普林斯顿-耶鲁“相约周末”品读汇第四场：学历贬值时代：什么才

普林斯顿-耶鲁“相约周末”品读汇第四场：学历贬值时代：什么才是最适合孩子的全球性大学？

发布于 2024-05-10 · 时长 56:41

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:05	Good afternoon, everyone.	午安,大家好,谢谢
0:06	My name is Lingxi Li.	姓灵西李.
0:08	I'm the Managing Director of Princeton University China	我是中国普林斯顿大学总经理
0:11	Office.	办公室
0:12	And thanks to all the online and offline audience	感谢所有在线和线下观众
0:14	for joining our April Princeton Yale Ideas Series.	加入普林斯顿耶鲁思想系列
0:18	This is a very new initiative in 2024,	这是2024年非常新的举措,
0:22	featuring world leaders, world leading scholars,	以世界领导人、世界主要学者、
0:25	and their most recent publications	及其最新出版物
0:27	aiming to foster scholarly exchange between China	旨在促进中国之间的学术交流

展开字幕全文（1088 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Good afternoon, everyone.	午安,大家好,谢谢
2	My name is Lingxi Li.	姓灵西李.
3	I'm the Managing Director of Princeton University China	我是中国普林斯顿大学总经理
4	Office.	办公室
5	And thanks to all the online and offline audience	感谢所有在线和线下观众
6	for joining our April Princeton Yale Ideas Series.	加入普林斯顿耶鲁思想系列
7	This is a very new initiative in 2024,	这是2024年非常新的举措,
8	featuring world leaders, world leading scholars,	以世界领导人、世界主要学者、
9	and their most recent publications	及其最新出版物
10	aiming to foster scholarly exchange between China	旨在促进中国之间的学术交流
11	and the West on cutting edge topics of global relevance.	与西方在具有全球意义的前沿议题上。
12	So this is the April event of our series.	这就是我们系列的四月事件。
13	So first of all, I want to briefly introduce	首先,我想简单介绍一下
14	the two organizers of this event, Yale Center Beijing	北京耶鲁中心
15	on behalf of Carol Joyce and her team.	代表卡罗尔·乔伊斯和她的团队
16	Yale Center in Beijing is Yale University's only	北京的耶鲁中心是耶鲁大学唯一的
17	university-wide center outside of the US campus,	美国校园外的全大学中心
18	representing its 14 schools.	代表14所学校。
19	Throughout the year, the center hosts many activities,	整个一年里,这个中心主办许多活动,
20	such as today's, featuring thought leaders and scholars	以思想领袖和学者为主角
21	from a variety of fields to discuss	从各种领域讨论
22	the most important and interesting topic	最重要和有趣的话题
23	facing our world.	面对我们的世界。
24	At Princeton China Office, at Princeton University Press,	在普林斯顿中国办事处,普林斯顿大学出版社,
25	China Office is the first and so far the only American	中国办事处是第一个也是迄今唯一一个美国人
26	university press opening an office in China	大学出版社在中国开设办事处
27	dedicated to the two-way exchanges,	致力于双向交流,
28	publishing the very best scholar in China	发表中国最优秀的学者
29	and bringing various perspectives	并带来各种观点
30	to the attention of a global audience.	引起全球观众的注意。
31	And we're also bringing English language works	我们也带来了英语作品
32	into the Chinese market to foster global learning.	进入中国市场促进全球学习。
33	And today we're very pleased to have two honorable guests	今天我们很高兴有两位贵宾
34	to feature our recent POP book,	我们最近出版的《持久性有机污染物》
35	The New Global Universities.	新全球大学.
36	Firstly, I would like to introduce one of the authors	首先,我想介绍一位作者
37	of today, our keynote speaker today,	今天的主旨发言人,
38	Professor Noelle Pikas.	诺埃尔·皮卡斯教授.
39	Professor Pikas is the Associate Provost	皮卡斯教授是副校长
40	at Duke University and Dean of Academic Strategy	杜克大学学术战略系主任
41	at Duke Kunshan University.	在昆山公爵大学
42	He was the former Chief Academic Officer	他是前首席学术官
43	at Meneva Project, one of the most innovative	在Meneva项目, 最创新之一
44	and entrepreneurial higher education initiative	高等教育倡议
45	several years ago.	几年前,我们发现
46	And he's also the Director of Duke's Kona Institute	他也是公爵科纳研究所的所长
47	for Ethics.	道德操守。
48	His other works, including liberal arts	他的其他作品,包括自由艺术
49	and science innovation in China.	中国的科学创新。
50	Our honorable discussion today is Professor Dai Xin.	今天我们尊敬的讨论是戴新教授
51	Professor Dai is the Deputy Dean of the Law School	戴教授是法学院副院长
52	in Peking University and a Tenure Associate Professor.	北京大学和一位终身副教授。
53	He received his bachelor degree in Laws	他获得了法律学士学位
54	from Peking University and a JD degree	北京大学毕业,法学博士学位
55	from Duke University School of Law	杜克大学法学院
56	and a Doctorate of Judicial Science degree	司法科学博士学位
57	from the University of Chicago Law School.	来自芝加哥大学法学院
58	In addition to the academic research and teaching,	除了学术研究和教学之外,
59	Professor Dai is very experienced	戴教授很有经验
60	in managing collaborative projects	管理协作项目
61	in the field of legal education,	在法律教育领域,
62	both in China and internationally.	在中国和国际上都有
63	He shares great interest in promoting	他对宣传很感兴趣
64	and facilitating collaboration in higher education	促进高等教育合作
65	between China and foreign countries,	中国和外国之间,
66	particularly in the context of the social transformations.	特别是在社会变革的背景下。
67	Okay, today our feature title is the New Global University	好吧,今天我们的特色名称是新全球大学
68	which illustrates the establishment and growth	说明建立和发展
69	of eight innovative college and university	八所创新型学院和大学
70	in Africa, Asia, Middle East and North American.	非洲、亚洲、中东和北非。
71	It describes the combination of intellectual courage,	它描述了智力勇气的结合,
72	entrepreneurial audacity and adaptive leadership needed	需要企业的勇气和适应性领导
73	to renovate educational institution around the world.	改造世界各地的教育机构。
74	A little of the procedure today is Professor Pekas	今天有点程序是佩卡斯教授
75	will speak for around 40 minutes	大约40分钟
76	to offer the key insights of his book	提供他书中的重要见解
77	and Professor Dai will comment and share his perspective	戴教授会发表评论,分享他的观点
78	for around 15 to 20 minutes.	大约15到20分钟
79	And anyone has questions for our two speakers	任何人对我们的两位演讲者都有疑问
80	will be able to raise them in the Q&A sessions.	将在“QQA”会议上提出。
81	Okay, so last and not the least,	好吧,所以最后一个,并非最不重要,
82	thanks the staff of the organizer today.	感谢组织者今天的工作人员。
83	And so Professor Pekas, the floor is yours now.	所以Pekas教授现在轮到你了
84	I wanna do three things today in this talk.	我今天想在这演讲里做三件事
85	I wanna set the context, the origins of this book	我想设定背景这本书的起源
86	which really have American and Chinese origins	真正有美国血统和中国血统的
87	that I wanna tell you about some of the unique universities	我想告诉你一些独特的大学
88	that we studied.	我们学习。
89	And then I want to finally draw some conclusions	然后我想得出一些结论
90	about the challenges and the opportunities	挑战与机遇
91	that we can learn from these new universities.	我们能从这些新的大学学到东西
92	Our primary audience has been	我们的主要观众是
93	those who want to create a new university	想要创建新大学的人
94	but we also think that learning about starting a university	但我们也认为,学习开办大学
95	completely from scratch engages people,	完全从零开始与人接触,
96	particularly academics in the exciting idea	特别是令人兴奋的学者
97	of what if we could just create it completely new?	如果我们能创造出全新的呢?
98	What would we do?	我们该怎么办?
99	And so I ask you to think about that question.	所以我请你考虑一下这个问题。
100	So let me just briefly set the context here.	因此,请允许我在此简单阐述一下背景。
101	For all the differences between the US	美国之间的分歧
102	and China's higher education systems,	和中国的高等教育系统,
103	they are remarkably similar today in the various calls	他们今天在各种电话中非常相似
104	for reform in undergraduate education in particular	特别是本科教育改革
105	to meet the 21st century challenges.	迎接21世纪的挑战。
106	I don't have to tell you about the changes in technology	我不必告诉你科技的变化
107	and economy and society that are calling for new	经济、社会、文化权利委员会
108	and more nimble and more creative	更灵活更有创意
109	and complex problem solvers.	和复杂的问题解决者。
110	Generative AI has heightened that desire	基因人工智能强化了这种愿望
111	but it's been there for some time.	但它已经存在了一段时间。
112	And I'm struck by, if you look at the Ministry of Education's	我很惊讶,如果你看看教育部的
113	2035 plan or the 20th party Congress	2035年计划或第二十届党代会
114	or any number of documents and policy protocols in China,	或中国的任何文件和政策协议,
115	the ways in which the desire to reform	改革的愿望
116	同学教育, general education	普通教育
117	or to invest in interdisciplinary studies	或投资于跨学科研究
118	to improve teaching, all these kinds of things	改进教学,所有这些事情
119	are really quite similar to many of the things	和很多事情相当相似
120	you see in the West.	你可以看到西方。
121	Of course, the challenges are actually rather different	当然,挑战其实是相当不同的
122	I think.	我觉得
123	In the US, we have, as you all know	在美国我们都知道
124	a very decentralized higher education system	高度分散的高等教育系统;
125	and this is one of our great strengths.	这是我们最大的优势之一。
126	But it also means that as the criticisms have mounted	但也意味着随着批评的兴起
127	in the US about higher education being too expensive,	在美国,高等教育太昂贵,
128	about it not providing enough value,	关于它没有提供足够的价值,
129	about the quality being diminished,	关于质量下降,
130	even as the US has often held up globally as high quality,	即使美国经常举足轻重
131	most of the discussion in these books and many others	这些书和许多其他书中的大部分讨论
132	are very critical of what we're doing in higher education.	非常批评我们在高等教育中的所作所为。
133	And the problem is that we have this model	问题是我们有这个模型
134	of shared governance in universities	大学共同治理
135	where as the title of this recent book says,	这本书的标题是
136	whatever it is, I'm against it.	不管是什么我反对
137	And it's very hard to bring about change	很难带来变化
138	in the American system because you have	在美国系统中,因为你有
139	so many stakeholders, the faculty, the students,	如此众多的利益攸关方, 教师,学生,
140	the alumni, the government officials,	校友,政府官员,
141	the academic leaders, the athletics	学术领袖,运动家
142	and it just means that most strategic plans	它只是意味着大多数的战略计划
143	in the US don't end up being very interesting.	在美国不会变得非常有趣
144	Now the situation in China is almost the obverse, right?	现在中国的情况几乎是对立的,对吧?
145	China is more of a centralized system	中国更是一个中央集权体系
146	and a colleague of mine, Yong Zhao	还有我的同事赵勇
147	at the University of Kansas likes to talk	在堪萨斯大学喜欢说话
148	about the WeChat moment in China.	关于中国的WeChat时刻.
149	就像WeChat开始的QQ
150	and could have stayed that way all along,	本来可以一直这样
151	making small incremental improvements,	做出小的渐进改进,
152	而是从QQ转到WeChat,
153	there was a moment where the combination	有一个时刻,组合
154	of apps and technologies that is possible	应用和技术
155	in the WeChat ecology has leapfrogged over to the US.	在 WeChat 生态学已经跃升到美国。
156	And Yong Zhao likes to point to the possibility	而龙赵喜欢指出可能性
157	that the older, more traditional Chinese system	更古老、更传统的中国制度
158	has an opportunity to think anew	有机会重新思考
159	and to similarly leapfrog ahead	和类似的跳跃向前
160	of the decentralized American system.	美国的权力下放制度。
161	One of my former students, Linda Zhang	我以前的同学之一,张琳达
162	is leading a research project at Kunshan Ducatashui	正在昆山杜卡塔修主持一个研究项目
163	with our students there.	我们的学生在那里。
164	And they have identified four different kinds	他们已经确定了四种不同的
165	of innovative higher education universities in China.	中国创新型高等教育大学。
166	Some of course are joint ventures	当然有些是合资企业
167	like DKU or Xi'an, Liverpool.	像DKU或西安,利物浦。
168	Others are what they call challenger universities.	其他的则被称为挑战者大学.
169	Those that were born to be different	那些天生就不一样的人
170	like Westlake University or SAS Tech.	比如西湖大学或SAS技术
171	And then of course we've seen the emergence	然后我们当然看到了这个新出现
172	of the greater Bay Area universities,	大湾区大学,
173	广州HKUST,深圳CUHK.
174	And then there are established universities,	然后是大学
175	PKU amongst them, Shanghai Jaitong, Nanjing and others	其中PKU,上海 Ja东,南京等
176	that have been experimenting	已经尝试过
177	with innovative forms of education.	以创新的教育形式。
178	But the challenges are equally difficult	但挑战同样艰巨
179	in the Chinese system.	在中国体系中。
180	The tension between teaching and research	教学与研究之间的紧张关系
181	where the system primarily rewards research,	该系统主要奖励研究,
182	{\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}你们之间的矛盾
183	and making it more meaningful	让它更有意义
184	and disciplinary specific knowledge	和具体学科知识
185	where most people in that McKinsey report	在麦肯锡报告的大部分人
186	in much of the world are calling for	在世界大部分地区,人们呼吁
187	content is endless.	内容是无尽的。
188	We need to teach more the critical skills	我们要多教点关键技能
189	of being able to work across areas	能够跨领域工作
190	rather than only have a specific content knowledge.	而不是只掌握具体内容的知识。
191	Then there's just fitting an innovation approach	然后就是适应创新的方法
192	within very traditional established structures	在非常传统的既定结构内
193	at Chinese universities,	在中国大学
194	although the same could be said for American universities.	美国的大学也是如此
195	And then ultimately sustaining that innovation	然后最终维持这种创新
196	and scaling it so that it's an ongoing kind of way.	并缩放它这样它就是一种持续的方式。
197	So surprisingly similar concerns	如此惊人的类似关切
198	and some similar challenges,	和一些类似的挑战,
199	but also very different approaches	但也非常不同
200	given the different nature of the systems.	鉴于系统性质不同。
201	Why do I tell you all that?	我为什么要告诉你这些?
202	I tell you all that because my work,	我跟你说这些是因为我的工作
203	I've been engaged with China in higher education since 2014	2014年起与中国从事高等教育.
204	when I helped to create the curriculum	当我帮助创建课程
205	and hire the faculty for Duke Kunshan University.	并聘任昆山公爵大学教员.
206	And as part of doing that,	作为其中的一部分,
207	I met a colleague from a liberal arts college in America	我认识一个美国文学院的同事
208	who was an astronomer	他曾是天文学家
209	and he was helping to launch Yale and US in Singapore.	他帮助耶鲁和美国在新加坡发射。
210	And he and I started to look around	他和我开始四处看看
211	and see all the gloom and doom in the US	并看到美国所有的阴暗和末日
212	about what's wrong with our universities,	关于我们的大学有什么问题,
213	what's wrong with the inability to be creative	没有创造力有什么问题
214	and new ways of innovative education.	以及创新教育的新方式。
215	We began to see that around the world in Asia,	我们开始看到全世界在亚洲,
216	in Africa, in the Middle East, in North America,	非洲、中东、北美、
217	I should say Ling Xi,	我应该说玲茜
218	we would have done Latin America and Europe,	我们本来可以做拉丁美洲和欧洲,
219	but our erstwhile editor, Peter,	但我们的编辑彼得
220	told us that we couldn't write a book that long.	告诉我们我们不能写那么久的书
221	So we're grateful for being able to have	因此,我们感激能有
222	these eight case studies of universities	这八个大学的案例研究
223	from around the world.	从世界各地。
224	The other thing I wanna emphasize	还有一件事我想强调
225	is the book is a set of stories.	这本书是一套故事。
226	There's so many stories about great economic	有这么多的故事关于伟大的经济
227	or technological or political leaders,	或技术或政治领袖,
228	especially in economics and technology,	特别是经济和技术方面,
229	we see all over the world,	我们看到世界各地,
230	the Steve Jobs and those kinds of people	史蒂夫・乔布斯和这些人
231	who are venerated as breaking new ground	他们被誉为破碎的新天地
232	and being entrepreneurial.	并成为企业家。
233	And we don't often hear that about universities.	我们并不经常听到关于大学的事。
234	All of the people on this screen	这个屏幕上的所有人
235	were there present at the beginning	一开始在场的
236	or sustaining these eight universities.	或维持这八所大学。
237	And frankly, we wanted just to tell their story,	坦率地说,我们只是想讲述他们的故事,
238	not in an uncritical way,	不是以无批评的方式,
239	when we have criticisms, we make them,	当我们有批评, 我们让他们,
240	but we wanted to be not completely academic,	但我们不想完全学术化
241	we wanted to be a bit inspirational	我们想有点鼓舞人心
242	because we think that higher education	因为我们认为高等教育
243	often lacks that inspiration	经常缺乏灵感
244	and here you have faculty like Pericles Lewis,	在这里你拥有像Pericles Lewis这样的教职员工
245	a Canadian who studies literature at Yale,	在耶鲁学习文学的加拿大人,
246	who helped with the first president of Yale and US	他帮助了耶鲁的第一任总统和美国
247	or next to him, Fred Swannacher,	或者他旁边,弗雷德·斯旺纳赫
248	who had grown up in four African countries	在四个非洲国家长大的人
249	fleeing instability and violence,	逃离不稳定和暴力,
250	had come to the US for college	来美国上大学
251	and then Stanford for graduate school and business.	然后斯坦福大学的研究生和企业。
252	And he decided that the need in Africa	他决定非洲的需求
253	was for ethical, entrepreneurial, effective leaders.	是为了道德、创业、有效的领导者
254	And the way to do that was to create	这样做的方式是创造
255	an entirely new ecosystem of universities.	一个全新的大学生态系统。
256	And each of these people here,	这里的每一个人
257	I could tell you a different story.	我可以告诉你另一个故事。
258	Some come from consulting, some come from higher education,	有些来自咨询,有些来自高等教育
259	but we think there's something wonderful	但是,我们觉得有些东西是美妙的
260	about their stories and we try to tell that.	关于他们的故事,我们试图告诉。
261	Okay, so that's the setup.	好吧,这就是设置。
262	Let me tell you a little bit about these new universities	让我告诉你一些关于这些新大学的事
263	and I'll have to be rather broad in my commentary.	我必须要在评论中说得相当宽泛
264	The first is the oldest college we studied,	第一个是我们所学的最古老的大学
265	which was started just about the end of the last century,	开始于上个世纪末
266	Olin College of Engineering.	奥林工程学院.
267	And it emerged from a report	从一个报告出来
268	of the National Academy of Engineering in the US	美国国家工程院
269	that basically said,	基本上说,
270	we are training engineers to be middle managers	我们正在训练工程师做中层经理
271	and we need to train engineers to be problem solvers,	我们需要训练工程师成为解决问题的人,
272	taking on the grandest challenges,	面对最严峻的挑战,
273	carbon sequestration, climate and sustainability, water,	固碳、气候和可持续性、水、
274	all of these kinds of issues that threaten us	所有这些威胁我们的问题
275	and that we can't do it with the existing model	我们无法用现有的模型来完成
276	of engineering because the existing model of engineering	由于现有的工程模式
277	is essentially three, three and a half years	基本上三年,三年半时间
278	of memorizing a lot of things	回忆很多事情
279	and you don't even begin to build something	你甚至没有开始建造一些东西
280	until your fourth year.	直到你第四年为止
281	The Olin College of Engineering flipped that on its head	奥林工程学院把头翻过来了
282	and they created an engineering approach	他们创造了一种工程方法,
283	that is hands-on from the beginning.	这是从头开始的实践。
284	On the first day, students are told,	第一天,学生被告知,
285	build a pulse oximeter without any instructions,	在没有任何指示的情况下建造一个脉冲氧计
286	just build it and it turns out	把它盖起来,结果
287	they can figure out how to do this.	他们可以想出办法
288	The idea was to imbue creativity	想法是注入创造力
289	and problem solving in the university	和大学解决问题
290	and to do that, Rick Miller and others	并为了做到这一点,里克·米勒等人
291	who founded the university concluded	大学的创始人结束了
292	that the university itself had to be creative	大学本身必须具有创意
293	and nimble and agile.	轻而易举
294	So they didn't create traditional departments.	所以他们没有创建传统部门.
295	They didn't give faculty traditional tenure appointments.	他们没有给予教职员传统的任期任命.
296	They said everything has an expiration date	他们说一切都有到期日
297	because the institution must be as nimble	因为机构必须灵活
298	as the students that we're training.	作为我们训练的学生。
299	Here's a second example.	以下为第二例.
300	I put two of these universities	我办了两所大学
301	because of their emphasis on durable skills	因为他们强调持久技能
302	and distributed networks.	和分布式网络。
303	African Leadership University,	非洲领导人大学,
304	which I mentioned a few minutes ago	我几分钟前提到的
305	with regard to Fred Swannacher, started with the idea,	关于弗雷德·斯旺纳赫从这个想法开始
306	he had this idea that he would create 25 new campuses	他有这个想法他会创建25个新校园
307	across the African continent	整个非洲大陆
308	and that the way it would work is that the student,	而它的工作方式是学生,
309	there was so much good education online in MOOCs	MOOCs网上有这么多好教育
310	and that the students could learn from that	学生们可以从中学习
311	and then teach themselves because the problem in Africa	因为非洲的问题
312	was they didn't have enough PhDs	他们没有足够的博士学位
313	to staff these kinds of networks.	这些网络的工作人员。
314	And so it had to be built in that context	因此它必须在这个背景下建立
315	as an institution where students learned	作为学生学习的机构
316	how to teach themselves and did what Fred called missions	如何教导自己如何完成弗雷德所说的任务
317	rather than majors.	而不是专业
318	So students come in and say,	所以学生进来说
319	I'm majoring in chemistry or I'm majoring in history.	我主修化学或历史
320	They pick a mission like conservation in Africa	他们在非洲选了一个类似保护的任务
321	and they build their curriculum around that.	并围绕此建立课程。
322	But they also take a year long set of courses	但他们也要上一年的课程
323	that are not based on content but are based on skills.	并非基于内容,而是基于技能。
324	They are trying to teach directly the habits and skills	他们试图直接传授习惯和技能
325	of creativity and communication and collaboration	创造力、交流与合作
326	and critical thinking explicitly	和批判性思维
327	rather than implicitly through just learning the content.	而不是通过学习内容来暗示
328	This has evolved into almost three quarters	这已经发展到近四分之三
329	of a billion dollar enterprise.	10亿美元的企业。
330	It's got regional hubs now in Silicon Valley	现在硅谷有区域枢纽
331	and in New York.	在纽约
332	It's really quite a remarkable story.	这真是个了不起的故事
333	At the same time, excuse me,	同时,对不起,
334	Minerva大学始于硅谷
335	and in about 2012 and it's a model	在2012年左右,它是一个模型
336	where the students move around the globe.	学生们环游全球
337	Seven cities is their education over four years.	七座城市是他们四年的教育。
338	And what holds them together is similar to ALU	他们在一起的和ALU相似
339	but even deeper is that Minerva identified	但更深层的是,米涅瓦发现了
340	85 fundamental habits and skills that they believed	85种基本习惯和技能,他们相信
341	is what made you into an educated person	是什么让你成为一个受过教育的人
342	able to solve problems in the real world.	能够解决现实世界的问题。
343	And they teach all of those skills.	他们教所有这些技能。
344	So they have what they call hashtag	他们有他们所谓的标签
345	and if you take their curriculum,	如果你学习他们的课程,
346	you'll see hashtag feedback loop	你会看到标签反馈循环
347	and students learn what is a feedback loop	和学生学习什么是反馈循环
348	that is positive in nature and what is negative.	这是积极的,是消极的。
349	Similarly, how does that work in cities and urban areas	同样,在城市和城市地区如何运作?
350	and politics and social life?	以及政治和社会生活?
351	And so they've developed a way to distribute their students,	于是他们发展了一种分配学生的方法,
352	to teach online and yet to get a deeper kind	在网上教书然后再找更深层次的
353	of skills orientation.	技能指导。
354	A third set of universities that we studied	我们所研究的第三所大学
355	really are high quality schools	其实是高品质的学校
356	trying to give the highest quality of education	努力提供最高质量的教育
357	but at a lower cost and with a greater focus	但费用较低,重点更突出
358	on the culture and civilization of the home society.	关于家庭社会的文化和文明。
359	So in Vietnam, in Africa, in India,	因此,在越南,在非洲,在印度,
360	all of these schools emerged from an attempt	所有这些学校都是从尝试中产生的
361	to move beyond the colonial forms of education	超越殖民形式的教育
362	that they had inherited and that they felt	他们继承了,他们觉得
363	were keeping their continents or their countries	保持他们的大陆或国家
364	from moving forward.	从前进。
365	They were too traditional, they were too bureaucratic,	他们太传统,太官僚
366	they were teaching students to work in a bureaucracy	他们教学生在官僚机构工作
367	rather than to start companies	而不是创办公司
368	or understand their constitution and become lawyers	或了解他们的宪法并成为律师
369	or whatever it might be.	或随其可能.
370	And each one of these schools had to figure out a way	每个学校都要想办法
371	to break new ground in their country	在他们国家开拓新天地
372	and to not just break it for themselves	而不是为了自己而打破它
373	but to open the door for other universities	但为其他大学打开大门
374	to be able to do this and to get the government	能够做到这一点并获得政府
375	which in many of these countries or continents	在许多这些国家或大陆
376	were very controlling, did not want to,	非常控制, 不想,
377	only wanted to see the existing structures.	只希望看到现有的结构。
378	But the governments took their chances to see	但政府却抓住机会
379	if these could be green shoots of innovation	如果这些可能是绿色的革新镜头
380	that could help and that has not meant	可能有所帮助,但这并不意味着
381	they have avoided conflicts	他们避免了冲突
382	because there are a lot of conflicts	因为有很多冲突
383	I'd be happy to talk about.	我很乐意谈谈
384	But what it means is that for about a sixth	但这意味着大约六分之一
385	the amount of money, you don't have to leave India	你不必离开印度
386	to go to Yale to get an education or to Princeton,	去耶鲁接受教育或者去普林斯顿
387	you can stay home, get the same high quality education	你可以留在家里,接受同样的高质量教育
388	and be more connected to your home society	和更多的联系你的家乡社会
389	and studying it as a civilization and culture.	并把它作为一种文明和文化来研究。
390	One other final set of schools we studied,	我们所学的最后一套学校
391	(原始内容存档于2019-09-21). Yale NUS in Singapore, NYU 阿布扎比, NYU 阿布扎比,
392	you of course will know NYU Shanghai,	你当然会知道纽约大学上海分校
393	do Kunshan University and others	杜昆山大学等
394	and these all have a certain family resemblance.	而这些都有一个一定的家庭相似。
395	And the core of what they're doing in some ways	以及他们在某些方面的核心
396	their education is not as innovative as some of the others	他们的教育不像其他人那样创新
397	but the core of what they're doing is bringing together	但他们的核心工作是把
398	future national and global leaders at one place.	未来的国家和全球领导人在一个地方。
399	So these are 80 countries or more	所以这里有80多个国家
400	will be present in these colleges or universities.	将会在这些学院或大学中出现。
401	And the idea here is often that they would create	而这里的想法是他们常常会创造
402	much more global curriculums so that it was not just	更多的全球课程,以便不仅
403	a Western or a Chinese or Indian core curriculum	a 西方或中国或印度核心课程
404	but students from all over the world would be exposed	但来自世界各地的学生都会被曝光
405	to a wide variety of history and culture	历史和文化的多样性
406	and they would be formed together	他们将被集合在一起,
407	so that when they are future national leaders	当他们成为未来的国家领导人时
408	in their country, they will also know each other	在他们的国家里,他们也将互相认识,
409	and hopefully be able to manage the tensions	并且希望能够应付紧张局势
410	in the global world.	环球世界
411	So those are four brief kinds of examples	这些是四种简单的例子
412	of types of schools.	学校类型。
413	Let me talk a little bit about the successes	让我来谈谈成功
414	and the challenges.	挑战。
415	The first is the successes have been rather remarkable.	第一是取得了相当显著的成功。
416	When you think about the fact that universities	当你想到大学的事实
417	are two, three, four, 500 years old	两三四五百岁
418	in some parts of the world,	在世界一些地区,
419	they have a pretty good headstart	他们有一个相当好的开始
420	on schools that are 10 or 20 years old.	10至20岁的学校。
421	And yet the schools we studied	但我们所学的学校
422	have had quite an impact quickly.	影响很快
423	MIT, right, arguably one of the world's,	麻省理工学院,没错,可以说是世界之一,
424	the world's greatest engineering and science school	世界上最伟大的工程和科学学校
425	named Olin College of Engineering as the top place	将奥林工程学院命名为顶点
426	to get an engineering education as an undergraduate.	作为本科生接受工程教育。
427	Minerva was ranked as the most innovative university.	米涅尔瓦被评为最具创意的大学.
428	African Leadership University was ranked	非洲领袖大学排名
429	not just as a university, but as a company,	不仅是大学,还有公司
430	the number one company in Africa	非洲第一公司
431	and number 39 in the world by Fast Company Magazine.	和世界第39位由快公司杂志。
432	And so their impact in terms of the traditional metrics,	所以从传统的衡量标准来看,
433	even though they're so young, has been quite significant.	虽然他们很年轻,但还是相当重要。
434	They have, as I said, typically offered higher quality	正如我所说,他们通常提供更高的质量
435	at lower cost and they've uniquely brought together	以较低的成本, 和他们独有的聚集在一起
436	future national and global leaders.	未来国家和全球领导人。
437	If we focus for a moment, not on the impact,	如果我们把注意力放在一瞬间,而不是放在影响上,
438	but on what can we as educators learn from these schools,	但作为教育者,我们可以从这些学校学到什么,
439	here are four things that I think	这里有四件事我想
440	these schools in different ways do.	这些学校有不同的方式
441	One I already told you about, which is the more global	一个我已经告诉你, 这是更全球性的
442	the student body and the faculty,	学生和教员,
443	the more all these schools determine that it's important	越是这些学校决定这很重要
444	that you have a common core of knowledge and experience	拥有共同的知识和经验
445	so that the students aren't strangers to each other.	这样学生就不会彼此陌生
446	They begin, unlike if you are going in the US	他们开始,不像你要去美国
447	to an American school or if you're Chinese,	如果你是中国人,我也会去美国学校
448	going to a Chinese university	上中国大学
449	where there's some shared background	有一些共享的背景
450	in cultural history and language, that's not the case here.	在文化史和语言上,情况并非如此。
451	And so these schools have reinvigorated the notion	因此,这些学校重振了这个概念
452	of a core curriculum that has often been dispensed elsewhere.	通常在其他地方开设的核心课程。
453	At the same time, many, if not all of these schools	同时,许多,甚至所有这些学校
454	have emphasized that most of the problems we face	强调我们面临的大多数问题
455	are deeply interdisciplinary and they have offered majors	具有深厚的跨学科性,并提供了专业
456	that often cross over two or more areas	通常跨越两个或多个区域
457	that are trying to get students to be able to think	试图让学生思考
458	across areas, not just within one	不只是在一个区域内
459	and to include hands-on experience, as I've mentioned.	包括亲身体验,我已经提到。
460	The skills aspect is not present in all these universities,	并非所有大学都有技能方面,
461	but it's especially strong in some of them	但它特别强壮在其中一些
462	that it's not just the books you teach,	不只是你教的书
463	it's also the underlying skills.	这也是基础技能。
464	And last, there is a science of learning.	最后,还有一种学习的科学。
465	We actually do know many things about how students learn well	其实我们知道很多关于学生如何学习
466	and how they don't, and therefore how teaching	和他们如何不, 因此如何教学
467	is not just a matter of happenstance	不仅仅是偶然的事
468	or doing it like your professor did	或者像教授那样
469	when you were a student.	你当学生的时候
470	You actually need to study it, be instructed in it,	你实际上需要研究它, 接受它的指示,
471	and it is the highest level of education	这是最高的教育水平
472	that we can provide that is not simply a byproduct	我们可以提供它不仅仅是一个副产品
473	of being at a great research university.	在一个伟大的研究大学。
474	It's actually a targeted effort	其实是目标明确的
475	to improve teaching and learning.	改进教学和学习。
476	I like to say at Duke Kunshan University	我想说在昆山公爵大学
477	that we are trying to braid all of these elements into one,	我们试图将所有这些元素编织成一个,
478	though you will certainly recognize there are challenges.	你们必定知道,有许多挑战。
479	Let me mention one last challenge,	请允许我提到最后一个挑战,
480	which is many of these institutions	这是其中很多机构
481	seek to be simultaneously embedded locally,	寻求同时嵌入本地,
482	but aspiring globally.	却满怀希望
483	So Yale and US College famously,	所以耶鲁和美国大学很有名
484	its mission statement was, in Asia for the world.	它的使命声明是,在亚洲为世界。
485	ALU was a global solution that was African-born.	ALU是一个非洲出生的全球解决方案。
486	And the tensions here are that often the question is,	而这里的紧张经常是,
487	at Yale and US, students and sometimes faculty would say,	在耶鲁和美国, 学生,有时教职员会说,
488	well, what do you mean by Asia, right?	好吧,你是什么意思亚洲,对不对?
489	What counts as Asian?	什么是亚洲人?
490	Is it, does that mean that it's Confucius?	是,这是否意味着是孔子?
491	Does it mean that it's Indian civilization?	意思是印度文明吗?
492	What about Malaysian culture?	马来西亚文化呢?
493	There was a sense in which global often left out	有一种感觉是,全球经常被排除在外。
494	the very local that was present.	当时在场的当地人
495	And in other places like at NYU Abu Dhabi,	在其他地方比如纽约大学阿布扎比
496	sometimes the education could be criticized	教育有时会被批评
497	as insufficiently Western,	和不够西方,
498	as insufficiently teaching students	教育不足的学生
499	how to think for themselves and in a democratic framework.	如何在民主框架内为自己思考。
500	At other times it would be criticized	在其他时候,会受到批评
501	as the opposite to Western,	与西方相反,
502	because it implicitly seemed to be teaching students	因为它似乎在教学生
503	that they were individuals, not members of a community.	他们是个人,而不是一个社区的成员。
504	And the highest goal was in thinking for themselves	而最高的目标是为自己思考
505	to make their own choices rather than to be connected	做出自己的选择,而不是被连接
506	to their communities.	给他们的社区。
507	At DKU, we have wrestled with this challenge.	在DKU,我们面对了这个挑战。
508	We have a principle we call rooted globalism.	我们有一条我们称之为根植全球主义的原则。
509	If you'll forgive my terrible Chinese,	如果你能原谅我那可怕的中国人
510	Yogenda Shijie Gongmin.	阳田世杰贡敏.
511	And the idea is that there are always going to be	想法是永远有
512	benefits and tensions between the local,	地方、区域、
513	the national and the global.	国家和全球。
514	And that the goal of the university	而大学的目标
515	is not to make those go away,	绝不是使那些东西消失,
516	but to help students to see what those are like	但帮助学生看看他们是什么样子
517	and to navigate them because in the 21st century,	在21世纪,
518	they're going to be managing.	他们将管理。
519	When are they more committed to their home country?	他们何时更加致力于祖国?
520	When are they more committed to a job	他们什么时候更愿意工作
521	and being mobile?	和移动?
522	How do they think about themselves in the future?	将来他们如何看待自己?
523	And the goal is not to tell them,	目标不是告诉他们,
524	oh, you should leave behind your home,	哦,你应该离开你的家,
525	nor is it to tell them you must stay in your place.	也不是告诉他们你必须留在你的地方
526	It is to identify that there's a tension	就是要辨别出矛盾
527	and the more students are able to navigate	越多的学生能够导航
528	these tensions and these opportunities,	这些紧张和机会,
529	the more they will really be prepared for this century.	他们将会为本世纪做好更多的准备。
530	Let me close with, I've been talking about the what.	让我接近,我一直在谈论什么。
531	Let me close by talking about the how.	最后让我谈谈办法
532	I told you at the beginning that we were interested	我一开始告诉过你,我们很感兴趣
533	in writing this book in part because we were just	写这本书部分因为我们只是
534	so fascinated by the African entrepreneurs,	被非洲企业家所迷恋
535	sorry, the African, the academic entrepreneurs	对不起,非洲,学术企业家
536	who we encountered.	我们遇到的人
537	And we're often asked, what did we learn from them	我们经常被问到我们从他们那里学到了什么
538	about how they did what they did?	他们怎么做到的?
539	And it turns out that there are two key things	结果发现有两个关键
540	that we saw in all of them.	我们在他们身上都看到了。
541	And the challenge is that they are almost opposites.	挑战在于它们几乎是对立的。
542	There's like a gas and a brakes.	亦有如是诸剎.
543	One is an enormous audacity.	一个是巨大的大胆。
544	These were leaders who did not wake up and say,	这些领袖没有醒来说:
545	I would like to adjust our curriculum at our university	我想调整我们大学的课程
546	by adding one new course.	通过增加一个新的课程。
547	They woke up and they said,	他们醒来说,
548	we wanna transform a colonial system of education.	我们想要改变殖民地的教育制度。
549	We need to power regional innovation.	我们需要推动区域创新。
550	We need to uniquely educate a global student body and so on.	我们需要独特的教育一个全球的学生机构等等。
551	And this got so powerful.	这变得如此强大。
552	We saw this at African Leadership University	我们在非洲领袖大学看到的
553	where in 2018, it had been named the Harvard of Africa.	在2018年被命名为非洲哈佛大学.
554	A university that started only four years earlier	四年前才开学的大学
555	was called the Harvard of Africa.	被称为非洲哈佛大学。
556	And so many faculty and staff celebrated this.	这么多的教职员工和教职员工都为这个庆祝.
557	Fred Swannacher基本上说,
558	I don't want us to be the Harvard of Africa.	我不想让我们成为非洲哈佛大学。
559	That means I'm building a small thing	也就是说我在做一件小事
560	that's gonna educate a small number of students.	这会教育少数学生。
561	And I'm trying to create 3000 new ethical effective leaders	我试图创造3000个新的道德领袖
562	for the African future.	非洲的未来。
563	And so he actually wrote an article called	所以他写了一篇文章
564	Five Reasons Not to Work.	五因缘不工.
565	ALX is their university plus online capacity.	ALX是他们的大学加在线容量.
566	And he literally was discouraging people from joining	他实际上在劝阻人们不要加入
567	and he ended up having to fire or people,	结果他不得不开火或有人,
568	about half the faculty and staff left.	大约一半的教职员工离开了
569	There was a crisis because he wanted to stick	有危机因为他想坚持
570	to this audacious vision and not simply settle	而不是简单地解决
571	for what other people thought was	对于别人的想法
572	we're the Harvard of Africa.	我们是非洲哈佛大学
573	Surely that's all we've arrived.	当然,这就是我们到达。
574	So that's the gas, the audacity.	这就是气体胆量
575	The breaks is the flexibility that almost all	休息是几乎所有的弹性
576	of these institutions had to encounter.	这些机构必须遇到。
577	They had to have a big driving compelling idea	他们必须有一个伟大的驱动令人信服的想法
578	or nobody would get behind it.	否则没人会背井离乡
579	You don't raise a billion dollars	你不筹十亿
580	or you don't convince government to creditors	或者你无法说服债权人政府
581	or you don't hire faculty and students for a new startup	或者你不会雇教职员工和学生来做新的创业
582	without an audacious vision.	没有大胆的愿景。
583	At the same time, most of these universities	同时,大多数的大学
584	tended to overdo it.	总是太过份了
585	You can imagine you get a bunch of academics in the room	你可以想象你得到一群学者在房间里
586	and they all imagine all the things they wanna do.	他们都想象着他们想做的事
587	At Olin College of Engineering, for example,	例如在奥林工学院,
588	early in the first semester, they had to stop classes	第一学期初,他们不得不停止上课
589	and bring out, you know, those bouncy castles	并带出,你知道的, 那些蓬勃的城堡
590	you sometimes see at children's birthday parties	你有时会在孩子的生日派对上看到
591	where you take your shoes off and you can bounce up and down.	脱下鞋子,然后弹跳
592	They had to put these all over the lawn	他们不得不把这些遍及草坪
593	because the students were exhausted, they were crying,	因为学生们已经精疲力尽,他们在哭泣,
594	they were being pushed way too hard.	他们被推得太用力了
595	And Olin learned that they had overdesigned things.	奥林得知他们设计过头了
596	And so they began to think about how do we build a system	于是他们开始思考我们如何建立一个系统
597	not once, but over time so that it is a system	不是一次,而是一段时间,所以这是一个系统
598	of continuous improvement.	不断改进。
599	And this quote at the bottom is from Mark Somerville,	底部的引文是马克·萨默维尔写的
600	the provost from Olin University,	奥林大学的校长
601	where he points out that startups are like gardens	在那里,他指出,初创企业就像花园
602	and that everyone just loves to plant all the new seeds,	每个人都喜欢种新种子
603	but then they're not very good at weeding.	但他们不擅长除草
604	And that you have to develop a system	你必须开发一个系统
605	that lets people innovate,	使人们能创造,
606	but makes an innovation by substitution	但通过替代来创新
607	as opposed to just adding more and more.	而不是仅仅增加越来越多的。
608	Because the tendency of we as faculty	因为作为教师的倾向
609	is to say we'd like more of us,	就是说我们更喜欢我们
610	and therefore there's more of what I teach	所以还有更多的我教的东西
611	or what you teach and that just gets added	或者你教的是什么和刚刚得到添加
612	to the curriculum and it doesn't work.	和课程,它没有工作。
613	So what we saw at almost all these universities	所以我们在几乎所有的大学看到的
614	is that just like in a technology startup,	这就像一个技术启动,
615	you've got this founding moment,	你有这个创始的时刻,
616	but you quite quickly, sometimes in a year,	但你很快,有时一年后
617	sometimes in five years, sometimes at 20,	有时五年,有时二十岁
618	you have 2.0 and 3.0 moments	您有2.0和3.0个瞬间
619	where you actually have to rethink what you've done.	在那里你必须重新思考你做了什么。
620	And the main message I try to give to people	和主要的信息我试图给人们
621	is that's normal, it's necessary.	这是正常的,这是必要的。
622	The challenge that happens is	挑战在于
623	it's common for people to panic.	人们通常会惊慌失措
624	Oh my goodness, the original vision	哦,我的上帝,最初的视觉
625	isn't working how we imagined it.	和我们想象的不一样
626	Let's go back across the familiarity bridge	我们回去过熟悉的桥吧
627	and let's be just like the other institutions	让我们像其他机构一样
628	that we came from because they surely	因为我们来自他们,
629	must know what they're doing.	肯定知道他们在做什么
630	And we need a structure that is recognizable.	我们需要一个可以识别的结构。
631	There's a lot of pressure to make the system recognizable	有很多压力使系统识别
632	to look like every other university.	像其他大学一样
633	I think the problem there is you destroy	我认为问题在于你摧毁
634	the very purpose of the institution.	机构的宗旨
635	Do we really need a miniature Yale in Singapore	我们真的需要一个小型耶鲁在新加坡
636	or a miniature Duke in China?	还是中国的一个小公爵?
637	I don't think so.	亦不见.
638	I think there are things from a Yale or a Duke	我觉得耶鲁或公爵有些事
639	or a Princeton that can be valuable,	或普林斯顿可以有价值,
640	but I think the idea is this is an opportunity	但我觉得这是个机会
641	just as in 2014 when I visited PKU and Tsinghua and Fudan	就像2014年我访问PKU和清华和富丹的时候一样
642	and lots of universities where I wanted to see	和很多大学我想看看
643	how could we blend what we've done at Duke	我们怎么能把杜克的功劳混为一谈
644	with what exists in the Chinese context	与中国存在的关系
645	so it's not a colonial venture but a collaboration.	所以这不是殖民地的冒险而是合作
646	And what I recommend is that treat that 2.0 moment	我的建议是治疗2.0分钟
647	as normal as it's okay.	就像正常的一样
648	There's no need to panic.	不必慌张.
649	The trick is not to rush from the innovative	诀窍是不要急于创新
650	to the traditional, but to take an intentional,	传统,但采取故意,
651	coherent approach and think through how do we do 2.0	一致的方针和思考如何做2.0
652	and 3.0 continuous iteration and improvement.	和 3.0 连续迭代和改进。
653	And that brings me to my last slide,	这让我看到最后一张幻灯片,
654	if you'll excuse the very busy slide,	麻烦你把忙碌的幻灯片拿过来
655	but we have been building at Duke Kunshan University	但我们在昆山公爵大学建设
656	an Institute for Global Higher Education.	全球高等教育研究所。
657	And the point of it is simple	这一点很简单
658	that there is a tremendous need and opportunity	有巨大的需求和机会
659	to make a bridge between Chinese universities,	在中国大学之间架起一座桥梁
660	American universities in the world.	美国大学在世界上。
661	I don't have to tell you about the larger context	我不必告诉你大背景
662	in which this takes place, but I wanna focus here	发生这种情况, 但我想集中在这里
663	less on research and conflict and more on the opportunities	减少研究和冲突,增加机会
664	for mutually learning from each other	互相学习
665	around things like artificial intelligence,	围绕诸如人工智能之类的东西,
666	high quality teaching and learning, skills building,	高质量的教学和学习,技能建设,
667	any number of key topics.	任何关键主题。
668	And we are beginning with our partners at Duke	我们从杜克的搭档开始
669	and our partner in Wuhan University	以及我们在武汉大学的搭档
670	to reach out to universities across China	联系中国各地的大学
671	to identify where there might be opportunities.	找出哪里可能有机会。
672	If I take you all the way back to the beginning of my talk,	如果我把你带回我说话的开始
673	where even though DKU is a very small university in Kunshan,	虽然DKU是昆山的一所很小的大学
674	it is not only what it's doing itself,	这不仅仅是它自己在做什么,
675	which we think is exciting,	我们认为这是令人兴奋的,
676	but also that it provides a platform	但它提供了一个平台
677	in which Chinese and American and other universities	华裔和美国及其他大学
678	can engage with each other.	可以相互接触
679	And we think that's an important thing to do both	我们认为这很重要
680	because there's a lot to learn	因为有很多东西要学
681	and there's a lot of benefits if we do that	这样做有很多好处
682	between our countries and our universities.	我们的国家和我们的大学之间。
683	So with that, I'll stop and welcome my colleague Dai Xin.	因此,我停下来欢迎我的同事戴欣.
684	I work at Peking University	我在北京大学工作
685	and I also went to Duke Law School for my JD degree.	我还上过杜克法学院攻读JD学位
686	So basically, it was wonderful	所以基本上,这是美妙的
687	to see Professor Pekos as Duke alum.	让佩科斯教授成为公爵的校友
688	I'll have to say I have never been to a DKU	我得说我从来没去过DKU
689	which I actually wanna do very much	我其实很想做
690	because I'm really interested in this innovation	因为我对这个创新很感兴趣
691	that has been here for all these years.	这么多年了
692	But also, when I read this book actually,	还有,当我读这本书的时候,
693	so I was actually expecting	所以我实际上在期待
694	there's gonna be a chapter about DKU,	有个关于DKU的章节
695	although it's not there,	虽然它不在那里,
696	which after I finished all the stories,	我写完所有的故事后
697	I understand why it's not there	我理解为什么它不在那里
698	because I understand a lot of the challenges, issues,	因为我理解很多挑战,问题,
699	and also innovations and thoughts, considerations	创新和思想、考虑
700	that might actually be relevant to DKU	可能实际上与DKU有关
701	also are addressed in many of the other chapters	其他许多章节也述及
702	about, for example, NYU Abu Dhabi, Fulbright, Vietnam,	例如,NYU 阿布扎比,富布莱特,越南
703	and so forth.	诸如来.
704	But also, I think it was very interesting.	但我也觉得这很有趣
705	It was great.	这是伟大的。
706	When I actually got to the final chapter	当我真正到达最后一章
707	about the parting thoughts,	关于分离的想法,
708	when I saw that you actually talk about something about DKU,	当我看到你真正谈论一些关于DKU,
709	I think that ventures like DKU,	我认为,像DKU这样的企业,
710	also NYU Shanghai, in China,	纽约大学上海分校在中国
711	I think they're of critical importance,	我认为它们非常重要
712	in particular at this time, given the larger context.	特别是目前,鉴于大背景。
713	So I don't wanna take a lot of time on comedy.	所以我不想花太多时间看喜剧
714	I hope that we spend a lot more time	我希望我们花更多的时间
715	on discussing all these interesting stories	讨论所有这些有趣的故事
716	if anybody has, if people here have already got chance	如果有的话如果这里的人已经有机会
717	to read about them.	读到他们。
718	I did in the past few days when I got this review copy.	过去几天我收到了这份评论副本
719	So these eight stories are fascinating,	所以这八个故事很吸引人
720	especially when I read it from the perspective	尤其是当我从角度读到它
721	of being someone working in the area of higher education.	在高等教育领域工作。
722	There are a lot of inspirations.	灵感众多.
723	So I would just try to say, I think four points,	所以我想说,我想四点
724	which I think are particularly important.	我认为这一点特别重要。
725	I mean, the values that might be added	我的意思是,可能增加的价值
726	to the conversation by the book.	和书上的谈话
727	So the first would be, I think,	所以第一个是,我认为,
728	how do we, the first, what I got from this book is,	首先,我从这本书中得到了什么
729	this makes me think about how higher education	这让我想起了高等教育
730	of today actually could change, right?	今天真的可以改变对吧?
731	Because we all know, and also I think	因为我们都知道,我也认为
732	that is mentioned in the book,	书中提到,
733	which is higher education is actually an area	高等教育实际上是一个领域
734	where most people are very resistant to change, right?	大多数人对改变很抗拒,对吧?
735	So people are very invested and inclined	所以人们投资很多,倾向
736	to stick to the status quo.	坚持现状。
737	Everybody who got a PhD or everybody who has invested	所有有博士学位的人或所有投资过的人
738	all this time, they really wanna keep the way things work.	所有的时间,他们真的想保持事情的方式工作。
739	But on the other hand, so higher education is also an area	但另一方面,高等教育也是一个领域
740	where we have to change because there are a lot of pressure.	因为压力很大,我们必须改变
741	There are constant pressure of changing.	不断有变化的压力。
742	I think the primary source is actually from the people	我认为主要来源其实是人民
743	who higher education are actually serving,	接受高等教育的人
744	which are the students, right?	谁是学生,对不对?
745	The students are young people of different generations.	学生是不同世代的年轻人.
746	What they want, what they think, what they have in mind,	他们想要的,他们的想法,他们的想法,
747	what they aspire for their future have all this changed.	他们对未来的渴望改变了这一切。
748	So things that work, for example, for now,	所以,比如说,现在,
749	probably wouldn't work in 10 years or in 20 years.	也许10年或20年都没用
750	So then I think what the book showed us	所以我觉得这本书给我们看的
751	is actually there are different pathways	其实有不同的路径
752	to effecting some changes that might actually be meaningful	实现一些可能实际有意义的改变
753	to colleges, to higher education.	大学,高等教育。
754	I think two primary models here, as I saw,	我想这里有两个主要的模型,就像我看到的,
755	maybe useful to know.	也许知道有用。
756	One is actually to transplant something that actually,	一个是移植一些东西事实上,
757	oh, this is better actually in terms of lighting.	哦,这其实在照明方面更好。
758	I was almost falling asleep myself.	我差点睡着了
759	So I think the first model would be to try	所以,我认为第一个模式是尝试
760	to transplant something that has already proven to work	移植已经证明有效的东西
761	in one context to another.	在一个方面,在另一个方面。
762	We would talk about DKU or NYU Abu Dhabi or NYU Shanghai	我们要谈谈DKU或NYU阿布扎比或NYU上海
763	as obvious a joint venture is not necessarily	很明显,合营企业不一定是
764	like a pure attempt to transplant	就像纯粹的移植尝试
765	American liberal arts education to China,	美国对中国的自由艺术教育,
766	but in many ways it is.	但在许多方面都是如此。
767	I think we have to acknowledge that's the case,	我认为我们必须承认,这是事实,
768	that we are actually introducing something	我们实际上正在引入一些东西
769	that people think work pretty well in American context	人们认为在美国工作很顺利
770	to China, which presumably doesn't have something like this.	到中国,大概没有这样的东西。
771	We can debate about, for example,	我们可以辩论,例如,
772	whether China has a different tradition of liberal arts,	中国是否有不同的文艺传统
773	but as argued in the book, the Confucius tradition	但正如书中所说的孔子的传统
774	might actually offer a different model for liberal arts,	可能实际上为自由艺术提供了一个不同的模式,
775	but that's definitely not how liberal arts	但绝对不是那么自由
776	are understood in the US.	在美国是可以理解的。
777	So I think that's one way of doing it.	所以,我认为这是一个方法。
778	And then the other model would be just to,	然后另一个模式就是...
779	you just try something completely different,	你只是尝试一些完全不同的东西,
780	such as the mineral project	矿物项目
781	or the liberal university in Africa.	或非洲自由大学。
782	So that's actually very different model	那其实是完全不同的模型
783	where you just start something from scratch.	从头开始
784	And so there you could really try to, for example,	这样你就可以尝试,比如,
785	upend the conventional model of education.	更新传统的教育模式。
786	You can do things like, for example,	你可以做一些事情比如说,
787	all courses are taught online	所有课程都在网上教授
788	and students are scattered in different campuses.	学生分散在不同校园里
789	You don't have even a concentrated campus.	你连集中的校园都没有
790	So what works?	那又怎样?
791	So I think I like this book is because	所以我认为我喜欢这本书是因为
792	it does have different stories	它确实有不同的故事
793	about these different models.	关于这些不同的模型。
794	And you see actually, I guess,	你看,其实,我想,
795	the readers might actually try to assess	读者可能实际上试图评估
796	or determine which work better.	或确定哪一种效果更好。
797	Obviously there are a lot of advantages	很明显有很多好处
798	of having parent institutions with very prestigious names	拥有拥有非常有名望的母体机构
799	and supporting, sponsoring joint ventures,	支持、赞助合资企业,
800	and also offer a lot of amenities	还提供很多便利
801	that the students, that would be able to trust students.	让学生相信学生
802	But then on the other hand,	但另一方面
803	if you actually have something like this,	如果你真的有这样的东西,
804	then you got all these criticisms or questions about,	然后你得到了所有这些批评或质疑,
805	okay, so what are we doing here?	好吧,那么我们在这里做什么?
806	Is it really innovative?	这真的有创意吗?
807	Or is it really just expanding something	还是它真的只是扩张一些东西
808	that's already there until somewhere else,	那已经存在到别的地方
809	which maybe is meeting some unmet demand,	可能满足一些未得到满足的需求,
810	previous unmet demand,	以前未得到满足的需求,
811	or maybe it's just to adding to the competition	或可能只是为了增加竞争
812	that's already in the established markets, right?	这已经进入了既定的市场,对吧?
813	So I think that's one of the questions	所以,我认为这是一个问题
814	or one of the very inspiring discussion	或一个非常鼓舞人心的讨论
815	this might actually start.	这可能真的开始。
816	I think even for, for example, for people like myself	我甚至为像我这样的人着想
817	who work in relatively a very established institution	在一个相对成熟的机构工作的人
818	in the conventional universities,	在传统大学,
819	we actually, when we think about doing something new,	事实上,当我们想做一些新的事情,
820	we also have these two options.	我们还有这两种选择。
821	We can actually just simply introduce, for example,	举例来说,我们可以简单地介绍一下
822	a curriculum or teaching methodology,	课程或教学方法,
823	pedagogical approaches that are already developed	已经制定的教学方法
824	in Western parts or in some other higher education content	西部地区或其他一些高等教育内容
825	that we think are useful.	我们认为是有用的。
826	And then we transplant them to Peking University	然后把它们移植到北京大学
827	to some of the classrooms.	到一些教室。
828	We do that quite a lot because that's relatively safe.	我们做了很多因为那比较安全。
829	That's also relatively,	这也是相对的,
830	it's much easier to convince people	说服别人容易得多
831	that these things could work.	这些东西可以工作。
832	We also try to start something that has never been tried,	我们还试图开始一些从未尝试过的事情,
833	but that's actually in the conventional university campuses,	但这其实是传统大学的校园
834	that's a relatively old minority situation.	这是比较古老的少数民族状况。
835	So I think this is the first point I wanna make,	所以我想这是我想说的第一点
836	which is if you wanna change,	如果你想改变,
837	if you wanna do something new,	如果你想做点新事
838	what might actually be the more proper pragmatic	其实什么才是更恰当的务实
839	but also effective approach?	也是有效的办法?
840	The second point which I wanna say is,	第二点我想说的是,
841	I think this book is inspirational in the sense that	我认为这本书很有启发性意思是
842	it really triggers me to think about	这真的让我想起
843	what might actually be the way for us to go forward	我们下一步会怎样呢?
844	because the higher education nowadays in the world	因为现在世界上的高等教育
845	are facing so many challenges.	面对着如此众多的挑战。
846	So it's in fact, I think mentioned in the book,	所以,事实上,我想书中提到,
847	there are a lot of crises in many different ways	有很多不同的危机
848	or in different countries, different contexts,	或在不同的国家、不同的环境、
849	universities are in crisis.	大学陷入危机。
850	So I think the crisis or the pressure currently in China	所以我认为中国目前的危机或压力
851	for higher education, university administrators, teachers,	高等教育、大学行政人员、教师、
852	the most imminent one is actually job, right?	最迫切的是工作,对吧?
853	So it's jobs, it's employment.	所以这是工作,它是就业。
854	Students are having a lot of pressure getting a job	学生压力很大找工作
855	and they're anxious, there are a lot of pressure on them.	他们很焦虑压力很大
856	This actually has very significant impact	这实际上有非常显著的影响
857	on their behavior in the classrooms,	在课堂上的行为,
858	all the classrooms in terms of study, right?	所有教室的学习,对不对?
859	So they don't wanna spend more time,	所以他们不想花更多的时间,
860	they don't wanna spend time on subjects like liberal arts,	他们不想把时间花在自由艺术等学科上,
861	right, that they wanna actually get something,	好吧,他们想得到一些东西,
862	get an education which is most immediately transferable	获得最直接可转让的教育
863	into a job, which actually is making some of the experiments	成为一份工作, 这实际上正在做一些实验
864	or some of the reform that we wanna do even harder.	或我们想做的一些改革更努力。
865	Speaking of US, you will know there are actually	说到美国,你会知道有
866	prices, I mean, even in the very day, right?	价格,我的意思是,即使在一天,对不对?
867	So you got all this political situation	所以,你得到了这一切的政治局势
868	where you probably have to involve police	你可能得让警察介入
869	to actually deal with the protest situation.	实际处理抗议情况。
870	So that's also, and then not to say, for example,	所以这也是,然后不说,例如,
871	the university leaders are actually calling to Congress	大学领导实际上正在召集国会
872	and also are facing all this political pressure	也正面临所有这些政治压力
873	directly from political actors.	直接来自政治行为者。
874	So I think for all these crises,	所以我想,对于所有这些危机,
875	I think we constantly think about	我想我们一直在想
876	what are the right way to respond to them.	以什么正确的方式回应他们。
877	I guess these stories are actually very interesting.	我想这些故事其实很有趣。
878	They are not necessarily, for example,	例如,它们不一定是:
879	all those experiments that have been described in the book,	书中描述的所有实验
880	they're not necessarily done in response to exact	它们不一定是针对
881	or specific challenge that I just spoke about,	或我刚才谈到的具体挑战,
882	but I think they actually suggest maybe it's time	但我认为他们实际上建议也许是时候了
883	that we probably have to try to think out of box, right?	我们可能不得不想出出来的盒子,对不对?
884	So there are a lot of marginal changes that we can do,	因此,有许多边际的变化我们可以做,
885	but then if we really think, for example,	但是,如果我们真的认为, 例如,
886	liberal arts education is a valuable objective	文艺教育是一个宝贵的目标
887	to pursue for the cultivation of leaders.	追求培养领袖。
888	In the long-term, maybe we might have to have	从长远来看,也许我们必须
889	new institutions, we might need to have these new ventures	新的机构,我们可能需要这些新的企业
890	where it seems to be a better place	那里似乎是一个更好的地方
891	for effective experiments to take as, rather than,	将有效实验视为,而不是,
892	for example, we rely on the traditional institution	例如,我们依赖传统体制
893	that just simply have too many stakeholders to deal with,	只是有太多的利益攸关方来处理,
894	as Professor Pick has actually mentioned.	正如Pick教授实际上提到的。
895	I think also, I think not only the, for example,	我也认为,我不仅认为,例如,
896	employment and politics	就业与政治
897	might actually be some visible challenges,	可能实际上是一些明显的挑战,
898	but I think in the long-term,	但我认为从长远来看,
899	the biggest challenge to higher education as of now	目前高等教育面临的最大挑战
900	is actually technology, is artificial intelligence.	其实是技术,是人工智能。
901	So basically in the book, I didn't see a lot of discussion	所以基本上在书里,我没有看到很多讨论
902	about artificial intelligence.	关于人工智能。
903	There are actually discussion about technology,	实际上,有人在讨论技术,
904	for example, about the technology for,	例如,关于技术:
905	that would enable synchronized remote teaching.	能够同步远程教学。
906	But I think artificial intelligence, for example,	但我认为人工智能,例如,
907	the generated artificial intelligence currently we're having,	目前我们拥有的人工智能
908	we see rising is actually, I think is a big challenge	我们发现升起其实是个大挑战
909	or the biggest challenge to higher education.	或对高等教育的最大挑战。
910	It really need to spurred us to think about,	它真的需要激励我们思考,
911	okay, so basically, is it still useful?	好吧,所以基本上,它仍然有用吗?
912	So many of the traditional	这么多的传统
913	or conventional pedagogical approach,	或传统教学方法,
914	is it actually useful at all, right?	这真的有用吗?
915	So going forward.	所以继续前进。
916	So I would think, one of my prediction is,	所以我会想,我的预测之一是,
917	I think these startup universities	我觉得这些初创大学
918	might actually be better at quickly responding	可能实际上更好快速反应
919	to the new technological reality	新的技术现实
920	that we're actually living in.	我们实际上生活在其中。
921	So I would actually expect that, for example,	所以我实际上期望,例如,
922	something very interesting to come out from there	从那里出来会很有趣的
923	as opposed to the traditional university.	而不是传统大学。
924	So we'll see if that will be the case.	所以,我们看看会不会是这样。
925	I also hope to hear more about, for example,	我还希望听到更多关于,例如,
926	how DKU is dealing with this challenge	DKU如何应对这一挑战
927	of artificial intelligence in the classroom	课堂上的人工智能
928	or pedagogical approaches	或教学方法
929	in generally your education approach.	在一般的教育方法。
930	So the third point I wanna make is,	所以我想说的第三点是
931	as I read these cases,	当我读到这些案件时,
932	I think one of the common theme or talent	我认为一个共同的主题或才华
933	I see among these different startups	我从这些不同的创业者中看到
934	is their commitment to offering outcome-driven,	他们承诺提供成果驱动,
935	I would say, outcome-driven approach to higher education.	我想说,对高等教育采取注重结果的做法。
936	So this is actually a very interesting idea,	所以这其实是一个非常有趣的想法,
937	but also, I think it only makes sense, right?	但是,我认为这是唯一合理的,对不对?
938	For example, for very established university,	例如,对于非常成熟的大学,
939	either Duke or VEDA or Tsinghua,	要么是公爵要么是VEDA 要么是清华
940	probably you have a lot of leeway, a lot of room to say,	可能你有很多余地有很多空间说
941	look, you just don't count on us for immediate result	你看,你只是不指望我们立即结果
942	to count on us for the outcome, right?	相信我们的结果,对不对?
943	So you just need to trust us.	所以你只需要相信我们
944	Whatever we do in the long term,	无论我们做什么长期,
945	even if you don't see results in the short term,	即使短期内没有结果
946	there's gonna be something in the long term.	从长远来看会有些事情发生
947	And people probably have to buy that.	人们可能不得不相信这一点。
948	For these startups,	对于这些创业者,
949	when you wanna establish yourself in the scene,	当你想在现场站稳脚跟时
950	then emphasizing that you're,	然后强调你,
951	or at least presenting yourself as outcome-driven	或至少以结果为本
952	is probably of existential importance, right?	可能是存在的重要性,对不对?
953	You wanna make sure people trust you.	你想确保人们相信你。
954	You wanna show people that you're really adding to the value,	你想让人们知道你真的在增加价值
955	adding value to the already pretty crowded	给已经相当拥挤的人增加价值
956	higher education scenario.	高等教育方案。
957	But I think it's very interesting.	但我觉得这很有趣
958	I will actually hope to hear more from Professor Pikus.	我实际上希望听到皮库斯教授的更多消息。
959	So how do you think about outcome-driven	那么,你如何看待结果驱动
960	or how do you define outcome	或者如何定义结果
961	when we are actually looking at the performance	当我们在看表演时
962	or looking at these experiments?	还是看这些实验?
963	Obviously, we know, for example,	显然,我们知道,例如,
964	for some of the joint ventures,	对于一些合资企业,
965	especially, for example, like Yale, NUS,	特别是,比如耶鲁,NUS,
966	it was already terminated.	它已经终止。
967	So we see maybe you can even tell the outcome from there.	所以,我们可以看到,也许你可以甚至知道结果从那里。
968	But then for others, they're still in their early stage.	但后来对于其他人来说,他们仍然处于早期.
969	They're still, for example, proceeding	比如说,他们还在继续
970	or still experimenting as their operation goes on.	或仍在试验中,随着他们的运行。
971	And also, in China, for example,	还有,在中国,例如,
972	we have this saying in relation to education,	我们在教育方面有这样的说法,
973	it takes 10 years to grow a tree, right?	长树要十年,对吧?
974	But it takes 100 years to tell whether education works,	但是要花100年才能知道教育是否有效
975	whether you're actually cultivating real talent.	你是否真的在培养真正的人才
976	So it takes time, right?	所以这需要时间,对不对?
977	So how do you think about that?	你觉得怎么样?
978	So what are the outcomes we're really looking at?	那么我们真正研究的结果是什么?
979	You're talking about future leaders.	你说的是未来的领袖
980	What might actually be the measure	什么是实际的衡量
981	for the students actually are becoming	学生实际上正在变成
982	or playing these leadership roles?	还是发挥这些领导作用?
983	Currently, I think for now,	目前我觉得
984	most of the measures people are using is,	人们使用的大多数措施是,
985	okay, look, we got this great programs	好吧,你看,我们有这个伟大的程序
986	and then the students,	然后学生们,
987	undergrad students graduating from program	大学毕业生
988	will actually go into very good	将真正进入非常好
989	or reputable graduate programs.	或知名的研究生课程。
990	These are good measures, right?	这些都是很好的措施,对不对?
991	These are not necessarily a measure	这些不一定是衡量标准
992	for telling whether experiments	用来判断实验
993	actually producing something super innovative	真正创造出超新颖的东西
994	that's not being already done, right?	这还没有完成,对吧?
995	So all these graduate programs,	所以所有这些研究生课程
996	they obviously already have students,	他们显然已经有学生了,
997	very highly qualified students	优秀学生
998	from other conventional university programs.	其他常规大学课程。
999	So what might be the measures you think,	那么,什么是措施你认为,
1000	for example, eventually they'll come out, right?	比如说,他们最终会出来,对吧?
1001	So I think this also gets to the point	所以我觉得这也到了重点
1002	when we talk about, for example,	例如,当我们谈论,
1003	nowadays, when we assess or evaluate	现在,当我们评估或评估
1004	the quality of higher education,	高等教育的质量,
1005	everybody look at the rankings, right?	大家看排名,对不对?
1006	The rankings are very controversial.	排名争议很大.
1007	There are a lot of discontents,	有很多不满
1008	but still, they're influential.	但他们还是很有影响力的
1009	And obviously the rankings	很明显的排名
1010	wouldn't be very friendly to startups.	对初创企业来说不太友好
1011	So if the existing ranking system or reputation system	因此,如果现有的排名系统或声誉系统
1012	is not necessarily the most reliable	不一定是最可靠的
1013	or useful measure for us to see	或有用的措施,让我们看到
1014	how these startups are doing,	这些创业者是如何做的,
1015	is anybody actually thinking about, for example,	有人真的在想,例如,
1016	creating a different kind of metrics	创建不同的衡量标准
1017	or a system or criteria for evaluating the startups?	或评估初创企业的制度或标准?
1018	So the final points, the fourth point I have	最后一点,第四点,我有
1019	is I actually think is great that	其实我觉得很好
1020	in many of these startup universities,	在许多这些初创大学,
1021	these startup universities,	这些初创大学,
1022	typically they are a result of collaboration,	通常是合作的结果,
1023	especially international	特别是国际
1024	or transnational collaborations in higher education.	高等教育中的跨国合作。
1025	I think this is important.	我认为这很重要。
1026	And also I think what I really like in the book is	我也认为我真正喜欢的是
1027	the authors actually showed us	作者们给我们看的
1028	a lot of different approaches	许多不同的做法
1029	that people are pioneers on the ground.	人们是地面上的先驱
1030	They're navigating the potentially complicatory situation	他们正在研究潜在的复杂情况
1031	which might actually result in the failure	可能实际上导致失败
1032	of otherwise really valuable collaborative ventures.	其他真正有价值的合作企业。
1033	So I think this is also very important	所以我觉得这也很重要
1034	for the current situation in China, right?	对于中国目前的局势,对不对?
1035	So we have these, in China we have,	因此,我们有这些,在中国,我们有,
1036	on one hand we have a lot of established universities	一方面我们有很多大学
1037	at the massive fee,	以巨大的费用,
1038	but also I think for the past 10, 20 years,	但我也认为在过去的10,20年里,
1039	we have set up a range of,	我们设置了一系列,
1040	or a number of really interesting and successful,	或一些真正有趣和成功的,
1041	I would say by far, joint ventures, including Duke Kunshan.	包括昆山公爵在内的合资企业
1042	So going forward, how do you predict,	所以前进,你如何预测,
1043	for example, the collaborative scenario,	例如,合作方案,
1044	in terms of whether new sources will be invested in them,	是否将投入新的资源,
1045	whether, for example, you will face	例如,你是否会面对
1046	some sort of curtailment given by the larger,	某种削减由更大的,
1047	for example, geopolitical context, right?	比如,地缘政治背景,对不对?
1048	So I ask this is also a part of,	所以我问这也是...
1049	out of my own concern working in this area, right?	出于我自己的考虑在这一领域工作,对不对?
1050	So basically one of my impression	所以基本上我的印象之一
1051	for the past couple of years	过去几年来
1052	is that there are definitely a lot of headwinds, right?	肯定有很多头风吧?
1053	So, and these greater geopolitical,	因此,这些更大的地缘政治,
1054	this greater geopolitical tension	这种更大的地缘政治紧张局势
1055	is definitely having very significant impact,	肯定有非常重大的影响,
1056	negative impact on collaborative efforts	对协作努力的不利影响
1057	in the educational scenario,	在教育方面,
1058	especially between China and the United States, right?	特别是中美两国,对吧?
1059	So personally, I do see, actually,	所以,我个人认为,实际上,
1060	I was actually even told by quite many,	事实上,我甚至被告知,
1061	for example, US educational or law school	例如,美国教育或法学院
1062	or university administrators,	或大学行政人员,
1063	basically they're no longer even interested	基本上他们都不感兴趣了
1064	in making a trip, making visits to mainland China,	在旅行, 访问中国大陆,
1065	because they say, look, probably,	因为他们说,你看,也许,
1066	they now will actually need to justify even harder	他们现在需要更努力地说明
1067	to their own faculty members who think	给自己的教职员工,他们想
1068	there's basically isn't any value	根本就没有价值
1069	for them to make a travel to China, right?	他们去中国旅行,对吧?
1070	So I think obviously, so this varies across disciplines,	很明显,这在不同的学科中有所不同
1071	vary across schools, universities,	不同学校、大学,
1072	but it's indeed making a lot of challenges.	但它确实带来了很多挑战。
1073	But I think I definitely take the point from the book,	但我认为我绝对从书中明白这一点,
1074	which is, if you really wanna innovate,	如果你真的想创新
1075	innovation doesn't come from proceeding alone.	创新并不是单靠自己
1076	Innovation has to come from collaboration,	创新必须来自合作,
1077	especially in the current context,	特别是在目前的情况下,
1078	it has to come from international collaboration, right?	它必须来自国际协作,对不对?
1079	So, again, it's great that this book	所以,再次,这是伟大的这本书
1080	comes out at this time, a very important time,	此时此刻一个非常重要的时刻
1081	which I think will also be a critical or essential reading	我认为这也会是批判性的或必不可少的
1082	for everybody who's interested in	给所有感兴趣的人
1083	how higher education could proceed from here.	高等教育如何从这里开始。
1084	So thank you, so this is all, what I wanna say, as of now,	所以,谢谢你,所以这就是所有, 我想说的,现在,
1085	I look forward to discussion with everybody, thank you.	我期待着与大家讨论,谢谢。
1086	Thank you.	谢谢
1087	So thank you, so this is all well, what I wanna say.	所以,谢谢你,所以这一切很好, 我想说。
1088	As of now, I look forward to discussion with everybody.	目前,我期待着与大家进行讨论。

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