跟着耶鲁教授，追溯现代经济思想的起源

发布于 2022-02-28 · 时长 1:07:39

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:04	Hello everybody.	哈罗,大家好。
0:06	Good morning to those of you guys that are joining us from US, and a good evening to those of you guys based in China.	早上好,你们这些从美国来的人晚上好,你们这些在中国的人
0:14	Welcome.	欢迎
0:15	My name is Devin Lau, the Assistant Director of Yale Center Beijing.	我是北京耶鲁中心主任助理刘德文
0:20	And we have today.	我们今天有。
0:22	Very lucky to have Professor Emily Erickson join us.	非常幸运艾米莉·埃里克森教授能加入我们
0:26	Erickson, join us for her talk.	艾瑞克森,加入我们的谈话。
0:28	Before we get started, I'll just give a quick introduction.	在开始前,我先简单介绍一下
0:33	For those of you guys that are new to Yale Center Beijing, we are Yale's only university wide center based out of New Haven.	对于你们这些新到北京耶鲁中心的人来说, 我们是耶鲁唯一的大学广域中心。
0:43	And of course, with the pandemic, where we haven't been able to do much traveling and hosting Yale professors in person.	当然,在这场大流行中, 我们没有能够做很多旅行和亲自接待耶鲁教授。

展开字幕全文（462 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Hello everybody.	哈罗,大家好。
2	Good morning to those of you guys that are joining us from US, and a good evening to those of you guys based in China.	早上好,你们这些从美国来的人晚上好,你们这些在中国的人
3	Welcome.	欢迎
4	My name is Devin Lau, the Assistant Director of Yale Center Beijing.	我是北京耶鲁中心主任助理刘德文
5	And we have today.	我们今天有。
6	Very lucky to have Professor Emily Erickson join us.	非常幸运艾米莉·埃里克森教授能加入我们
7	Erickson, join us for her talk.	艾瑞克森,加入我们的谈话。
8	Before we get started, I'll just give a quick introduction.	在开始前,我先简单介绍一下
9	For those of you guys that are new to Yale Center Beijing, we are Yale's only university wide center based out of New Haven.	对于你们这些新到北京耶鲁中心的人来说, 我们是耶鲁唯一的大学广域中心。
10	And of course, with the pandemic, where we haven't been able to do much traveling and hosting Yale professors in person.	当然,在这场大流行中, 我们没有能够做很多旅行和亲自接待耶鲁教授。
11	We've been doing a lot of activities online.	我们在网上做了很多活动.
12	And so luckily, that's been allowed for a lot of you guys to join us.	幸运的是,你们很多人可以加入我们
13	And we've had across the faculty from, you know, drama to music to economics to biology, medicine, and all sorts of different topics.	我们从戏剧到音乐到经济学到生物学医学以及各种不同的话题
14	Today we have a topic that obviously is of interest to everybody that's joining us here today.	今天,我们有一个主题,显然令今天参加我们的每个人感兴趣。
15	Professor Emily Erickson is the Joseph C. Fox Academic Director of the Yale Fox International Fellowship, as well as Associate Professor of Sociology, and also at the School of Management by courtesy.	Emily Erickson教授是耶鲁·福克斯国际联谊会的约瑟夫·C·福克斯学术主任,同时也是社会学副教授,同时也是管理学院的礼遇.
16	Her research is in the fields of social networks, comparative historical sociology, organizations, theory, and economic sociology.	她的研究领域包括社交网络,比较历史社会学,组织,理论,以及经济社会学.
17	Her book today that we'll be discussing is Trade and Nation, How Companies and Politics Reshaped Economic Thought.	她今天要讨论的书是《贸易与民族、公司与政治如何重塑经济思想》。
18	She's also written between Monopoly and Free Trade, a book focusing on the English East India Company.	她还在"垄断"和"自由贸易"之间写作,这本书专注于英国东印度公司.
19	Professor Erickson is the chair of the American Sociological Association's economic sociology section, as well as serving on the Executive Council for the Society for the Advancement of Socioeconomics, and the editorial board of social science history and	埃里克森教授是美国社会学协会经济社会学分部的主席,并担任社会经济促进会执行委员,社会科学历史和社会学理论编辑委员会.
20	Her work has appeared in many journals, and we are very lucky to have her join us today.	她的作品在许多期刊上出现,我们非常幸运地让她今天加入我们.
21	I know that we were supposed to have this event about a month ago.	我知道我们一个月前就该举行这个活动了
22	But unfortunately, we had to reschedule in the last minute.	但不幸的是,我们不得不在最后一刻重新安排时间。
23	And the reason is because Professor Erickson actually suffered from a skiing accident about a month ago, and actually punctured her lungs.	原因是艾瑞克森教授一个月前发生了一起滑雪事故, 并刺穿了她的肺部。
24	And so she hasn't been able to do any lectures for about a month, but she has very quickly recovered to enough of an extent that she's happy to join us today.	所以她已经一个月没有做任何讲座了, 但她很快恢复到足以让她今天快乐地加入我们的程度。
25	To give her a bit of a break, because she is still recuperating, I've actually asked her to first record her remarks for today, which she will introduce and play, and then we'll go into a live Q&A after that.	为了让她休息一下,因为她仍在康复,我实际上已经要求她先录下她今天的发言,她将介绍和演奏,然后我们再进入现场的QQA.
26	So I know that a lot of you guys have been watching the Winter Olympics, and you've seen just how gnarly some of these crashes and accidents can be on slopes with skiing and snowboarding and things like that.	我知道你们很多人都在看冬奥会, 你们已经看到这些撞车和事故可能与滑雪和滑雪有关,在斜坡上。
27	So we are very lucky to have Professor Erickson, and we're glad that she's okay.	我们很幸运有艾瑞克森教授, 我们很高兴她没事。
28	And we're extremely honored that she is still willing to make the time and effort to join us today.	我们非常荣幸她仍然愿意花时间和精力今天加入我们
29	And so with that, I will turn it over to Professor Erickson.	因此,我将把它交给艾瑞克森教授。
30	Hi, thanks so much for having me.	嗨,谢谢你邀请我
31	So I don't want to repeat what I'm going to say in the little presentation, so I'll just start that now.	所以我不想在小介绍中重复我要说的话,所以我现在就开始。
32	Let's see, I'm going to share my screen.	让我们来看看,我要分享我的屏幕。
33	Thanks so much for having me.	谢谢你邀请我
34	I'm very sorry that I can't actually be there in person, but maybe at some point in the future.	我很抱歉我不能亲自去但也许将来某个时候
35	That would be wonderful.	那会很棒的。
36	So today, presenting work that is currently out in the United States and in Europe trading nation, how companies and politics reshape the economic thought.	所以今天,介绍美国和欧洲贸易国家目前的工作, 公司和政治如何重塑经济思想。
37	It's with Columbia University Press, I'm happy to announce that a Chinese translation will be available, either at the end of the year or next year with Shanghai People's Press.	与哥伦比亚大学出版社,我很高兴地宣布,今年年底或明年与上海人民出版社一起提供中文译本.
38	So hopefully, if you're interested, enjoy the talk, maybe you can look for that translation or pick up the English version in the meantime.	所以希望,如果你有兴趣的话,享受一下这个演讲, 也许你可以同时找那本译本或者拿起英文版。
39	So what I want to do is, I'm talking about a sort of a transition that occurred in economic thought in the 16th century, 17th century.	所以我想做的是,我指的是一种在16世纪,17世纪经济思想中发生的转变。
40	So I want to just begin by reading a passage, a couple of passages that will give you a sense of the shift that took place.	所以,我想从读一段开始, 几段会给你一个转变的感觉。
41	So the first passage is from an extremely popular economic tracts.	因此,第一段来自极受欢迎的经济领域.
42	Here was more indicative of what would be on now.	这里更说明现在的情况。
43	This is a good question so that can be the left or the right side in any case it's the side with a picture for you, I'm not sure how it'll come out on your end.	这是一个很好的问题,所以这可以是左侧或右侧无论如何,它是一边有图片给你, 我不知道它会如何出来在你的端。
44	But so the short passage years from the medieval era, at midsummer down with the brambles and breaks and after a broad with my breaks that movers are mowing where Meadow is grown, the longer standing the worse to be mowed.	但从中世纪开始的短短岁月, 夏天中下游时, 带着胸罩和断裂, 和我的断裂后, 移动者正在割草草原生长的地方, 站得越久, 被割的越糟糕。
45	So that's from Thomas Tusser, who is the author of a very popular book then called 500 points good husbandry was full of advice on farming gardening and hurting.	这是托马斯·图瑟的作品, 他是一个非常受欢迎的书的作者, 叫做"500分好牧业", 充满了农耕园艺和伤害的建议。
46	It may seem sort of homely now but it's descended from a lineage of economic thinkers that dates back to Xenophon and the Aristotelian version of economics, essentially home economics how to make your house and home more productive here, your own home gar	可能现在有点家常便饭了,但是它来源于一种经济思想家的血统, 起源于Xenophon和Aristotelian版本的经济学, 本质上是家政学, 如何让你的房子和家在这里更富有生产力, 你自己的家花园。
47	It was, it was one of two strands of medieval economic thought that was popular among medieval scholars.	这是中世纪经济思想的两条线索之一在中世纪学者中很受欢迎
48	Here's a passage from the second strand.	这是第二层的一段
49	这段,这一段来自一篇自由引用Exodus Leviticus和Deuteronomy的作品.
50	Why should the Holy Ghost twice mentioned these expressions.	圣灵为什么要两次提到这些表达.
51	If the brother before that shout land without user.	如果那个喊叫前的哥哥没有用户就着陆了
52	This is from Thomas Wilson's A Discourse Against Usury, which was part of a larger body of heavily religious works condemning money and commerce as evil and user is sin.	这是托马斯·威尔逊的"反对高利贷的演讲"(A Discription of Usury)的作品,该作品是一大批宗教性强的作品的一部分,谴责金钱和商业是邪恶的,使用者是罪恶的.
53	These included works considering the problem of adjust price and active exchange that will not penalize one of the partners in the exchange.	其中包括考虑调整价格和积极交换问题而不会惩罚交易所中一个伙伴的工作。
54	And there was no real call for equality in these works, but there was a strong sense of responsibility towards others and especially towards the poor.	在这些作品中并没有真正呼吁平等,但是对他人,特别是对穷人有着强烈的责任感.
55	Now let me read a passage from 1692.	现在让我读一下1692年的一段
56	Trade then is necessary to the producing of riches and money necessary to the carrying on of trades and the reducing of money to 4%, which will discourage men from lending will be a loss to the kingdom in stopping so much of the current of money which tur	因此,贸易是产生财富和金钱的必要条件,而这种财富和金钱是进行贸易所必须的,而货币将减少到4%,这将阻止人们借贷,这将给王国造成损失,因为它会阻止如此多的金钱流动,而货币流动会转动贸易的车轮。
57	This is from john locks essay, some considerations on the consequences of lowering the interest in raising the value of money here trade is seen as an unalloyed good and increase of trade enriches the kingdom and nation trading commerce are understood to	这是从John Locks的论文, 一些关于降低对提高这里的货币价值的兴趣的后果的考虑被视为一种不诚实的商品贸易的增加丰富了王国和民族贸易被理解为遵守他们自己的法律
58	What was once personal and moral became national abstract.	这曾经是个人和道德成为国家的抽象。
59	And in their exploration and formulation of rules governing commerce and species for the economic thinkers of the new age, people like john lock Thomas mon Jose a child and Charles Davenin laid the empirical scientific groundwork for Adam Smith formulatio	在为新时代的经济思想家探索和制定有关商业和物种的规则时,约翰·洛克·托马斯·蒙·何塞(英语:Thomas mon Jose a child)和查尔斯·达夫宁(英语:Charles Davenin)等人为亚当·斯密(英语:Adam Smith)对古典经济学的阐述奠定了经验性的科学基础.
60	In short, it was a sort of a revolution in thought.	简而言之,这是一种思想上的革命。
61	One that leaves concern one that left concerns for fairness and equity by the wayside in favor of years of national economic development and growth.	留下的一个问题是,对公平和公平的关切被置之不理,以有利于多年的国家经济发展和增长。
62	One of the most remarkable things about this shift is that it occurred in England.	这一转变最显著的一件事就是发生在英国.
63	It was picked up elsewhere but but really the original change only took place in England.	它在别的地方被捡到,但实际上最初的变化只在英国发生.
64	So I haven't been able to find a comparable approaches in Asia.	因此,我还没有在亚洲找到一个类似的方法。
65	Although I looked I'm very open if anyone has any suggestions that would be really wonderful and terrific to get a better sense of that.	虽然我看起来很开放,如果有人有什么建议, 将会是真正美妙和美妙的, 以获得更好的感觉。
66	But in Europe, there certainly was nothing going on the physiocrats, they, they weren't active until a century after this shift occurred in England.	但是,在欧洲, 自然没有发生什么在生理官僚, 他们,他们不活跃直到这个世纪转变发生在英国。
67	Nothing comes out of Netherlands, Spain continued to be dominated by scholastic box in this era era and the Germans, they developed a highly bureaucratized administrative science called camera lism but I was focused on governance not really economics, mor	没有任何东西出自荷兰,西班牙在这个时代继续由学盒主导,德国人,他们发展了一种高度官僚化的行政学,称为相机 lism,但我专注于治理,而不是真正的经济学,更注重政策。
68	Really it was England and eventually Scotland developed the roots of classical economics.	真的是英格兰,最终苏格兰发展了古典经济学的根基.
69	So what I want to do in this office explain why that is why that was the case.	所以我想在这个办公室做什么来解释为什么这就是原因。
70	Why do people begin writing about economics in such fundamentally different way in this time and place.	为何人们在这个时间和地点开始以如此根本不同的方式写经济学.
71	A crucial answer or a crucial key to this answer lies and who was actually writing the tracks in the 16th century most of the economic tracks were written by professionals, mainly authors and lawyers and the clergy.	关键答案或关键的关键是这个答案的谎言 16世纪他实际上在写音轨大部分经济音轨是由专业人士写的, 主要是作者和律师以及神职人员。
72	The great authors were people like guns.	伟大的作者是像枪一样的人。
73	In the 17th century, the great authors were merchants merchants increasingly picked up the pen and printed works on economics in the public sphere.	在17世纪,伟大的作者是商人商人,他们越来越多地在公共领域拿起关于经济学的笔和印刷作品.
74	As you can see, in this table here.	如你所见,在这个桌子上。
75	So here, this is some of the contributions that were made why did this happen and here in this table in the table you can see here.	因此,这里,这就是一些贡献,为什么发生这种情况,在这里,你可以看到这个表格。
76	If you look at the line here merchants and the percentages.	如果你看看这里的线商家和百分比。
77	The first year you know this is a small numbers problem there's there's so few texts written that you can get a really high percentage.	第一年,你知道这是个小问题有这么少的文本写,你可以得到非常高的比例。
78	But other than that you can see it goes from a low 10% to a high 38 where merchants are producing more text than anyone else.	但除此之外,你可以看到它从很低的10%发展到高的38,在那里,商人们生产的文字比任何人都多.
79	The merchants they brought new habits of mind to to their writing and empirical bent trade statistics that put a value on actually having experienced in trade rather than knowledge of scripture.	他们的商人将新的思维习惯带到了他们的写作和经验性扭曲的贸易统计上,这些统计对在贸易中实际体验过而不是对经文的了解具有价值。
80	And they also had a need for legitimacy merchants were not highly valued in the medieval era and the sort of social stratification system of the time.	他们也需要合法性商人在中世纪时代和当时的社会分层体系中不被高度评价.
81	The new early modern merchants and authors, they use instead of their value of their reputation, they use logic and science as a crutch to shore up their arguments.	新的早期现代商人和作者,他们用逻辑和科学来支撑他们的论点,而不是他们对其声誉的价值.
82	At place to trade and finance the center of economic concerns and moved away from the concerns of husbandry, or the perils of of sinful life that had obsessed earlier authors.	贸易和资助经济关切中心的位置已经到位,不再关注畜牧业问题,也不再关注使前作者沉迷于罪恶生活的危险。
83	So, the question is, it sort of makes sense that merchants, if you have this new class of people writing new texts that things would change but there's still the question of why exactly would merchants start to write economic texts I mean in fact I'm sort	所以,问题是,这有点合理商人,如果你有这个新阶层的人写新的文本, 事情会改变,但仍有问题为何商人会开始写经济文本
84	they have other concerns.	他们有其他的担心。
85	Well there's one thing that was happening in England that really got the merchants worked up.	有一件事发生在英国真正让商人激动起来。
86	Queen Elizabeth had popularized the process of granting patents and monopolies to merchants.	伊丽莎白女王普及了给予商人专利和垄断的过程.
87	Huge new areas of trade were being awarded to nationally defined exclusive privileges to specific areas of the world.	新的贸易领域正在被授予世界特定地区国家确定的专属特权。
88	So certain groups of merchants were given exclusive rights to trade in specific areas.	因此,某些商人集团获得了特定领域的独家贸易权.
89	So some of my previous work for example is on the English East India Company, which was given exclusive privileges just a small group of merchants exclusive privileges from the pay frame from England to all across ages, huge, huge area.	所以,我之前的一些作品例如在英国东印度公司, 它只获得了一小群商人的独家特权从英格兰到所有年龄, 巨大的,巨大的地区。
90	So, some of these merchants were destined for huge profits in England, but some of the merchants were clearly cut out, and they needed to find new avenues for their livelihood.	因此,其中一些商人们注定要在英国获得巨额利润,但有些商人们显然被切断,他们需要找到新的谋生途径.
91	So this caused a lot of controversy between merchants.	因此这引起了商人之间的大量争议.
92	And they were very upset about it right so they had a motivation to write, but the controversy alone wasn't enough to stimulate new publications, the controversies had to arise in an institutional context that encouraged public debate.	他们对此很不高兴,所以他们有写作的动机, 但仅仅争议不足以刺激新的出版物, 争议必须在鼓励公众辩论的体制背景下出现。
93	There probably could be a few different institutional configurations that would encourage this.	可能有一些不同的机构结构会鼓励这样做。
94	But in England, it was the relative lack of power enjoyed by merchants in the government that was the sort of most important kind of stimulus to publishing works in the public sphere.	但在英国,正是商人在政府中享受的相对缺乏权力,是对公共领域出版作品最重要的刺激.
95	Merchants had increasing economic power in the 17th century, but they had decreasing political power.	商人在17世纪经济实力不断增强,但政治实力不断减弱.
96	They held a minority of parliamentary appointments that declined from 13% under Queen Elizabeth to around nine to 7% in the mid 17th century.	他们拥有少数的议会任命,从伊丽莎白女王时期的13%下降到17世纪中叶的9%到7%左右.
97	They were sparsely represented into councils and boards of trade, and they were constantly complaining about how no one listens to their otherwise expert opinions on what should be done in trade and commerce.	他们很少参加贸易理事会和贸易理事会,而且他们不断抱怨,在贸易和商业方面,没有人听取他们本来应该做什么的专家意见。
98	So this situation created what I've called, drawing on Ron Dreiger and Mark Pachuki, a cultural hole, a gap in institutional logic, a gap between the company house here and the Parliament, the offices or the floor of government.	因此这种情况创造了我所说的,借鉴了罗恩·德赖格和马克·帕丘基,一个文化洞,体制逻辑上的漏洞,这里的公司大厦与议会,办公室或政府层层之间的漏洞.
99	In Harrison White's terminology, who would call this a public space, it was kind of a liminal space between institutions, in this case between the state and the commercial world.	在哈里森岛怀特的术语,谁称这为公共空间, 它是一种在各机构之间, 也就是在国家与商业世界之间。
100	The merchants desperately wanted to influence the state, so they invented a new language of economic discourse to try to influence the government into policies that would be favorable to their trade.	商人们迫切想影响国家,所以他们发明了一种新的经济言论语言,试图影响政府采取有利于他们贸易的政策.
101	Could there be a monopoly?	会不会有垄断?
102	For example, should there not be a monopoly?	例如,是否应该实行垄断?
103	Should gold be bought abroad?	黄金应该在国外买吗?
104	Should gold be shipped abroad or foreign purchases banned?	黄金应运往国外还是禁止外国购买?
105	You know, serious economic questions that had serious implications for the merchants' livelihood, they wanted to enter in and convince the state of the validity of their position on these very specific policy points.	你知道,严重的经济问题严重影响到商人的生计, 他们想进入并说服状态他们的立场对这些非常具体的政策点。
106	The new economic discourse was the attempt of the merchants to bridge the gap between their new economic power and the political power of the state.	新的经济论述是商人试图弥合他们新的经济实力与国家政治实力之间的差距.
107	In more mundane terms, they were making public appeals to try to sway the Crown and Parliament to take favorable positions on trade policy, and this added a crucial element to the economic thought they created.	更普通地说,他们公开呼吁,试图动摇王室和议会在贸易政策上采取有利的立场,这为他们所创造的经济思想增加了一个关键因素。
108	Instead of being cloaked in Christian values and morality, their works instead were reframed to appeal to politicians and rulers.	他们的作品不是隐身于基督教价值观和道德,而是被重新塑造,以吸引政治家和统治者。
109	So everything was posed in terms of how it affected the nation, the kingdom, and the commonwealth.	所以一切被提出来如何影响国家,王国,和联邦。
110	Thus, the turn from equity and fair just price to the more exclusive focus on the problem of growth and national development.	因此,从公平和公正的价格转向更专注增长和国家发展问题。
111	So an analysis of the contents of the work supports this argument, and a lot of the book is going through, it tells the story, and then it provides a lot of different forms of evidence to show that this is in fact what was going on.	因此,对作品内容的分析支持了这个论点,书中很多内容正在经历,它讲述了故事,然后提供了许多不同形式的证据来表明这其实是正在发生的事情.
112	Topic modeling and cluster analysis, this image is the result of topic modeling where each of the circles is a different topic.	主题建模和集群分析,这个图像是主题建模的结果,其中每一圈都是不同的主题.
113	I applied clustering analysis to that, and what you can see here in these five, there's five clusters that are produced, and they are five dominant sub areas that occur within the larger economic discourse.	我将集群分析应用到这个中, 以及你可以看到的这五个中, 产生了五个集群, 它们是五个主要的子领域, 发生在更大的经济讨论中。
114	Politics, religion, husbandry, travel, and trade.	政治、宗教、畜牧业、旅行和贸易。
115	This is the cluster analysis is based on the text creation partnership with Early English Books Online, which is 2353 texts.	本集分析基于与"早期英语图书在线"的文本创建伙伴关系,共2353种文本.
116	I won't go into too much detail about but what it does is essentially looks at the frequency of word co-occurrence and then groups different subsections of the text together.	我将不谈太多细节,但是它所做的主要是研究词的发生频率然后把文字的不同小节组合在一起。
117	Those that are more similar are pushed closer together, and that clustering analysis reveals these themes.	比较类似的问题被推到一起,分组分析揭示了这些主题。
118	And then we can see a little bit about how the themes change over time.	然后我们可以看到一些关于主题如何随着时间的变化。
119	So the orange is politics, yellow is religion, the dark green is trade, the light blue is travel, and the dark blue is husbandry.	所以橙色是政治,黄色是宗教,深绿色是贸易,浅蓝色是旅行,深蓝色是畜牧业.
120	So now here's a chart of the most popular topic in the religious cluster, characterized by the frequent use co-occurrence of the words man, well, honor.	所以,现在这里有一个宗教类群中最受欢迎的话题的图表, 其特点是经常使用共同的词人,嗯,荣誉。
121	And the most popular topic in the trade cluster characterized by frequent use of the words trade, England, and nation.	也是贸易集群中最受欢迎的话题,其特点是频繁使用"贸易"一词,即英国和民族.
122	So as you can see here, one declines, the most popular religious topic declines over the course of the 16th, 17th century, and trade, England, and nation just skyrockets towards the end here.	正如你所看到的,一个衰落, 最受欢迎的宗教话题在16,17世纪逐渐衰落, 而贸易,英国,以及民族, 却在向这里的尽头飞去。
123	A similar pattern you can see here for usury lend borrow, words often used to condemn usury in what we think of as sort of capital markets at this point.	一个类似的图案,你可以在这里看到,借贷款, 经常用词谴责高利贷在目前我们所认为的那种资本市场。
124	And we see here company interests of nation takes up and overtakes it in popularity over the course of the 17th century.	在这里,我们看到企业的利益国家的利益占据和超过它的流行在17世纪。
125	If we move to the level of publications, see, right, so those were topics within publications, here we're looking at just publications where each publication contributes a single data point.	如果我们转向出版物的层次, 看,对了, 所以那些是出版物内的主题, 我们在这里只研究出版物, 每份出版物都提供一个数据点。
126	Then you can see that each of the five sub areas, that each of the five sub areas, this one with the, unfortunately you can't see me pointing, but here I'll wave the arrow over it.	然后你们可以看到,五个子区域中的每一个, 五个子区域中的每一个, 这一个,不幸的是,你看不到我指向它, 但在这里,我会向它挥箭。
127	This is trade, it clearly becomes dominant again by the end of the 17th century.	这是贸易,它显然在17世纪末再次占据主导地位.
128	If we move back to the prevalence of topics, we can get even more information and see that religious topics here, these are all the religious topics, and they largely decline over the years, where we see politics largely increase.	如果我们回到话题的流行,我们可以得到更多的信息,并看到这里的宗教话题,这些都是宗教话题,这些话题在过去几年中基本下降,我们看到政治在很大程度上增加.
129	Evidence here, this provides evidence of the way in which the economic topics are framed, shifts from the moral and the spiritual to the national, the concerns of power and plenty, and the root of the importance of the idea of the wealth of nations, lies	这里的证据提供了证据,说明经济议题的形成方式,从道德和精神转向国家,权力和富足的关切,以及国家财富思想重要性的根源在于这一转变。
130	If we, we can step back a little bit now, also look not just at the contents, the themes and the kind of work, but at the rate of publications, we can see additional evidence of what was going on.	如果我们,我们现在可以退一步, 不仅看看内容,主题和工作种类, 而且从出版物的速率来看, 我们可以看到更多证据。
131	So not only did the content shift, but also just the number of economic works dramatically increased in this, in this era.	因此,不仅内容发生了转变,而且在这个时代,经济作品的数量也急剧增加。
132	So this is a time series analysis of the publication of economic tests on an annual basis.	因此,这是对经济测试每年出版的时间序列分析.
133	So the solid line represents, let's see, here's the, here's the, just the straightforward sort of count, sorry.	(笑声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声)
134	The solid line represents the number of companies that have been founded up to that year, and the dashed line represents, and there's different axes, the X and Y axis are different, so the number of	实线代表截至当年成立的公司数量,虚线代表,有不同的轴线,X轴和Y轴线是不同的,所以数量.
135	sorry, I had to adjust, I wanted to get in the, there, the axes, so sorry about that.	对不起,我不得不调整, 我想进去,那里,斧头, 非常抱歉。
136	So here's an image of the different economic texts that were published on an annual basis.	下面是每年出版的不同经济文本的形象.
137	So that's the dashed line.	所以,这是破解线。
138	The solid line represents the number of companies that had been founded up to that year.	实线代表当年成立的公司数量.
139	I use a time series model to analyze the relationship between these two rates.	我用时间序列模型来分析这两种费率之间的关系.
140	And the time series model looks at the change of rates and of the variables included, so it takes out any trains, it's just change from year to year.	而时间序列模型审视了速率的变化和包含的变数,因此它把任何列车都取出,只是年复一年的变化而已.
141	It's not a linear trend up, and I lag the publication of the books by one year to account for the time that it takes to publish something.	这不是一个线性上升的趋势,我拖延了一年出版书籍的时间,以说明出版某件东西所需的时间.
142	And here, so the regression coefficients, we have companies, all texts, population, parliament days, like the effect of activity in the government, economic turmoil, just a year is a control.	在这里,回归系数,我们有公司, 所有文本,人口,议会的日子, 就像政府活动的影响, 经济动荡,仅仅一年是一个控制。
143	Domestic politics, tax revenue is something that proxies government capacity, recharging of different companies, the existence of trades and councils of government on trade,	国内政治税收代表着政府的能力对不同的公司进行充电贸易行业和政府贸易理事会的存在
144	commerce rates of commerce increasing or decreasing over that being overseas trade, GDP, and the number of merchants in parliament.	商业增长率与海外贸易、国内生产总值和议会中的商人人数相比有所上升或下降。
145	And the only two coefficients that have a significant predictive effect on the number of works and economics that are going to be published the next year are the number of companies that exist up to that point, and the number of merchants in parliament,	而对于明年将要出版的作品和经济学数量有显著预测作用的仅有两个系数,就是当时存在的公司数量,以及议会的商人数量,
146	where the more companies there are, the more likely it is that people would be publishing economic works, and the less representation merchants have in parliament, the more likely that there will be publications in economic texts.	在公司越多的地方,人们出版经济作品的可能性就越大,在议会中代表人数越少的商人,就越有可能在经济文本中发表文章。
147	So these merchants are finding that they don't have a direct voice in government and they need to go outside of those offices in order to make public appeals, bring more people into the conversation and try to convince the government through their constit	因此,这些商人发现他们在政府中没有直接的发言权,他们需要走出这些办公室,以便公开呼吁,让更多的人参与谈话,并试图通过他们的选民说服政府采取某种行动.
148	So it seems that when companies were founded, they spurred the publication of economics books and pamphlets.	因此,公司成立后,似乎鼓励出版经济学书籍和小册子。
149	And we see instances of this in the historical record as well.	我们在历史记录中也看到这种情况。
150	So for example, when the deregulation of the African slave trade came before parliament, over 200 pamphlets were published on this topic.	例如,当取消对非洲奴隶贸易的管制问题提交议会时,就这一主题出版了200多本小册子。
151	But the story I think really falls into place.	但我认为这个故事真的存在
152	If you adopt also comparative perspective.	如果您也采用了比较视角。
153	Many people thought that economic growth and expansion of overseas trade triggered the development of economic theory.	许多人认为经济增长和海外贸易的扩张引发了经济理论的发展.
154	Others think that it was the rise of the state, it was a public sphere representative government or the creation of new financial techniques such as public debt.	其他人则认为是国家崛起,是公共领域代表性政府,或者创造公共债务等新的金融技术.
155	But if you ask, and this is just focused on Europe, which is better for a comparison of this type because it controls for other possibly varying explanatory effects or other explanatory variables, because the England and the Dutch Republic are relatively	但是,如果你问,这仅仅是聚焦于欧洲, 这更适合对这种类型的比较,因为它可以控制其他可能各不相同的解释性效果或其他解释性变量, 因为英格兰和荷兰共和国在很多不同方面是相对相似的, 但是在某些关键方面是不同的。
156	But it back in this in the 17th century really wasn't England that was at the forefront of the expansion of trade and overseas commerce, it was the Dutch Republic.	但早在17世纪,英国就不是贸易和海外商业扩张的最前沿, 而是荷兰。
157	The Dutch Republic was the most financially and commercially dynamic democracy of the 17th century.	荷蘭共和國是17世纪财政和商业上最具活力的民主国家.
158	And yet, the Dutch have almost no economic publications, nothing like the boom in England.	然而,荷兰人几乎没有任何经济出版物,跟英国的繁荣一样。
159	What they lacked, the crucial dimensions that were different, they had a representative government, they had a public sphere, you know, they had a huge increase in overseas trade.	他们所缺乏的, 不同的关键层面, 他们有一个有代表性的政府, 他们有一个公共领域, 你知道,他们有巨大的海外贸易增长。
160	What they lacked were the magnets of controversy, the chartered companies, the Dutch, they had only four, the British companies, the four, they were big companies, but there's only four, and they were actually constituted in order to serve the public good	他们所缺少的是争议的磁铁,包机公司,荷兰人,他们只有四家,英国公司,四家,他们都是大公司,但只有四家,实际上组成他们是为了为公益服务.
161	Whereas in Britain, you know, there's hundreds of companies, and they're serving private interests.	在英国,有上百家公司, 他们为私人利益服务。
162	And the merchants also in the Dutch Republic, when the Dutch merchants wanted a policy change, because of their leadership in Amsterdam and Amsterdam's pivotal role in the very complex governance structure of the Dutch Republic, the merchants had control	而荷兰共和国的商人,当荷兰商人想要改变政策时,由于他们在阿姆斯特丹的领导地位和阿姆斯特丹在荷兰共和国非常复杂的治理结构中的关键作用,商人们控制了政府.
163	When they wanted to make a policy change, they enacted it, there was no need for them to go outside and make public appeals to the constituents, they were the ones in power.	当他们想要改变政策时,他们颁布了政策,他们不必外出向选民公开呼吁,他们就是当权者。
164	So this institutional configuration, the existent but restricted political power of the English merchants, combined with an impetus to debate, the chartered companies then, the impetus stimulated in England, a vigorous new line of thought that ultimately	因此,这种体制的布局,英国商人存在但受限制的政治权力,加上辩论的动力,当时的特许公司,在英国刺激的动力,是一种充满活力的新思路,最终为古典经济学提供了经验性和系统性的基础.
165	So it's now widely acknowledged that Adam Smith was not creating new observations about economic processes, as much as systematizing existing theory.	所以现在人们普遍承认,亚当·斯密并没有像系统化现有理论那样,对经济过程产生新的观察.
166	In the theory he was systematizing was the mercantilist economic thought developed in the 17th century.	在理论中,他正在系统化是17世纪发展起来的重商主义经济思想.
167	There's one very notable way that Adam Smith was different from his mercantilist predecessors.	有一个非常显著的方法,亚当·斯密与他的重商主义前辈不同.
168	This was both I would say his both his greatest triumph and his greatest failure.	这既是他最大的胜利,也是他最大的失败。
169	Smith tried to reintroduce into economic thought the concern for equity that had characterized medieval scholastic economic theory.	史密斯试图重新将中世纪学术经济理论所特有的对公平的关注引入经济思想.
170	He brought back concern for fair exchange and the poorer classes, but these ideas, this was actually how he was least successful.	他带回了对公平交流和较穷阶层的关注,但这些想法,实际上,这是他最不成功的.
171	They weren't able to infiltrate or overcome the new focus that the mercantilists had had developed on national development at the expense of these other concerns.	他们无法渗透或克服重商主义以牺牲这些其他关切为代价发展到国家发展上的新重点.
172	So I hope in revisiting this moment and the reasons why national economic development became so central to economic theory that we might also reevaluate and perhaps reincorporate some of Smith's moral concerns for a system that's fair for all people.	所以我希望重新审视一下这个时刻以及国民经济发展成为经济理论中心的原因以便我们重新评价并重新整合史密斯的一些道德关切对于一个对所有人都公平的制度
173	Okay, that's, that's the end of the, of the video.	好吧,这就是,这是结束, 视频。
174	Thank you very much.	谢谢
175	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
176	That's so fascinating.	这太迷人了
177	So we're going to transition into a time of Q&A.	所以我们要过渡到QQA时代.
178	So for those of you guys that are joining us on Zoom, feel free to ask any questions that you may have.	所以对于你们这些加入我们的人来说任何问题都可以随便问
179	And we'll, we'll move into that time of Q&A.	然后,我们会搬进 QQA的时代。
180	You can either use the chat function on the bottom of your Zoom screen and enter the question, or even better, you can actually just raise your hand.	您可以在您的缩放屏幕底部使用聊天功能并输入问题, 或者更好一点, 你可以直接举手。
181	Also, there should be a raise hand function on the bottom of your Zoom screen, and I will happily unmute you and you can directly interact with Professor Erickson as well.	另外,在你的缩放屏幕的底部应该有一个提升的手功能, 我会很高兴地揭开你和你也可以直接与埃里克森教授互动.
182	And of course, since we are interacting in person, it's always great to be able to see the person that we're talking to.	当然,既然我们是在亲身互动, 能够看到我们说话的人总是很棒。
183	So those of you guys that are able to, it would be great if you could turn on your webcam, your video cam so that we can be able to talk face to face in a sense for those of you guys that are ready to ask questions.	所以,你们中那些有能力的人, 如果你可以打开你的网络摄像头, 你的视频摄像头, 这样我们就可以在某种意义上面对面地交谈, 你们中准备提问的人。
184	So feel free to ask questions anytime through the chat or using the raise hand function.	所以随时可以通过聊天或使用提升手功能来提问。
185	I'll get started.	我会开始的。
186	I found this to be such an interesting topic, sort of pretty different, I think, than I think what most people usually think of when they think of sociology.	我发现这是一个有趣的话题, 我觉得有点不同, 比起大多数人在思考社会学时通常会怎么想。
187	You know, there's the history, there's the economics, and there's the data kind of all rolled into one.	你知道,有历史,有经济学, 有数据类型全部卷成一个。
188	So I would love to hear a little bit more about how did you sort of get interested in this topic, and how did you sort of decide that this would be worth thinking about and writing about, and obviously publishing a book about?	所以我想听听你是如何对这个话题感兴趣, 以及你是如何决定值得思考和写作的, 以及显然出版一本书的?
189	Yeah.	对
190	So I mean there's two, I saw different levels upon which I can answer that question.	所以有两个,我看到了不同的层次,我可以回答这个问题。
191	One is just, you know, how I get interested in the topic and the other is kind of, you know, why am I interested in historical settings, which is unusual for sociology.	一个是,你知道,我是如何对这个话题感兴趣, 另一个是,为什么我对历史环境感兴趣, 这对社会学来说是不寻常的。
192	I mean, I'll say, so I guess when, so I studied history as, I'll answer the second question first.	我的意思是,我会说, 所以我猜,什么时候, 所以我学习历史作为,我会先回答第二个问题。
193	I studied history as an undergraduate, and the program that I went into as a graduate student was pretty heavily invested in the idea of historical sociology, compared to historical sociology, but with a sort of a quantitative bent to it.	我作为一个本科生学习历史, 我作为研究生进入的课程相当大量地投资于历史社会学的理念, 与历史社会学相比, 但有一种数量上的倾向。
194	So, I think that's part of the reason they wanted me to come actually.	所以,我想这就是他们希望我来的原因之一。
195	And the real benefit, and I think it's sometimes lost, but the real benefit of doing historical work is that a lot of changes take place over a long period of time.	而真正的好处,我认为它有时会丢失,但做历史工作的真正好处是,很多变化是在很长一段时间内发生的.
196	And a lot of things that are really important, like you might say, revolutions, regime change, you know, institutions, institutional creation, institutional erosion, these things, not only do they sometimes have very long term determinants, but also they	很多事情都很重要, 比如说,革命,政权的改变, 你知道,体制,体制的建立,体制的侵蚀, 这些事情,不仅有时有很长的决定因素, 而且它们不会一直发生。
197	So, from my perspective, I've always thought if you want to understand what are the drivers of important consequential macro historical changes, you have to do historical research.	因此,从我的角度来说,我一直想,如果你想知道什么是导致重大宏观历史变化的驱动力,你就必须做历史研究.
198	That's sort of, that's your kind of laboratory, that's the library of things that happen.	这就是你那种实验室那是发生的事情的图书馆
199	So, and those things are really important, you know, we don't want to just know what happens in a group of two or three people who want to know what causes broad societal changes.	所以,这些事情真的很重要, 你知道,我们并不想仅仅知道在一群两三个人中会发生什么, 他们想知道是什么引起广泛的社会变化。
200	So I think history is really the way to go and hopefully also comparative historical research.	所以我认为历史是真正应该走的路, 希望也可以比较历史研究。
201	So the reason, and then the more specific reason why I chose this topic is, is related to my first book really was on the English East India Company, and just something that really struck me as very strange while I was writing that book was the way that t	因此,原因,然后更具体的原因我选择这个话题的原因, 与我的第一本书真正在英国东印度公司,
202	important economic tract that I read about was somehow tied to one of the of the chartered companies in the era.	我读到的重要经济领域不知何故与这个时代的特许公司之一有关
203	And that just seemed to be such a strange thing to me that these these chartered companies would be producing so many influential tracks, and they would be so tied to this kind of story of early mercantilism.	这对我来说似乎很奇怪, 这些特许的公司将生产出如此多的有影响力的音轨, 而且它们会和这种早期的商贸主义故事联系在一起。
204	And so I just, it just seemed like one of those strange coincidences that I had to kind of dig deeper into see what was really going on.	所以,我只是,它只是看起来像一个奇怪的巧合,我不得不更深入地去了解到底发生了什么。
205	Yeah, absolutely.	当然
206	So you use, you know, pretty interesting sources, I think, historically but also just sort of the, the data analysis that you do and sort of how you sort of pluck data from you know all these different options that you could have chosen from.	所以,你知道, 相当有趣的来源, 我认为,历史上, 但也只是排序, 你做的数据分析, 排序你如何从中提取数据,
207	So could you maybe discuss a little bit more about sort of your methodology and how you sort of thought of using these different kind of techniques and ideas to do the analysis.	你可以多讨论一下你的方法以及你是如何考虑使用这些不同的技术和想法来进行分析的。
208	Sure.	当然
209	Well, I always think that multi method analysis is the right way to tackle these, these things.	我总是认为多方法分析是解决这些事情的正确方法。
210	I mean, I never wanted to be sort of bound but you know like people have the hammer and they use it on all objects.	我的意思是,我从来不想那种束缚,但你知道像人们有锤子他们使用它在所有物体。
211	That doesn't mean if you're really trying to solve a historical puzzle, then I don't think you want to be bound by using only, only one method because it's going to certainly constrain the kinds of questions that you can successfully answer.	这并不意味着如果你真的想解决一个历史谜题,那么我认为你并不想只用一种方法来约束,因为它肯定会限制你能够成功回答的问题的类型.
212	So, so I generally tried to do certainly like a base, you know, a mix of qualitative and quantitative research, I mean, honestly I think everyone should really be qualitative and quantitative at the same time because, you know, the qualitative	所以,我一般尝试做肯定像一个基础,你知道, 质量和数量研究的组合,我的意思是,说实话,我认为每个人都应该真的质量和数量同时,因为,你知道,质量
213	component gives you the context in which you can understand the quantitative analysis so sometimes people can sort of get by with quantitative analysis without a lot of contextual research, just maybe because they know the context so well so if you're doi	组件为您提供了环境,您可以理解定量分析,所以有时人们可以排序通过定量分析没有很多的上下文研究,
214	actually think about whether these things made sense and in the same way that you assume they might.	考虑一下这些东西是否有意义和你想的一样
215	But I think as a rule, it's a good, a good idea.	但我认为作为一个规则,这是一个好的,一个好主意。
216	And then the corpus analysis of topic modeling and and I often do and there's also some social network analysis and in the book.	然后对主题的模型分析, 我经常做, 还有一些社交网络分析和书中。
217	Those things I think are really important, also to understanding broad historical change you know big sort of moments of transformation, because those moments aren't just about one person, you know there's, there's never.	我认为那些事情真的很重要, 也为了理解广泛的历史变化, 你知道一些巨大的转变时刻, 因为那些时刻不仅仅是一个人, 你知道有的,没有的。
218	I mean, even if it's one person's writing a really important track that person.	我的意思是,即使它是一个人写一个非常重要的轨道,这个人。
219	It doesn't matter unless there's a whole audience of people that are moved by that track or that find that it's really significant or that implemented and put it into policy or, you	除非有一群观众被赛道感动或发现它真正重要或执行并投入政策
220	So the tools of the corpus analysis you know, rather than me having to focus on, like, one to to 100 or 150 texts that I can really like read in detail.	所以,你所知道的本体分析的工具, 而不是我不得不专注于,比如, 一到100或150个文本, 我真的很喜欢详细阅读。
221	So, I mean I read a lot of the text in detail anyways but this lets me compare like a pairwise comparison of, you know, about like 3000 texts, which is something that I just, you know, none of it's not just me like we don't have the, the brain	所以,我的意思是,我读了很多详细的文本,无论如何,但让我比较像双向比较,你知道,大约 3000文本,
222	capacity is just not there.	能力只是没有。
223	We need, we need computer assistance.	我们需要,我们需要电脑协助。
224	And so these kinds of you know I mean pairwise comparison so quite a lot of number of different comparisons.	所以这些类型的你们知道我的意思是双向比较如此大量的不同的比较。
225	So, they really, they, they broaden our ability I would say to think, not just about a few specific	所以,他们真的,他们,他们拓宽了我们的能力我想说,我想,不只是关于几个具体的
226	examples that are always going to be kind of cherry picked, I would say you can't really help it and instead we can think about whole populations and systemic change over time, which I just think is just crucial we can't just ignore that you know that's c	总是会选择樱桃的例子, 我会说,你不能真的帮助它, 相反,我们可以思考整个人口和系统变化随着时间的推移, 我只是认为只是关键我们不能忽视你知道这是关键
227	if we want to understand broad social, historical change, we have to at least consider that it's something that happens at the population level, not just a couple of people.	如果我们想要理解广泛的社会,历史变化,我们至少必须考虑一下,这是发生在人口层面的事情,而不仅仅是几个人.
228	Yeah, absolutely.	当然
229	So if anybody has questions, feel free to ask them, you know, raise your hand or go ahead and enter them into the chat box.	所以,如果有人有问题, 请随意问他们, 你知道,举起手来, 或者直接进入聊天箱。
230	Otherwise I can just keep keep talking with you.	否则我可以一直跟你说话
231	You know, I can say, I mean, I have the slides also so if anyone has a question about a specific slide.	你知道,我可以说,我的意思是,我也有幻灯片, 所以如果有人对一个特定的幻灯片有疑问。
232	I can put that back up.	我可以把那个备份。
233	And, oh and let me also just apologize I realized I must have had the paper on the microphone.	还有,哦,让我也道歉,我意识到我一定是有报纸在麦克风。
234	So there's that wrestling the whole time so I wanted to just apologize for that.	所以我想为此道歉
235	That's that's quite right so this is a great opportunity for you guys to interact directly with Professor Erickson of course about anything in the presentation.	这是相当正确的,所以这是一个很好的机会你们可以直接与Erickson教授互动当然,在演讲中的任何内容。
236	You mentioned, Adam Smith being more of somebody who just sort of, I guess in a way he was doing kind of what you're doing right he kind of just took everything that everybody was saying and sort of tried to figure out what was the important thing that wa	你提到过,亚当·斯密是一个更像人的人, 我想从某种意义上来说,他正在做你正在做的正确他只是拿走了所有的东西每个人都在说,
237	trying to be put across by the mercantile class.	试图被商贸阶级横扫
238	You know, I find that very fascinating because I think, at least in the West you know we're taught that he's this originator of a lot of these economic ideas.	我觉得这很有趣,因为我认为,至少在西方, 你知道我们教过他, 他是许多经济思想的创始人。
239	Can you, and you said it's pretty well established in the in the field now that that he was more of a somebody who was just kind of, you know, taking everything and then putting it into a systematic theory or what have you.	你可以,你说,这是相当扎实在野外现在,他是一个更多的人谁只是那种,你知道, 把一切,然后把它放到一个系统的理论或你有什么。
240	Could you talk a little bit more about that I'm sort of what what the latest sort of historical analysis of that is and sort of where we are with that.	你能再多说一点吗? 我有点像是什么最新的历史分析是什么,我们在哪里。
241	Yeah, sure.	当然
242	I mean Adam Smith is a really, I would say, misunderstood figure has been misunderstood for years so it, and it, and it's not that he's not completely brilliant.	我是说亚当·斯密是个被误解过的数字多年来一直被误解所以他并不聪明
243	I mean I think he's just amazing you know and this.	我的意思是,我觉得他只是惊人你知道和这个。
244	The mercantilist literature, there's a lot of insights that are that are developed and there's all this empirical work and it but it was just very unorganized you know it's just all over the place there's all kinds of controversies people.	重商主义的文献, 有很多的洞察力是开发出来的, 并且有所有这些经验性的工作, 但是它只是非常无组织,你知道它只是到处都有各种争论的人。
245	I mean, and if you read some of the books, the books are, you know, it's just, it's just not written in an organized fashion in the way that we're kind of used to.	我的意思是,如果你读一些书, 这些书,你知道,只是, 它只是没有以一种我们习惯的方式以有组织的方式写。
246	And, you know, no citations all those kinds of things like you know, so, so it's not.	而且,你知道,没有引用所有这些事情像你知道的,所以它不是。
247	He's brilliant beyond this but it's not a trivial fact to take all of this kind of ideas theories observations and actually put them into a coherent form that that could become	他超越了这一点,但把所有这些想法的理论观察变成一个连贯的形式并不会成为微不足道的事实
248	the foundation for something like classical economics.	古典经济学的基础
249	So just that is is quite sort of a feat, the fact that he's able to take this work and make it on, like, lay it out in the legible manner.	所以,这只是一个相当的功绩, 他能够接受这个工作并把它放在一样,
250	But he, it so he did do that and there's work there and then he you know and really emphasize some of the underlying implications, you know, like the division of labor and how this is beneficial for all parties involved.	但是,他,他做到了,那里有工作, 然后他知道并真正强调一些根本的影响, 比如,劳动分工, 以及这对所有有关方面都有好处。
251	And the thing, you know, so that's something that he's able to to pull out from from these works and emphasize, but it is also part of I think what his unique contribution, and the unique contribution is is not so much you know, I would say specific	事情,你知道,所以这是他能够从这些作品中抽出并强调, 但这也是一部分我认为他的独特贡献,
252	observation about economic behavior, the laws of economics, but it's this other dimension to him.	观察经济行为,经济学的规律,但对他来说却是另一个维度.
253	You know, the moral philosophy dimension, which was, I think, more important to his identity in fact than the work on economics you know so he's working on the theory moral sentiments on his deathbed.	你知道,道德哲学层面, 我认为,事实上,对于他的身份来说, 这比经济学作品更重要, 所以他正在研究关于他死亡的理论道德情感。
254	But he wasn't, you know, so working on the wealth of nations, but the, there's the moral dimension I mean if you, you know, just the idea of the division of labor is being beneficial for all nations that take part in that.	但他不是,你知道的,所以在研究国家的财富, 但是,有道德层面,我的意思是,如果你,你知道, 仅仅劳动分工的想法是对所有参与这个工作的国家都有好处。
255	This is a very strong moral statement about what's good and positive and what brings prosperity is good for all people.	这是一个非常强烈的道德声明,关于什么是好的,什么是积极的,什么带来繁荣,对所有人都是好的.
256	I mean that's.	我的意思是,这是。
257	So there's, there's this just really important and far thinking aspects to his, his work.	所以,有,有这个只是真正重要和远思考方面他的,他的作品。
258	I think he tried to introduce a rationale for doing good work, you know for for caring for others and economic rationale.	我认为他试图引入一个做好工作的理由, 你知道照顾他人的理由和经济理由。
259	And, and again that's the, the, I mean when he's talking about the wealth of nations also like he he was defining and again,	再说一遍,当他谈到国家财富时就像他定义的一样
260	this is all pretty well supported by other scholars like	这都得到了其他学者的支持
261	Martha Nussbaum and other people that are working on him right now.	玛莎·努斯鲍姆和其他正在研究他的人
262	He, he's not just talking about the the nation in the sense of the ruler the the king queen the monarch, or the parliament or, you know, or the wealthy classes he's talking about the	他不只是在说统治者意义上的民族... ...王后...
263	entire nation, the body of people, the body of people that make up the country, most of which are poor, right, because most of the people, certainly then and even now like most of the people don't have very much money it's only a small number of people th	整个国家,人的身体, 构成国家的人的身体, 大部分是穷人,对的, 因为大多数人,当然,当时,甚至现在像大多数人没有太多的钱,
264	have, you know, most of the wealth in the nation.	拥有,你知道, 国家的大部分财富。
265	So, he's talking about building up the wealth of mostly of the people that are currently the impoverished class and trying to demonstrate you know the benefits that that will have for all of society,	所以,他谈论建立财富大多数人是目前贫困阶层并试图展示你知道这将给全社会,
266	even the people that that have more money.	甚至那些有钱的人
267	And that's.	则曰.
268	So that's really important.	这很重要
269	That's really different that's quite different from what the mercantilists were doing.	这和重商主义者所做的大不相同
270	They, you know, they were very pretty self interested and they were trying to advocate for specific policy changes that would just help them out of Smith is an entirely sort of different class that way.	他们,你知道,他们很感兴趣, 他们试图倡导具体的政策改变, 仅仅帮助他们走出史密斯是一个完全不同的阶级。
271	But unfortunately, as probably everyone knows from the legacy that unfolded over you know most of the 20th centuries.	但不幸的是,也许每个人都知道在20世纪的大部分时间里遗留下来的遗产。
272	He's not he's like known for the opposite for some kind of, you know, weird laws a fair, you know, sort of dark like not Darwinian but like Spencer and fight survival of the fittest kind of like everyone do whatever like free for all market competition,	他不像以反面而闻名的一种,你知道,奇怪的法律一种公平,你知道,某种黑暗像不是达尔文,而是像斯宾塞与最适者的生存斗争像每个人都做像免费的所有市场竞争,
273	which is just not, if you read the wealth of nations, and then if you and certainly if you read the sentiments.	这绝不然,如果你们是诵读各国财产的,如果你们是诵读各国的感情的。
274	It's just a mischaracterization of his works like a gross mischaracterization.	这只是对他的作品的误写,就像一个严重的误写.
275	It's so strange.	甚为奇特.
276	In fact, that it was so like such a strong image in the popular consciousness that seems so far removed from what is actually in his books.	实际上,在大众意识中,它是如此的强烈的形象, 似乎至今与他的书中的实际内容相去甚远。
277	It's puzzling I don't know I hope someone writes a book about that about why Adam Smith was mixed characterized for the past, you know, 120 years.	令人费解的是,我不知道我希望有人写一本书关于为什么亚当·斯密被混为一谈过去的120年,你知道。
278	Yeah, I was just gonna say that sounds like a great next book project there.	是啊,我只是想说这听起来像一个伟大的下一个书项目在那里。
279	Oh, it looks like we have Ella asking, asking the question here, Ella.	看来我们让艾拉问了这个问题艾拉
280	Hi Professor.	嗨,教授,你好吗?
281	Hi, I'm a high school student, and I, I plan to study economics as my future major, and I want to study in Yale University to so now I'm plan to study some AP courses like micro economics.	嗨,我是一个高中生, 我,我,我计划学习经济学作为我的未来主修, 我想在耶鲁大学学习所以现在我计划学习一些AP课程,比如微观经济学。
282	So, can I ask for some advice of learning this subject.	所以,我可以要求一些建议学习这个主题。
283	Sure.	当然
284	Oh specific advice or was that the just the question.	具体的建议还是问题所在?
285	Um, during, during the learning process, I think I have some difficulties, like, I cannot remember the definition, very well, so I think I need to maybe read more books or do something to improve this situation.	嗯,在学习过程中,我想我有一些困难, 比如,我不记得这个定义,所以我想我也许需要读更多的书,或者做一些事情来改善这种情况。
286	Oh, yeah, I think, you know, I mean, like so I'm not really an expert on learning.	哦,是的,我想,你知道,我的意思是, 喜欢,我不是真的一个学习专家。
287	I have to say you know maybe there's there's other people that that certainly study that process directly not.	我不得不说,你知道,也许还有其他人, 他们肯定研究这个过程直接不。
288	But what I could say is that I think you know you build up a kind of a universal network I think of things often in network terms a network of concepts and in terms and ideas, and that the kind of more dense the connections are between those	但我可以说,我想你知道你建立了一个一种通用的网络... ...我想的东西... ...在网络术语...
289	different ideas and words and concepts is the easier it is for you to kind of to connect to them to recall them based on other ideas.	不同的想法、言词和概念,对于你来说,更容易与它们联系起来,以其他想法为基础来回顾它们。
290	So I think that the plan of reading a lot of books and don't, I would say don't worry too much about trying to fix	所以,我认为计划阅读很多书不要,我会说, 不要太担心试图修复
291	any one particular book in your mind, just read, read broadly, and then you build up this kind of universal connections, it becomes easier to recall things over time.	任何一本你心目中的书,只要阅读,广泛阅读, 然后建立这种普遍的联系, 随时间推移,就更容易回忆起来。
292	So, mostly, don't don't worry and don't don't give yourself anxiety about remembering	所以,大多数时候,不要担心, 不要给自己焦虑的回忆
293	any one thing just keep keep working and broadening your universe and things will fall into place.	任何一件事只要继续工作并扩大你的宇宙事情就会成真
294	Thank you.	谢谢
295	Next we have Nancy.	接下来是南茜
296	So, I have a question because I actually, I read Adam Smith was of nations and all the part I like both was on his standing army arguments which are pretty interesting but I wanted to ask like, like the whole of his arguments and, and those before	所以,我有一个问题因为我实际上,我读到亚当·斯密是国家,所有我喜欢的部分都在他的常备军的论点这是很有趣的但我想问喜欢,
297	him, and after him for example the commercial class, then suggesting like proposals on how policies should change etc.	然后提出类似关于政策应如何改变的建议等等。
298	Like, what did his age and these times meant for like the balance and dynamic of like equality and economic growth and prosperity like, what	像,他的年龄和这些时代意味着什么像平衡和动态像平等,经济增长和繁荣像,什么
299	is the dynamic between like these two, like, different aspects and do they like for free for each other or do they compete or like how do they work during that specific.	是这两个不同的方面之间的动态, 他们喜欢互相免费, 或者他们竞争,或者喜欢他们如何在具体过程中工作。
300	So, you're specifically asking, Adam, so I just want to rephrase so I completely understand that question.	所以,你特别问,亚当, 所以我只想重述一下所以我完全理解这个问题。
301	So, how did Adam Smith the kind of ideology or his, his ideas his recommendations affect rates of equality in society.	因此,亚当·斯密那种意识形态或他的, 他的建议如何影响社会的平等率。
302	Like how his, how his theory like demonstrate or reflects like the balance or dynamics of equality and social, social growth and prosperity, or just economic growth in a sense.	譬如他的理论,他的理论如何表现或反映平等与社会,社会增长与繁荣的平衡或动态,或某种意义上的只是经济增长.
303	Oh, okay.	哦,还好。
304	Right, right.	对,对。
305	So, I mean one of the interesting things about Adam Smith so did it reflect increasing equality or the rise of the mercantilism.	所以,我的意思是,亚当·斯密的有趣之处之一, 那么,它是否反映了不断增强的平等或莫坎蒂主义的兴起。
306	Yeah, I mean, so you have the rise of merchants.	是啊,我的意思是,所以你有崛起的商人。
307	It is, I mean, I don't know if this is exactly what you're getting it but there is there has been.	我的意思是,我不知道这是否正是你得到的... ...但是有发生过。
308	I mean so Adam Smith some people say Adam Smith, he's writing this he's creating	我的意思是,亚当・斯密有人说,亚当・斯密, 他写这个他正在创作
309	a discourse of economics that explains what's going on in England at this time, right, so England is experiencing greater economic success and he's just kind of like the economic success, it's a different sort of theory of what drives economic theory	一个经济学的论述解释英国在这个时候发生的事情,对吗, 所以英格兰正在经历更大的经济成功而他只是有点像经济成功,
310	proposed, and that's that it's just like increasing economic growth increasing economic complexity kind of calls forth more complex theories that you need it in order to just sort of explain what people are observing on the ground.	这就像经济增长的提高经济复杂性的提高需要更复杂的理论来解释人们在现场观察到什么
311	But, you know, so I mean Adams with the division of labor he's talking about factory production, but it's, it's, it is before the Industrial Revolution.	但是,你知道,所以我的意思是亚当斯的分工他谈论的工厂生产, 但这是,这是,它是在工业革命之前。
312	So it's not like he's commenting on the Industrial Revolution is, it happens prior to.	所以他不是在评论工业革命是,它发生在之前。
313	And, and England, so by 1787, he's England's in a much better position than it had been in the 17th century.	而英国,因此到了1787年,他的地位比17世纪要好得多.
314	But when the merchants, again, when the merchants are developing the theories that he's going to be systematizing.	但是当商人们,再次,当商人们正在发展他将要系统化的理论时.
315	You know, I mean, England is, it's not, it's not, it's definitely not clear that England is going to be the sort of Imperial hegemon of the globe at this point, like that would be.	你知道,我的意思是,英格兰是, 它不是,它不是, 它不是,它肯定不清楚英格兰将是那种帝国霸权在这个时候, 像这将是。
316	And it's really not clear, especially when you began to take in the comparison with with Asia, that the economic growth in England or in in Europe was ahead of of what was happening in China and in the Indian subcontinent.	特别是当你开始与亚洲进行比较时, 英国或欧洲的经济增长比中国和印度次大陆的经济增长还早, 这一点还不清楚。
317	I mean those were places of real sort of, you know, commercial efflorescence.	我的意思是,那些地方是真正的, 你知道,商业节奏。
318	And the, I mean, so one of the funny things always about the English East India Company for me the history is that, you know, they exported bullion which is one of the kind of like contentious points that	而且,我的意思是,所以一个有趣的事情总是关于英国东印度公司对我来说历史是,你知道, 他们输出的金牛座, 这是一个类似争议点
319	people argued over and ended up producing a lot of a lot of printed texts about the reason they exported bullion is because no one in Asia had any interest in buying any goods from England, because the goods are just sort of like poor quality.	人们争吵起来,最后生产了大量的印刷文本他们出口金字塔的原因是因为亚洲没有人有兴趣从英国购买任何商品, 因为商品有点像劣质。
320	You know, they had these, the wool, they wanted to sell wool and people, they were like, we don't want wool, and then the only people that ended up buying the wool were the Moogles and they just use it for their horse blankets because it wasn't, you know,	你知道,他们有这些,羊毛, 他们想卖羊毛和人, 他们喜欢,我们不想要羊毛, 而最后买羊毛的人只有Moogles, 他们只是把它用于他们的马毯,因为它不是,你知道, 是非常高质量的。
321	So, in terms of economic development just producing it in the comparative perspective it, it just doesn't seem like it's a plausible explanation, because other parts of the world would have been developing these kinds of thoughts the text if it was just a	因此,就经济发展而言,只是从比较的角度来生产它, 它只是似乎不是一个合理的解释, 因为世界其他地区会一直在发展这些想法如果它只是关于经济增长的经济。
322	complexity.	复杂。
323	Does that answer the question, or was there another dimension I'm sort of missing.	这是否回答了这个问题, 或者还有另一个维度我有点缺失。
324	I think that actually, yeah, I think I think that's pretty cool because economic growth and development.	我认为,事实上,是的,我觉得这很酷因为经济增长和发展。
325	I think is one of the things that Smith wanted to address at least in part.	我想是史密斯想要处理的问题之一至少部分。
326	And like, what do all these, because at that time I believe the English classes class differentiations were at least to an extent, very relevant to their times for example like the merchant class and the commercial classes and what do these like class	因为当时我认为英国阶级的区别在某种程度上与他们的时代非常相关比如商人阶级和商业阶级
327	differentiations and if we could call it an inequality, what does this have to do with for example like economic growth or does it have a correlation to economic growth, like, how do these two factors like interact, like, during that specific times.	差异,如果我们可以称之为不平等, 这和经济增长有什么关系, 或者它与经济增长有什么关系, 比如,这两个因素如何相互作用,比如,在那个特定时期。
328	Well, so it's an interesting question I mean, I'm better positioned to say how the kind of class structure impacted, not economic growth itself but the growth of economic thought right so so I can say, for example, that the merchants, it is important that	那么,这是一个有趣的问题,我的意思是,我更适合说阶级结构如何影响,不是经济增长本身,而是经济思想的增长
329	the merchants are an aspiring class.	商人们都是有志向的
330	And it's important that in terms of the social stratification system of the time that they're.	而对于当时的社会分层制度来说,也是很重要的.
331	I mean, in a sense this is like a very different position then then you would get from sort of a classical Marxist take where the	我的意思是,从某种意义上说,这就像一个非常不同的立场然后,你会得到从某种古典马克思主义者采取的地方
332	false truth or something like that.	假的真相之类的
333	But that's, that's very different from what I'm saying where I'm saying, they were, they were kept outside of the state, right, so they didn't have the political power they couldn't just use the state as their mouthpiece.	但是,这与我所说的位置大相径庭,他们当时,被保存在州外,对吗,所以他们没有政治力量,不能仅仅把州当作他们的口袋.
334	And in fact it was exactly that it was like a little bit more the opposite they had to have some, some power and resources otherwise it's hard to make these kinds of arguments but they're trying to reach the state, so they're trying to bridge the gap.	事实上,他们不得不拥有一些,一些权力和资源, 而这其实是有点相反的。否则,很难提出这些论点,但他们正试图到达国家, 所以他们试图弥合差距。
335	So it's because they're lower class.	因为他们是低级的
336	They're not like the lowest class but they're, they're not upper class they're not.	他们不像最低阶层,但他们不是最高阶层。
337	They're not.	他们不是。
338	They're, they're in the middle, and, and not given a lot of legitimacy or respect by the entire society.	他们是,他们是中间的, 而且,没有给予很多的合法性或受到整个社会的尊重。
339	I mean just recall that this is this we're barely out of medieval era, money and commerce is generally considered to be a sin.	我的意思是,只是回顾一下,这是我们刚刚走出中世纪的时代, 钱和商业一般被认为是一种罪恶。
340	Money is evil merchants are sort of like the lowest of the low in some ways, morally, morally speaking.	钱是邪恶的商人在某些方面,在道德上,从道德上来说, 钱是最低的。
341	So, it's because the merchants had all of these problems with legitimacy, and they're not able to gain political power.	因此,这是因为商人们在合法性上都存在这些问题,他们也无法获得政治权力.
342	That's exactly why they, they turn to this practice of actually writing texts and trying to convince other people that they're actually right.	正因为如此,他们转向了这种实际写文字的做法,并试图说服其他人他们实际上是正确的.
343	So it's because they don't have political power that they make the public arguments.	因此,正是因为他们没有政治权势,才提出公开的争论.
344	There's this great work by an old political scientist, Shatton Schneider, and he always talks about with a fight like with if you're in a fight.	有一位老政治学家沙顿·施耐德的伟大作品,他总是用一个和你一样的战斗来谈论,如果你在战斗.
345	If you're losing, what you want to do is bring more people into the fight to change the balance of power.	如果你输了,你想做的是让更多的人参与改变权力平衡的斗争.
346	And that's, that's exactly the strategy here is you're bringing in a larger number of people into this argument trying to sort of change the balance of power, so that you can get some leverage.	这正是这里的策略, 你让更多的人加入这个争论, 试图改变权力的平衡, 这样你可以得到一些影响力。
347	So that's how I would see the class structure of the merchants really mattering, even more so in our like another kind of interesting wrinkle to this is that because they had so little legitimacy in the larger population, they began to rely on this new id	所以我会这样看待商人们的阶级结构真正重要, 更何况,在我们一样另一种有趣的皱纹对于这一点,
348	So, they couldn't sort of make claims like, oh, well, you know, I'm a good man, and no one really believed that so then they had to make claims based on some kind of external logic and the end they turn to this new thing that was developing at the time.	所以,他们不能像,哦,嗯,你知道, 我是一个好人, 没有人真正相信, 所以他们不得不根据某种外部逻辑提出权利要求, 结束他们转向这个在当时正在发展的新事物。
349	This is starting to be active the Royal Society of London is is is being formed.	伦敦皇家学会正在组建之中。
350	And so this this they use as kind of a rhetorical tool.	因此,他们用这个作为一种修辞工具。
351	Lucky for us because just using science and logic and empirics as a rhetorical tool turns out as kind of long standing effects and can discipline people into actually becoming more logical more scientific and more empirical.	对我们来说是幸运的,因为仅仅把科学、逻辑和模范当作一个修辞工具, 变成一种长期的影响, 并且可以约束人们真正地变得更合乎逻辑, 更科学,更实证。
352	Yeah, thank you.	谢谢
353	I think it's really interesting how merchants, they try to influence the state, whereas before like their powers very little.	我认为这真的很有趣商人如何,他们试图影响国家, 而以前喜欢他们的权力很少。
354	Thanks for interesting.	谢谢你的有趣。
355	Great question.	问得好
356	All right.	好吧,我们走。
357	Thank you, Nancy.	谢谢你,南希。
358	I'm curious.	我有点好奇
359	You know, we're talking about the mercantile class as if they were just some homogenous sort of, you know, group thinking the same thing like, you know, as you've looked at some of the literature.	你知道,我们谈论的是商贸类, 仿佛他们只是某种同质的,你知道的, 团体的想法一样,你知道的,你已经看过一些文献。
360	Is there a sense that there's sort of competing views or, or different views, or just sort of different nuances.	是否有一种感觉,有某种相互竞争的观点, 或不同的观点, 或只是某种不同的细微差别。
361	You know, to what extent are they sort of arguing for the same exact thing and to what extent is it like, oh I have this idea that's better or, you know, maybe this is what we should be pushing.	你知道,在什么程度上,他们争论相同的具体事物, 程度是什么样子, 哦,我有一个想法更好,或者,你知道, 也许这是我们应该推动。
362	Oh yeah, no, they're very diverse and varied group of people.	哦,是的,不,他们是非常多样和不同的人群。
363	And so, the, the biggest cleave it I mean I'd say there's cleavages right so there's still difference but there's cleavages.	所以,最大的裂缝,我的意思是,我会说有裂缝正确的,所以仍然有区别但有裂缝。
364	And the biggest in that time is between people that were within the companies and had some kind of monopoly privileges and the people	当时最大的是公司内部拥有某种垄断特权的人和人民
365	that were not within companies and so those people are constantly arguing about whether or not monopoly privileges should exist, whether there should be free trade.	因此这些人一直在争论垄断特权是否应该存在,是否应该有自由贸易。
366	And it's interesting because it's very different way of thinking about free trade than we have now where free trade is usually	这很有趣,因为它的思考方式与现在的自由贸易方式大不相同
367	the government, well then you know the government was was actively involved in suppressing free trade.	政府,那么你知道政府积极参与镇压自由贸易。
368	Right.	对
369	So, it's, and now we're sort of people say like, we want free trade.	所以,这是,现在我们算是人们说, 我们希望自由贸易。
370	But the government sort of like has to set the conditions to create the free trade.	但政府必须创造条件创造自由贸易。
371	But so, so it's definitely pretty different in terms of what's going on and the kind of government interventions that are occurring.	但是,在政府干预方面,这绝对是相当不同的。
372	I mean, now the government breaks up monopolies, then the government constructed monopolies like essentially.	我的意思是,现在政府打破垄断, 然后政府构建的垄断本质上。
373	So, the free trade.	所以,自由贸易。
374	The free traders are one group of merchants, and then the monopolies are another group of merchants that I mean, a lot of them have very specific you know they're so interesting they had the, there's people in guilds there's guilds there's there's these	自由商人是一组商家,然后垄断者是另一组商家,我的意思是, 很多商家都非常具体, 你知道他们是如此有趣他们有,
375	two guilds that fought all the time one was did brown bread and one did white bread and they would fight over like which type of you know like is the bread right like is that brown or white like what's the classification.	他们会像你们知道的那种面包就像那个棕色的或者白色的一样
376	So there, there's tons and tons of different sort of petty arguments that occur between the merchants, but they all wanted more attention, they all you know they they generally agreed that they agreed on the principles that merchants were not given enough	因此,这里,有吨和吨不同的细微争论商家之间,
377	influence when it came to how the government ran trade and commercial policy.	政府如何执行贸易和商业政策时的影响。
378	Thanks.	谢谢
379	Dear Professor, when we focus on the micro economy, economy, economical events.	亲爱的教授,当我们专注于微观经济,经济,经济事件时.
380	It is possible for us to make a general conclusion, just several several events, or several people, or in some special situation.	我们有可能得出一个总的结论,只是几个事件,或者几个人,或者在某些特殊情况下。
381	The more is different.	越是分别.
382	Thanks for your time.	谢谢你抽空来
383	Wait, sorry I need a little more help with that question.	等等,我需要你帮忙
384	So the macro economic could you could you repeat that Donald I'm sorry.	所以,宏观经济你可以重复,唐纳德我很抱歉。
385	Yeah, come on.	是啊,来吧。
386	I mean, it is possible for us to make a general conclusion, just only through several events, or several people.	我的意思是,我们有可能得出一个总的结论,仅仅通过几个事件,或者几个人。
387	Can we, can we, you can we use this conclusion to to have a general conclusion or others events, just several events.	我们能否,我们能否,你们能否利用这个结论来得出一个总的结论或其他事件,只是几个事件.
388	So, so is this sort of generalizable to other circumstances.	所以,这种泛泛的情况也一样。
389	Is that the question.	这就是问题所在
390	Yep.	对
391	Is it so, I mean that's a very difficult I would say.	是这样,我的意思是这是一个非常困难,我会说。
392	So I kind of think in terms of, of mechanisms, social mechanisms.	所以我从机制,社会机制的角度来思考。
393	And I think that you know social mechanisms are portable like you can pull them out of a certain historical context and see them in another historical context and they tend to work the same way.	我认为你知道社会机制是可移植的, 就像你可以把它们从某种历史背景中拉出来, 并在另一种历史背景中看到它们, 它们往往以同样的方式运作。
394	But I would say, you know, that the outcome can be slightly different given the historical context in the situation that they're in.	但我会说,你知道, 结果是可以稍有不同, 因为他们所处的历史背景。
395	Right.	对
396	So, so, you know, if you have a sieve, and you use it to strain some kind of a liquid.	所以,你知道,如果你有筛子, 你用它来加压某种液体。
397	It's, you know, it's going to work roughly the same way across whatever liquid you use but, but what you catch is going to differ very the characteristics of the liquid itself.	这是,你知道,它会大致相同的方式跨越任何你使用的液体, 但是,你捕获什么将会非常不同液体本身的特性。
398	Right.	对
399	So, tools like tools, they work differently in different contexts and I think this is similar to what's what's you might observe here is that I do think for example that if you get this kind of disjuncture between groups that, as we see between the mercha	所以,像工具这样的工具, 它们在不同的背景中不同工作我认为这与你在这里可能观察到的类似举例来说,我确实认为如果你得到这种分离的团体,
400	it's like aspiring merchant class in the state, you, if that probably, you know, these kinds of disjunctures actually produce new kinds of writing thought and knowledge, they produce visible knowledge because when you pull groups apart, they have to commu	这就像有志向的商家阶级在州里,你,如果,如果可能, 你知道,这些类型的脱节实际上产生新的类型的写作思想和知识,
401	to one another right in the communication so that's that's actually it's actually different that requires communication, communication translation new modes of thought new modes of expression.	在交流中, 彼此之间的权利, 所以,这就是实际上它的不同, 需要沟通,沟通翻译新的思维模式新的表达方式。
402	So I think that that's something.	所以,我认为这是东西。
403	In general, like and public, especially public knowledge is something that is going to be created when there's groups that are kind of interacting in a political arena, that's, that's my sort of understanding of what's going on there in terms of a general	一般来说, 和大众一样, 特别是公共知识, 是一种会创造的东西, 当有团体有点互动在政治舞台,
404	process.	进程。
405	Of course, what kinds of knowledge, what kinds of discourse is produced is going to vary greatly depending upon the specific historical circumstances, and you know the traits of the groups and what their interests are.	当然,什么样的知识,什么样的言论产生,会因具体的历史情况而大不相同,你们知道这些团体的特征及其利益是什么.
406	So some things are going to vary, but I would, I do think that some things are sort of the larger abstract form of the social process is probably something that we could see reoccurring in other places.	所以有些事情会有所不同, 但我确实认为有些事情是社会过程的更大的抽象形式, 可能是我们可以看到在其他地方发生的。
407	Okay, I understand.	好吧,我明白了,我明白了。 \ N
408	Thanks for your time.	谢谢你抽空来
409	Oh, thank you, Ronald that great question.	哦,谢谢你,罗纳德这个伟大的问题。
410	Okay.	摆
411	Great.	不错
412	Thank you, Ronald and next we have Beatrice.	谢谢你,罗纳德然后我们有比阿特丽斯。
413	Thank you, Professor, I have a question regarding that, you know, people always say that history will repeat itself.	谢谢你,教授,我有一个问题关于,你知道, 人们总是说,历史会重演。
414	That's with, you know, with the development of the technology.	就是随着技术的发展
415	It reshapes our mindset, and it reshapes our society, the future of the history will go.	它重塑了我们的心态,它重塑了我们的社会,历史的未来将过去。
416	So, my question is, our history will repeat itself in the future.	所以,我的问题是,我们的历史将在未来重演。
417	Will history repeat itself in the future.	历史将在未来重演。
418	Well, I mean, so it's interesting because this is sort of like a very similar question to Ronald's question in fact right.	嗯,我的意思是,所以它很有趣因为这是一个非常相似的问题与罗纳德的问题事实上是正确的。
419	So, you know, you can think about it across contexts, across.	所以,你知道,你可以思考它跨背景,跨。
420	So, I think, you know, again, is a similar answer I think history can repeat itself in the sense of, you know, you can get a sort of sense of the general contours or trends or what the mechanism might be, but that predicting like the more specific outcome	所以,我想,你知道,也是一个相似的答案, 我认为历史可以重现自己, 从一个意义上来说,你知道,你可以得到某种感觉, 大致轮廓或趋势, 或者机制可能是什么, 但是,预测像更具体的结果是困难得多的。
421	So I would say, you know, I mean, I think some things like.	所以我会说,你知道, 我的意思是,我认为一些事情喜欢。
422	We see later in the 20th century things like chemistry the field of chemistry is like kind of produced through an interaction between the dying industry and you know the	20世纪后期我们可以看到化学化学领域就像一种通过濒临消亡的产业的相互作用产生的
423	changing the colors by the dying and the, and the political sector.	改变颜色通过垂死和和政治部门。
424	So there are these, you know, these different moments where there's kinds of interactions across actors and then they produce knowledge.	所以有这些,你知道的, 这些不同的瞬间, 演员之间的相互作用, 然后产生知识。
425	And there's a, there's a great paper I think by john Moore and Harrison White Harrison White was on my dissertation committee or just incredible mentor one of the founders of social network analysis and he they have an argument that if you have a new	有个很棒的论文我认为John Moore和Harrison White Harrison White 在我的论文委员会上或只是令人难以置信的导师之一社交网络分析的创始人之一
426	population of actors that are entering into some kind of a discourse setting that it's going to generate a new, a new way of thinking about things like they produce innovation, as long as you get these, this new set of people.	那些正在进入某种对话的演员们将创造一种新的思维方式来思考他们创造创新的东西, 只要你得到这些, 新的人群。
427	Those, those kinds of things.	那种东西
428	I think are probably constant, you know, I mean human nature.	我认为可能是恒定的, 你知道,我的意思是人性。
429	I don't think human nature changes that much but technology does change and context changes and sort of habits change, some things about culture change so the things	我觉得人类的本性不会改变很多但科技会改变环境会改变习惯会改变文化会改变
430	work themselves out in different ways but I do think that you can get a really good intuitive sense about how things will will work out from understanding the kinds of mechanisms and structural components that that often guide our behavior.	以不同的方式工作, 但我确实认为,你可以得到一个非常好的直观感关于事情将如何工作从理解类型的机制和结构组件往往引导我们的行为。
431	In ways that, you know, we can't really escape.	那种方式,你知道, 我们无法真正逃脱。
432	It'd be just, you know, like, if you think about social network analysis diffusion epidemics and contagion like I think that we learned a lot during the pandemic about the ways that social interaction, whether we intended to or not you know has certain ef	如果你想到社交网络分析传播流行病和传染... ...我觉得我们在流行期间学到了很多... ...社会互动的方式...
433	there are certain patterns of social interactions that lead to more contagion and some that lead to less contagion and it doesn't really matter what the virus is it's you know it's just, it's sort of a something that has to do with the formal properties o	某些社会互动模式会导致更多的传染, 某些模式导致更少的传染, 并且它并不真正重要病毒是什么你知道它只是, 它有点与人类行为的形式属性有关。
434	So in that sense, you know, I think, so we can roughly, you know, roughly kind of think about what's going to happen in the future.	从这个意义上讲,我想,我们可以大致地,你知道, 大致地思考未来会发生什么。
435	Okay, so the fundamental behavior pattern of people will remain the same but the way we do things, the way we think about things will change fundamentally what we are the same as the people in the earlier history.	好吧,所以人们的基本行为模式将保持不变, 但是我们做事情的方式, 我们思考事物的方式, 将从根本上改变我们与早期历史中的人们一样。
436	Yeah, I mean, you know, I have to be honest like I don't see that much change.	是啊,我的意思是,你知道, 我必须诚实, 像我没有看到多少变化。
437	If you look at it as superficial level you're like what are those crazy people doing is so weird like they have those crazy names that you know that the whole society and they, they did	如果你把它看成肤浅的层次你就像那些疯狂的人在做什么是那么奇怪他们有疯狂的名字你知道整个社会和他们
438	awful things and you know, like people are discriminated against in horrible ways.	可怕的事情,你知道, 像人们受到歧视在可怕的方式。
439	But if you if you read like a journal or I don't know I mean I always think I when I read St. Augustine's confessions, I don't know if it, you know, and that's from quite a while ago, right.	但如果你像日记一样读,或者我不知道我的意思是,我总是认为当我读圣奥古斯丁的供词, 我不知道它是否,你知道, 这是很久以前的,对不对。
440	And, you know, we're talking thousands and thousands of years.	而且,你知道,我们正在谈论数千年。
441	He just sounds like a person.	他只是听起来像个人。
442	I mean, it's just, it's, it doesn't, it doesn't read like an alien it reads like a very thoughtful individual that could be living today.	我的意思是,它只是,它,它没有, 它不读像一个外星人它读像一个非常周到的个人它可以生活在今天。
443	I mean, so I don't know I it to me I feel like human nature hasn't changed very much.	我的意思是,所以我不知道我对我来说,我觉得人性没有多大改变。
444	Okay, I got it.	好吧,我来吧。
445	Thank you, Professor.	谢谢你,教授
446	Oh sure, thank you.	哦,当然,谢谢你。
447	All right, I think we're at a good place in terms of time to stop.	好吧,我想我们是在一个好地方在时间停止。
448	Thank you again, Professor Erickson for joining us.	再次感谢你埃里克森教授加入我们
449	Despite your, your accident and we're very glad to see that you recovered well.	尽管你的意外我们很高兴看到你康复得很好
450	It is our tradition that at the end that everybody can turn on their camera so we can take a group picture of sorts.	我们的传统是,到最后,每个人都可以打开相机,这样我们就可以拍一组照片。
451	Oh, that's nice.	哦,这是很好的。
452	Yes, a semblance of being able to gather together somewhat.	是的,一个貌似能够聚集在一起。
453	So if people are able to and please turn on your webcam so that we can have a group picture with Professor Erickson.	因此,如果人们能够,请打开你的网络摄像头, 这样我们就可以有一个小组图片与Erickson教授。
454	And then I'll also unmute everybody so that everybody can thank you personally for taking the time to talk with us.	然后,我也会解除每个人的默念,这样大家就可以亲自感谢你花时间和我们谈谈.
455	Thanks so much for, I mean everyone coming it's really a pleasure.	非常感谢,我是说,每个人都来了,真的很高兴。
456	I hope at some point in the future I can meet you all in person.	我希望将来某个时候我能亲自见你们
457	Thank you everybody.	谢谢大家
458	And thank you, and have a good evening for those of you that are in Beijing.	谢谢你们,祝你们在北京的各位晚上愉快。
459	Thank you so much.	非常感谢
460	Thank you.	谢谢
461	Bye bye.	再见
462	Thank you.	谢谢

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