been used to talk about AIDS epidemic, for example,	因此,它被用来谈论艾滋病流行,例如,
692	or disease, immigration.	或疾病,移民。
693	It's been used to talk about natural disasters,	它被用来谈论自然灾害,
694	things like that to identify what's happening	像这样的东西来辨别发生了什么
695	and that carries with it identification	并附随其识别
696	and depends on who's interpreting it	要看谁来解释
697	to link which identity with what.	将哪种身份与什么联系起来。
698	So I think that's what I would see as the kind	所以我觉得这就是我所看到的
699	of the major role it's played in popular culture	在大众文化中扮演的主要角色
700	and in Christian popular culture.	和在基督教流行文化中。
701	I mean, I'm speaking very broadly,	我的意思是,我说话非常广泛,
702	but in the United States.	但是在美国
703	I hope that answers the question.	我希望这能回答问题。
704	Let's see.	让我看看。
705	Great question.	问得好
706	Very good to clarify some of those ideas.	澄清其中一些想法非常好。
707	Next we have Edith with another question.	接下来是伊迪丝另一个问题
708	Yeah, I just wanted to slightly challenge something	是啊,我只是想稍微挑战一下
709	that I think you said a minute ago,	我想你刚才说,
710	which was that Asians as a group are differentiated	亚洲人作为一个群体是不同的
711	within this apocalyptic kind of vision	在这个遥远的景象中
712	of white supremacy and discrimination.	白人至上和歧视。
713	Because if you look back at anti-immigrant rhetoric	因为如果你回顾反移民的言论
714	and even just straight racist rhetoric,	甚至只是直接的种族主义言论,
715	blacks are still kind of seen as	黑人仍然被视为
716	smelly, bad, you had a whole separate system	臭,坏,你有一套不同的系统
717	of public services in the South before that Irish,	在爱尔兰人之前南方的公共服务
718	you name it.	说吧
719	So I wanted to just throw out the idea	所以我想放弃这个想法
720	that for Asians in particular,	特别是亚洲人,
721	because you're so far away,	因为你太远了
722	it's perceived as a very distant culture	它被视为一种非常遥远的文化
723	and people have few reference points for it	而人们没有多少参考点
724	until perhaps the mission movements of the 1930s	也许是1930年代的传教活动
725	when you saw quite large numbers of Americans	当你看到大量美国人
726	and white Americans answering relief calls	和白人美国人接救助电话
727	for flooding in the Yangtze and so forth.	为长江水患等.
728	And then you have this great kind of image making	礛碞Τ硂贺钩
729	in the novels of Pearl Buck,	在小说"珍珠巴克",
730	so that you suddenly have these very positive images	让你突然有了这些非常正面的图像
731	of Chinese, which are carried over	结转的中文
732	into some of the, into sort of World War II	进入了二战
733	and the allied kind of effort,	和盟誓,
734	the allied effort against the Japanese in China	在中国与日本结盟
735	where you have some very heroic posters of Chinese.	在那里你有一些非常英勇的中国海报。
736	And then you get a kind of a moderation of that image.	然后你得到一种温和的形象。
737	So I just wondered what you had to say	所以我想知道你说什么
738	about the trope of the good Asian.	是关于好亚洲人的故事。
739	Maybe it's a bit like that of the good black,	也许它有点像好黑人
740	just someone who knows their place,	只是一个知道自己位置的人
741	but how does that fit into your argument?	但是这又怎么融入你的争论呢?
742	Yeah, I would say that,	是的,我会说,
743	so this talk is focused primarily	所以这次谈话主要是重点
744	on anti-Chinese immigration,	关于反华移民
745	but in the book, I'm actually dealing	但是在书里,我其实在交易
746	with US immigration as a whole.	整个美国移民。
747	So you're correct.	所以你是对的
748	It is in, for example, there's a chapter	比如说,有一章
749	on filth and plague and disease.	污秽、瘟疫和疾病
750	And that is identified	这一点已经确定
751	with different people groups throughout,	与不同的人群,
752	not just Asian immigrants coming to the United States,	不只是亚洲移民来到美国,
753	but as you said, with Irish and cholera and tuberculosis	但正如你说的爱尔兰和霍乱和肺结核
754	and particular Jewish and Italian communities	犹太人和意大利人社区
755	ameliorated a little bit by how assimilable	一点点改善通过如何同化
756	they might seem to be and to mix	他们可能看起来和混合
757	into American, wider American culture.	进入更广阔的美国文化
758	So there's all sorts, disease is often located	所以有各种各样的, 疾病常常被定位
759	within a certain ethnic community.	在某一民族社区内。
760	So, and so there's wider stuff going on	所以,所以有更广泛的东西在进行
761	and not just anti-Chinese and also,	不仅反华,而且,
762	there's also different identity formations, of course,	当然,还有不同的身份
763	with African-American, black identity in the United States	在美国有非裔美国人黑人身份
764	and then indigenous, right?	然后是土著人,对吧?
765	So all sorts of things going on.	故一切众生.
766	So I just wanna acknowledge that.	所以我想承认这一点。
767	At the same time, right?	同时,对不对?
768	In talking about the good Asian,	在谈论好亚洲,
769	I think it really is whatever is politically expedient,	我觉得这真的是政治权宜之计
770	but it's never, I think, an admission	但它从来没有,我想,这是一个承认
771	that Chinese identity is American identity.	那个中国身份就是美国身份
772	It seems, you can be an ally,	看起来,你可以成为盟友,
773	you can be in mission project,	你可以参加任务项目,
774	you can be somebody who's united against Japan	你可以成为一个团结抗日的人
775	and play upon those particular understandings	并遵守这些特别的谅解,
776	and political standings,	和政治立场,
777	but I don't see an affirmation until, I still don't, right?	但我没有看到一个肯定直到,我仍然没有,对不对?
778	Of Chinese identity as fully, fully American	完全是美国人
779	or possible of being fully American	或有可能完全成为美国人
780	and part of that particular identity.	和这个特殊身份的一部分
781	And I do think the model minority,	我认为模式少数,
782	the good Asian myth plays right into that	好亚洲神话的剧情
783	because it's politically expedient	因为政治权宜之计
784	and it's part of the structure	这是结构的一部分
785	that upholds white supremacy, right?	维护白人至上,对不对?
786	So it pits people of color and Asian identities	所以它吸引着有色人种和亚洲人
787	against each other as well	互相攻击
788	because there are black and brown Asians	因为有黑棕色的亚洲人
789	that East Asians in particular,	特别是东亚人,
790	I think, are guilty of playing into	我认为,是有罪的玩入
791	and taking hold of that particular model minority	并掌握这一特殊模式的少数群体
792	and making that a part of their particular attitude	并使其成为他们特殊态度的一部分
793	and understanding of self.	和对自我的理解。
794	Great, thank you.	很好,谢谢
795	And I think that that's a great kind of conversation	我认为这是一种伟大的谈话
796	that we can like totally keep going on.	我们完全可以继续
797	If once I get around there, there's more time.	如果我到了那里,还有更多的时间。
798	Question from Wong.	黄帝问.
799	The question is pretty simple, but also very, very large,	问题很简单,但也非常大
800	which is for years, has the US government done anything	多年来,美国政府做了什么
801	to change these unfriendly impressions	改变这些不友好的印象
802	that the public has of Chinese people?	公众有中国人?
803	No.	没有
804	I mean, I think there's definitely a play	我的意思是,我觉得肯定有一个剧
805	into this model minority.	进入这个模式的少数。
806	And I mean, I don't know who's in this crowd	我不知道这群人是谁
807	or you might be aware of Andrew Yang	或者你可能知道杨安德鲁
808	as a potential presidential democratic nominee	作为可能的总统民主提名人
809	for presidential race last year.	去年的总统竞选
810	And I think of him, no offense to some of you	我想他,没有冒犯你们
811	who might love him, but as kind of like leading the charge	谁可能爱他, 但有点像领导指控
812	for this very problematic understanding	对于这个非常困难的理解
813	of Chinese and Asian identity in the United States	在美国的中国和亚洲特征
814	that's based on a model minority myth.	这是基于一个模型少数神话。
815	And I think that's what's been embraced so far	我想这就是人们迄今所接受的
816	in laws that are enacted, always tied, I think,	法律颁布,总是捆绑,我想,
817	to political stance and international relationships.	政治立场和国际关系。
818	So who are we at war at?	那么我们是在打仗吗?
819	Who are we not at war at at the time?	我们当时没有在打仗吗?
820	Particularly tied to that.	特别和那个有关
821	And then there's this idea of immigrants are great	然后有这样的想法移民是伟大的
822	because they are innovative and they bring wealth	因为他们是创新的,是创造财富的。
823	and they do all these things.	他们做所有这些事情。
824	It's never that they're just human beings, right?	他们从来就不是人类,对吧?
825	So I think Asian immigration in a particular tone	所以我认为亚洲移民的语气很特别
826	always plays into that particular model minority	总是扮演一个典型的少数
827	understanding to justify it rather than simply	理解其理由而非简单
828	human rights and human compassion.	人权与人的同情心。
829	Right, and then there's always has been and always	对,然后总是有,而且总是
830	and continues to be a very patronizing tone, right?	并且继续是一个非常优雅的语气,对不对?
831	So even in this idea, I mean, and not just with Asians	所以即使在这个想法,我的意思是, 不只是与亚洲人
832	but in other immigrant groups as well, right?	但其他的移民群体,对不对?
833	This idea of a good version of this particular type	这种特殊类型的好版本的想法
834	of immigrant or whatever, right?	移民什么的,对不对?
835	And that continues to today.	而这种情况今天仍在继续。
836	I did realize that a good point, which is we don't know	我确实意识到,一个很好的观点, 我们不知道
837	exactly who is in this crowd.	这群人中到底是谁
838	And so maybe it is good to sort of define some	所以也许应该给一些
839	of these terms that some of us are more familiar with.	我们当中有些人比较熟悉的术语。
840	So could you also explain just real quickly model minority	你也可以解释一下吗很快的模范少数民族
841	and what that means and how we're using that term?	那意味着什么我们如何使用这个词?
842	Yeah, so very briefly, I would say model minority	是啊,那么简单,我要说模式少数
843	is a label that's applied to mostly East Asian identity	这个标签适用于大多数东亚人的身份
844	in the United States and elsewhere.	在美国和其他地方。
845	I would say that says this is the kind of minority	我会说,这是一种少数
846	or the person of color or community that you should be like,	或者你应该喜欢的肤色或社区的人,
847	whether it is, the usual tropes are	无论它是, 通常的颤音是
848	they really value education, they are really good	他们真正珍视教育, 他们真的很好
849	at science and math, they achieve well in school	在科学和数学方面,他们在学校成绩很好
850	and they go on to good jobs.	他们继续工作
851	They don't go to prison, right?	他们不会进监狱吧?
852	Like blacks, they don't work the fields	像黑人一样,他们不工作
853	because they care about education unlike Latino immigrants.	因为他们关心教育不像拉丁移民。
854	So there's this pitting against	这么说来,这个对手
855	but using this model minority myth to identify.	但利用这个模型少数神话来识别。
856	And it's also quite classist and skin color-based.	并且它也是相当的阶级主义和以肤色为基础的.
857	So it's used generally to East Asian identity	因此,它被普遍用于东亚身份
858	of which I am a part and also class privilege	我是其中的一部分,也是阶级特权
859	and economic privilege.	以及经济特权
860	So it also has a very narrow view of what Asian identity	因此,它也有一个非常狭义的观点亚洲的特征
861	might be in the United States.	可能在美国
862	And I am actually part of that view.	我其实也是那种观点的一部分。
863	So my parents came in a wave of immigrants	所以我的父母来到了移民潮中
864	that came after 1965 as graduate students	1965年后作为研究生来的
865	with scholars to PhD programs.	与学者一起参加博士课程。
866	That's the kind of my model minority	这就是我的模范少数民族
867	that the US is or general understanding of this model	美国是或普遍理解这一模式
868	of what you would want to be like.	你想成为什么样的人
869	And pitted that using as if they can do this,	利用他们的能力
870	they must have worked harder.	他们一定更努力了
871	They must have not have privilege	他们一定没有特权
872	or not have a particular stance in life.	或者在生活中没有特殊的立场
873	But if you can't be that, right?	但是如果你不能做到这一点,对不对?
874	Then you are not a good minority.	那么,你不是一个很好的少数。
875	You're not a good immigrant.	你不是个好移民。
876	You're not, you're representative of your race, right?	你不是,你代表你的种族,对不对?
877	So it's used in this very centralizing	因此,它被用在这个非常集中的
878	stereotypical way against others.	对抗他人的陈规定型方式。
879	And the more particular people embrace that,	而更特别的人接受这一点,
880	I think then that just reinstates	我觉得那只是恢复了
881	and makes it even stronger.	使它更强大。
882	Cause then it's like, well, these Chinese people think that.	因为那样的话,这些中国人就是这么想的。
883	So it must be true.	所以这一定是事实
884	So it's part of that entire problem, right?	所以这是整个问题的一部分,对不对?
885	And of course the concept itself	当然,这个概念本身
886	is inherently problematic, right?	本来就有问题,对吧?
887	Because who's to determine who the model is, right?	因为谁来决定谁是模特儿,对吧?
888	That already implies a very hierarchical as you said	这已经意味着一个非常等级正如你说的
889	and racist idea.	和种族主义思想。
890	Elizabeth.	伊丽莎白
891	Thank you so much for this wonderful presentation.	非常感谢你的精彩介绍
892	I was really excited to hear about your new work.	听说你的新工作我很兴奋
893	I wanted to go back to the book of Revelation	我想回到《启示录》
894	and your reading of it in relationship	和你的阅读在关系上
895	to these more contemporary political dynamics.	这些更现代的政治动态。
896	So two different questions.	所以两个不同的问题。
897	One has to do with the focus on visuality in the text	与文本中注重视觉有关
898	and the replication of attention to visuality	复制对视觉的注意
899	in the images that you use to illustrate your talk.	在你用来说明你说话的图像中。
900	And I just wanted to ask you to talk to us a little bit	我只是想请你跟我们谈谈
901	about the relationship of that particular activation	关于该特定激活的关系
902	of a particular sense of vision	一种特殊的视觉感
903	with the kind of emotional or affective activations	与那种情感或情感激活
904	that happen both in the book of Revelation	在《启示录》中
905	with all of its excesses that get resolved through	解决了所有过错
906	excessive violence.	过度暴力。
907	And so you kind of reach a stasis after you made everybody	所以,你有点到一个停滞之后,你让每个人
908	really anxious and then you take care of it by	真的很急,然后你照顾它
909	bringing down the walls and achieving a kind of	倒下墙壁,实现某种
910	Pacific state of being.	太平洋状态
911	So that one question.	所以,一个问题。
912	And then the second has to do with how do you think about,	第二件事和你的想法有关
913	given that race as a category is a historicized category	鉴于种族作为一个类别是一个历史性的类别
914	is produced in a particular intellectual framework.	在特定知识框架内产生。
915	And we're looking at an ancient text that was written	我们正在寻找一个古老的文字写
916	pre-race in a certain sense,	从某种意义上说,种族前期,
917	but clearly we know that there's ethnic reasoning going on	但显然我们知道有种族推理
918	in antiquity too.	在古代也是如此。
919	But so how do you think those two things together	但是,你如何认为这两件事在一起
920	across that broad chronological spread?	跨过如此广泛的时间间隔?
921	Thank you.	谢谢
922	Those are great questions.	这些都是伟大的问题。
923	Thank you for that.	谢谢你
924	I think I remember when I read the book of Revelation	我想我记得我读《启示录》的时候
925	as a little girl, I would read it as,	作为一个小女孩,我会读它作为,
926	I was bored in sermons and I would read Revelation 21	我厌倦了布道,会读《21世纪启示录》
927	because I love the depiction of the New Jerusalem	因为我喜欢对新耶路撒冷的描绘
928	is it's just, to me, it was so pretty	它只是,对我来说, 它是如此漂亮
929	and it had all these gems.	它拥有所有这些宝石。
930	Like there's so much of that.	譬如有众生.
931	And it was affective too.	而且很感动
932	It was like this thinking of a sparkling, beautiful thing.	这就像这种想法一个闪闪发光,美丽的东西。
933	And I think that is like, and aesthetically,	我认为这就像, 和美学,
934	it is described as pure, right?	它被描述为纯净,对不对?
935	So there's like streets of pure gold and it's crystal	所以,有像街道纯金和水晶
936	and it's see-through and there's kind of this	和它的透视和有这种
937	cleanness of that vision that's created at the end,	清净的视觉在最后创造,
938	that's kind of cleaning up.	这算是清理
939	And I mean, it's like everything else is balled up	我意思是,这就像所有的东西都被抛到了一起
940	and thrown into the fire, right?	扔进火里,对吧?
941	So like all the mess, all the chaos	所以像所有的混乱,所有的混乱
942	that's described in these bizarre images beforehand.	之前这些怪异的画面中已经描述了这一点。
943	I mean, we have breaks, we have a throne room, et cetera,	我的意思是,我们有休息, 我们有一个王室等等,
944	but like there's all this horrible mess	但就像有这一切可怕的混乱
945	on the rest of the earth after the plagues,	在瘟疫降临之后,
946	after famine, after death, all of these things	在饥荒之后,在死亡之后,所有这些东西
947	and earthquakes and blood.	地震和血迹
948	And I think that's also affected in the need	我觉得这也影响了需要
949	to get rid of that and the heading towards purity,	为了摆脱它和走向纯洁,
950	the heading towards a clean, pure place	走向一个干净、纯洁的地方
951	in that aesthetic sense is really powerful.	在那种审美意义上,是真正强大的。
952	And I think part of that gets reflected in the idea	我认为其中的一部分被反映在这个想法
953	that we need to expel the dirt.	我们需要驱逐污垢。
954	We need to get rid of the chaos and the mess.	我们需要摆脱混乱和混乱。
955	And those things get aesthetically transferred	这些东西被美学转移
956	onto the way we think about people, right?	进入我们思考人的方式,对不对?
957	The way we think about, I mean, ethnic groups,	我们的想法,我的意思是, 种族群体,
958	communities and aesthetics, right?	社区和美学对吧?
959	So you have gleaming towers and skyscrapers	所以你有闪亮的塔和摩天大楼
960	and this understanding.	和这种理解。
961	And then you have like the mess of Chinatown, right?	然后你就喜欢唐人街的乱七八糟对吧?
962	Which is just like laundry and chickens	这就像洗衣和鸡
963	and all these sorts of things.	和所有这些事情。
964	And there's an identification of immigrant enclaves	还有移民飞地的身份
965	as that kind of aesthetic as versus	作为这种美学与
966	the gleaming Fifth Avenue, whatever buildings.	闪烁的第五大道,无论建筑。
967	I think there's something at play	我想有东西在玩
968	in that kind of way of thinking that gets transferred.	那种思维方式被转移。
969	And then leading into like, how do we think about race	然后,我们如何看待种族
970	and ethnic reasoning in something that I don't know.	和种族推理的东西我不知道。
971	There is the hint of ethnic reasoning,	有种族推理的暗示,
972	I think in the letters when we begin, right?	我想在信里当我们开始,对不对?
973	So, or maybe not the location of this in Asia Minor	所以,也许不是地点在亚洲小
974	and this tour of the seven churches	以及这七座教堂的巡演
975	in the beginning of revelation	在启蒙之初
976	and the identification of who are false Jews	和辨别谁是假犹太人
977	and who are true.	谁是真实的。
978	There's the beginning of an ethnic identity that is pure	一个纯洁的民族身份的开始
979	or that is authentic that is held up against that	或被证明是真实的
980	which is false.	这是虚假的。
981	And then an identification of Rome and Babylon,	然后是罗马和巴比伦的确认
982	I think as those who are symbolic of those outside.	我认为是那些象征外面的人。
983	So not necessarily a racial construction	所以,不一定是种族建筑
984	as we would have in the modern world,	就像我们在现代世界一样
985	but a use of authenticity and then also use of other powers	但使用真实性,然后使用其他权力
986	to locate identity.	寻找身份
987	So yeah, I don't know if it's necessarily there,	所以,是的,我不知道它是否必然存在,
988	but it lends itself really easily,	但是这很容易
989	especially like the mark of the beast	特别是野兽的印记
990	or the mark of those who are in Jerusalem	或在耶路撒冷的印记
991	becomes something on your skin, right?	变成你皮肤上的东西,对不对?
992	Something that becomes embodied	成为象征的东西
993	that then can be recognized and pointed out.	然后可以承认和指出。
994	And so that can be really easily adapted	这样很容易适应
995	into racial construction and ethnic identity.	进入种族建筑和民族特征。
996	Thank you.	谢谢
997	I mean, that's leading me into thinking about other stuff.	我的意思是,这导致我思考其他的东西。
998	So that's exciting.	所以,这是令人兴奋的。
999	And also I am surmiting that probably your first book	我也在向你透露你的第一本书
1000	probably has some answers to that question as well, right?	这个问题也许也有答案,对吧?
1001	Bonnie.	邦妮,你好吗?
1002	Thanks for the opportunity.	谢谢你给我这个机会
1003	My question is simple.	我的问题很简单
1004	I'm a mother of a young kid.	我是一个年轻孩子的母亲。
1005	We are not in US, we are in China.	我们不是在美国,而是在中国。
1006	We have been thinking about sending our kids	我们一直在考虑送孩子
1007	overseas for study, but we don't know.	出国留学,但我们不知道.
1008	I mean, how would the young generations in the US,	我是说,美国年轻一代会怎样
1009	I mean, the native US, the Chinese, Asian	我的意思是,美国本土,中国,亚洲
1010	would actually cope with the situation right now?	现在真的能应付这个情况吗?
1011	Thanks.	谢谢
1012	That's a tough question.	这是一个很难的问题。
1013	And I mean, I have two kids of my own	我还有两个孩子
1014	and I live in a pretty white dominant town in Connecticut.	我住在康涅狄格州一个白人占优势的城市
1015	I think, I mean, it really depends on,	我觉得,我的意思是, 这真的取决于,
1016	I don't even wanna say it's very unpredictable.	我甚至不想说这很不可预测
1017	So there is an overtone of anti-Asian sentiment	因此,有一个公开的反亚洲情绪
1018	that you'll see in the news and that is in the air.	你会在新闻里看到,那是在空中。
1019	So that's discussed.	所以,这是讨论。
1020	And if your children came to the United States,	如果你的孩子来到美国,
1021	they would, if you discuss that with them	他们会的,如果你与他们讨论
1022	or if they watch the news, if they talk,	如果他们看新闻,如果他们说话,
1023	it depends on their age too, of course,	当然也取决于他们的年龄
1024	but that's part of now the general conversation.	但这是一般对话的一部分
1025	And then of course, what I also wanted to mention,	当然,我还想说的是,
1026	of course, was the shootings of the six Asian women	当然,是六名亚洲女人的枪击案
1027	in Atlanta last month.	上个月在亚特兰大
1028	So there is violence being enacted	因此,暴力正在发生
1029	and also against elderly Asians.	还反对亚洲老年人。
1030	So that's in the general water of what's going on.	故此经于总水中.
1031	Now, in terms of like personal confrontation and suffering,	就个人对抗和痛苦而言
1032	that's gonna vary and it's very unpredictable.	情况会变的很不可预测
1033	So for example, I would have thought, right, naively,	举例来说,我会想,没错,天真的,
1034	that in the Bay Area or in California where I grew up,	在湾区或加州我长大的地方,
1035	it would, we're light years ahead, I grew up there.	它会,我们很轻松的岁月, 我在那里长大。
1036	It was bad in 1980s when I was growing up,	1980年代我长大的时候很糟
1037	but should be better now.	现在应该更好了
1038	But actually some of those attacks are happening	但实际上有些袭击正在发生
1039	in particular areas in the Bay Area,	特别是海湾地区,
1040	whereas in Connecticut, I haven't encountered	而在康涅狄格州,我没有遇到
1041	that sort of thing at all in my children,	那种事情在我的孩子,
1042	neither in their particular elementary school.	在他们特定的小学。
1043	So it really, I don't think	所以,真的,我不认为
1044	that kind of personal encounter is predictable.	那种个人接触是可预测的。
1045	It's more of the state of discussion and the news	更多是讨论和新闻
1046	and what's happening.	和发生了什么事。
1047	I think casual racism is everywhere	我觉得到处都是种族主义
1048	and microaggression is everywhere.	和微侵略无处不在。
1049	So there is, it still does happen	所以还是有的,还是有的
1050	and it does happen unfortunately within school.	不幸的是,它确实发生在学校里。
1051	So, but I think it also depends on personal circumstance	所以,但我觉得这也取决于个人情况
1052	and what you think is best.	而且你认为最好。
1053	And then there are many things	还有很多事情
1054	that could be enjoyed in coming here as well.	也可以在这里享受
1055	I don't wanna say that that's not the case.	我不想说不是这样的
1056	So yeah, I'll just say that much.	所以,是的,我只说这么多。
1057	Right.	对
1058	Evan has a question,	埃文有个问题
1059	which is, could you elaborate further	也就是,你能否进一步阐述
1060	on the difference of self-identification	自我认同的区别
1061	among different Asian ethnic groups in the US?	在美国不同亚裔族群中?
1062	Like, is there any difference between East Asians	东亚人之间有什么区别吗?
1063	and Southeastern Asians or even within East Asians?	东南亚人,甚至东亚人内部?
1064	And what's the reasoning behind those differentiations	这些区别背后的推理是什么
1065	if there aren't?	如果没有呢?
1066	Yeah, so that's a huge question.	是啊,所以这是一个巨大的问题。
1067	I will just say that the term Asian American	亚裔美国人
1068	came out of inspiration of African American,	来自非裔美国人的灵感
1069	that term and the civil rights movement.	以及民权运动
1070	So the use of Asian American	所以使用亚裔美国人
1071	was by those who identified as Asian now,	是那些被确认为亚洲人的人
1072	embracing that term in order to build coalition	接受这个术语,以建立联盟
1073	for political activism and a struggle for civil rights	政治积极性和争取公民权利的斗争
1074	in order to be unified.	为了统一
1075	Of course, it covers a giant term.	当然,它涵盖一个巨大的术语。
1076	And in terms of, it differs, I think,	从这个角度来说,我认为这是不同的,我想,
1077	in terms of whether in Canada,	在加拿大,
1078	if you're in the United States,	如果你在美国,
1079	and of course, if you're abroad,	当然,如果你在国外,
1080	Asian becomes, it's a complete construction anyway,	亚裔变成,它是一个完整的建筑,
1081	but like you begin to see it shifts quite a lot.	但就像你开始看到它转移了很多。
1082	So it includes in America, broadly speaking,	所以,它包括在美国, 广义上,
1083	you would have Filipino, you would have Thai,	你会有菲律宾人,你会有泰国人,
1084	Vietnamese, Indian, so subcontinent, Pakistan,	越南人印度人巴基斯坦的次大陆
1085	like included within Asia, East Asia,	就像包括亚洲,东亚,
1086	so Japan, Korea, China.	日本、韩国、中国
1087	So it's a giant umbrella term.	所以这是一个巨大的伞形术语.
1088	And there are some shared experiences, I would say,	有一些共同的经验,我想说,
1089	but I think it also, there's such a diversity	但我也认为,有这样的多样性
1090	of socioeconomic contexts and also experience	社会经济背景和经验
1091	based on skin color as well, how people are treated.	根据肤色, 如何对待人。
1092	So there's also a confusion, oftentimes,	所以也有一个困惑, 经常,
1093	of ...	这个...
1094	people for example from Indonesia or Philippines being understood as Latino so there's like a confusion of race, but just by perception alone so that's a difference in experience and also difference in experience of why they come.	例如来自印度尼西亚或菲律宾的人被理解为拉丁语所以种族有混乱, 但只是通过感知,
1095	And what kind of jobs and what kind of sectors of economy they're a part of many of them come on scholarship and come to higher education but many of them also come as laborers so it really varies so vastly.	什么样的工作,什么样的经济部门,他们是他们中许多的一部分来获得奖学金,来接受高等教育, 但是他们中许多人也来当工人, 所以它真的差别很大。
1096	Which, you know, hence the the giant umbrella term in order to build coalition but I think oftentimes that's missed, and people think that their identity may be the only experience that's out there, which is problematic.	所以,你知道,为了建立联盟, 巨型的伞形术语, 但我认为经常被错过, 人们会认为, 他们的身份可能是唯一的经验在那里,这是有问题的。
1097	Great, thank you.	很好,谢谢
1098	So I think we're about close, close to the end, but I think if you snuck in right in time so we will get one more question in.	所以,我认为我们接近,接近尾声, 但我想如果你及时溜进来, 这样我们就能再问一个问题。
1099	Hi.	顿
1100	Yeah, it's a great great presentation and a great thesis, because it relates directly to American exceptionalism, and kind of the multiple sort of flaws within that.	是啊,这是一个伟大的演讲和伟大的论文, 因为它直接涉及美国的例外主义, 和那种多种类型的缺陷
1101	But my question is kind of related relating to some of the others that have come up.	但是,我的问题是与已经出现的其他问题有关的。
1102	How, how would you advocate campaigning for change.	如何,你如何倡导竞选变革。
1103	So, for decades you've had.	所以,你已经有几十年了。
1104	What is it the committee of 100 the prominent Asian Chinese Americans who have kind of fought that battle from within.	100名著名亚裔华裔美国人的委员会是什么,他们从内部参加了这场战斗。
1105	Anyway, there are many examples of, of the way, Chinese Americans and Asian Americans have fought prejudice but sort of what what's, do you have a take on that what what is the, what's, what's the current best course of action.	总之,有许多例子说明,美国华人和亚裔美国人已经与偏见作斗争了, 但有点像是什么,你是否对什么是,什么是,什么是,什么是当前最好的行动方针。
1106	And how can non Asian ethnic Asians supported as good as model, you know, model, model non Asians.	非亚裔亚裔如何能像模特一样支持模特儿,你知道,模特儿,模特儿非亚裔.
1107	I mean, I will just.	我的意思是,我会只是。
1108	Yeah, sorry, I will just qualify by saying I, I don't have extra teeth as a social activist or organizer I wish I did I do have friends who are working hard in this field but I would say one thing is absolutely to build alliance and coalition with other p	是的,抱歉,我只是说,我,我没有多余的牙齿作为一个社会活动家或组织者, 我希望我有朋友谁正在这个领域努力工作, 但我会说一件事绝对是与其他有色人种建立联盟和联盟
1109	and indigenous peoples because that is part of a greater strength and movement that we should be a part of rather than work cross purposes, because there's all sorts of dialogue going on.	因为他们是更大的力量和运动的一部分我们应当成为而不是工作交叉目的的一部分,
1110	But I think the more that Asian Americans and stop AIP API hate and Black Lives Matter and other like she connects movements etc can be a part of coalition, the stronger.	但我认为,亚裔美国人和阻止AIP API 仇恨和黑生命物质和其他像她连接运动等等的东西, 可以成为联盟的一部分, 越强大。
1111	We can be and the more nimble and sophisticated our understanding of racial identity and fighting for rights can be so needs to be something that is that is reaching out beyond our own personal identity communities.	我们能够而且我们对于种族身份和争取权利的理解越灵活、越复杂,就需要超越我们个人身份社群。
1112	And that's one of the major things.	这是其中一件大事。
1113	Yeah, I mean I don't, I don't have any great, like, great answers I'm not sure anyone does but I think that would be one of the first things that comes to mind.	是的,我的意思是,我没有,我没有任何伟大的,喜欢,伟大的答案我不知道谁做的,但我认为这将是最早的事情之一想到。
1114	And for those who are allies to make room for to privilege those perspectives in conversation and those experiences is valid rather than to question I think that's one of the biggest things is to say well is that really right and one of the major things	让那些盟友们在对话中给这些观点留有余地那些经历是有效的而不是质疑我认为这是最重要的事情之一
1115	especially with the problem of model minority identity and experiences to be like well, but is that really so bad right or is that really racist and I think to to change that conversation to say let's let's validate BIPOC.	特别是模式少数群体身份和经历的问题, 但这是非常糟糕的正确, 还是真正的种族主义, 我想改变这种对话, 让我们来验证BIPOC。
1116	Black indigenous people of color perspective and experience to understand what needs to be done is one of the first things to privilege that as part of the center of discussion.	黑人土著人从肤色的角度和经验来理解需要做什么,这是作为讨论中心的一部分,首先要给予特权。
1117	I mean I don't have any other hard hitting action items but those are, I think, a positional thing that needs to happen in terms of dynamics.	我的意思是,我没有其他硬打击动作项目但是,我认为,这是一个位置事情需要发生在动态。
1118	Right.	对
1119	I think you touched on this earlier which is, there's a lot of positive imagery in Revelation as well and a lot of beautiful imagery right and one of the most beautiful is when it talks about at the end there's a wedding feast right and everybody comes to	我认为你早些时候提到过, 启示录中有很多正面的图像, 和很多美丽的图像右和最美丽的一个是,当它谈论在结尾有一个婚礼宴会的权利每个人都在一起
1120	at the wedding table at the banqueting table and you know people of all you know tongues and tribes and nations come together.	在宴会桌边的婚礼桌边你认识通晓舌头的人还有部落和民族的人
1121	And I think at its best like that's what that you know American ideal is supposed to be.	我认为这是最好的,你知道美国的理想应该是。
1122	And so, I guess, I guess, you know, I would say I would just add a small point is like, be hopeful, I think, I think it's really easy to to talk about these things and and be really bogged down by it and be really upset about it because it is really upset	所以,我想,我想,你知道, 我想说,我只是增加一点是喜欢,充满希望, 我认为,我觉得, 这真的很容易谈论这些东西,
1123	but I would, I would add, maybe be hopeful and, and I think that, you know, those social activists that that have been doing it like you have to have hope in order to be doing these things.	但我想补充一点,或许是充满希望的, 而且我认为,你知道, 那些社会活动家, 那些一直在这样做,你必须有希望才能做这些事情。
1124	And so I just thought we'd end on a positive note there.	所以,我只是想我们结束一个积极的方面在那里。
1125	But thank you so much.	但非常感谢
1126	Fantastic conversation.	精彩的谈话。
1127	Very, very invigorating and now I'm awake for the rest of the day now.	非常非常振奋现在我醒了剩下的一天。
1128	Yeah, I'm excited to read your book when it comes out.	是啊,我很高兴看到你的书出来。
1129	So, at Yale Center Beijing for these events we do have a tradition, which is we asked everybody to turn on their webcams if possible so that we can take a group picture.	因此,在耶鲁中心北京,我们确实有一个传统,就是我们要求每个人在可能时打开他们的网络摄像头,以便我们拍一个团体照片。
1130	And thank you everybody for coming.	谢谢大家的光临
1131	Have a good evening for those of you guys in China and good rest of the day for the US.	祝你们中国人晚上愉快祝美国今天愉快
1132	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
1133	Yeah, coming.	是啊,来了。
1134	Fascinating.	异闻.
1135	Thank you.	谢谢
1136	Good to see you.	很高兴见到你。

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