房产证上要不要加他/她的名字？耶鲁教授带你从《婚姻法》了解公
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:04 | Good morning to those of you guys joining us from the US, and good evening to those of you in China, and hello from people that I know that are joining from other places in the world as well. | 早上好,你们这些家伙从美国加入我们, 晚上好,你们在中国的人, 还有我认识的人的问候,他们也从世界其他地方加入。 |
| 0:17 | My name is Devin Lau, and I am the assistant director for Yale Center Beijing. | 我叫刘德文,我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任. |
| 0:21 | Today we are very happy to host Professor Emma Zhang to participate in a very fascinating discussion on gender neutral public policies and their consequences in China. | 今天,我们非常高兴地接待了艾玛·张教授,参加关于中国性别中立公共政策及其后果的极具吸引力的讨论。 |
| 0:34 | We're very excited to have her and excited to be having such a fascinating discussion. | 我们非常兴奋,有她 和兴奋有这样一个迷人的讨论。 |
| 0:40 | A couple housekeeping notes, if people are able to and willing to turn on their video cameras, that is always appreciated. | 一对夫妇的家务笔记, 如果人们能够并且愿意打开他们的摄像机, 这总是受到赞赏。 |
| 0:49 | We, at least in the US, still are not completely opened up, and so we always like to see faces when we can, even if it is through Zoom, just because it's always good to be talking to a person and not just a blank screen. | 我们,至少在美国, 仍然没有完全开放, 所以我们总是喜欢看到面孔 当我们可以, 即使它是通过Zoom, 只是因为它总是很好 与一个人说话, 而不是仅仅是一个空白的屏幕。 |
| 1:03 | So for those of you guys that are able to, please go ahead and turn on your video cameras, especially during the talk and the Q&A session. | 所以对于你们这些有能力的人, 请继续打开你的摄像机, 特别是在演讲和QQA会话期间。 |
| 1:12 | And I know that some of you guys may be new to our talk series, so let me just introduce Yale Center Beijing real quick. | 我知道你们中有些人可能对我们的系列演讲很陌生,所以让我介绍一下耶鲁中心北京的演讲。 |
| 1:19 | Yale Center Beijing was established in 2014 as Yale's only university-wide center outside of New Haven, of course, and we have been hosting talks and activities in Beijing for many years, spanning all 14 of Yale's different schools. | 当然,耶鲁北京中心成立于2014年,是耶鲁唯一的全大学中心,位于纽黑文之外,多年来我们一直在北京主持会谈和活动,贯穿耶鲁所有14所不同的学校. |
| 1:38 | And during the pandemic, we've been able to transition on to Zoom, and we've had many professors from across the fields joining us on everything from the arts to biology to economics to philosophy. | 在大流行期间,我们得以向Zoom过渡, 我们有很多来自不同领域的教授, 都和我们一起研究从艺术到生物学, 从经济学到哲学。 |
展开字幕全文（531 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Good morning to those of you guys joining us from the US, and good evening to those of you in China, and hello from people that I know that are joining from other places in the world as well. | 早上好,你们这些家伙从美国加入我们, 晚上好,你们在中国的人, 还有我认识的人的问候,他们也从世界其他地方加入。 |
| 2 | My name is Devin Lau, and I am the assistant director for Yale Center Beijing. | 我叫刘德文,我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任. |
| 3 | Today we are very happy to host Professor Emma Zhang to participate in a very fascinating discussion on gender neutral public policies and their consequences in China. | 今天,我们非常高兴地接待了艾玛·张教授,参加关于中国性别中立公共政策及其后果的极具吸引力的讨论。 |
| 4 | We're very excited to have her and excited to be having such a fascinating discussion. | 我们非常兴奋,有她 和兴奋有这样一个迷人的讨论。 |
| 5 | A couple housekeeping notes, if people are able to and willing to turn on their video cameras, that is always appreciated. | 一对夫妇的家务笔记, 如果人们能够并且愿意打开他们的摄像机, 这总是受到赞赏。 |
| 6 | We, at least in the US, still are not completely opened up, and so we always like to see faces when we can, even if it is through Zoom, just because it's always good to be talking to a person and not just a blank screen. | 我们,至少在美国, 仍然没有完全开放, 所以我们总是喜欢看到面孔 当我们可以, 即使它是通过Zoom, 只是因为它总是很好 与一个人说话, 而不是仅仅是一个空白的屏幕。 |
| 7 | So for those of you guys that are able to, please go ahead and turn on your video cameras, especially during the talk and the Q&A session. | 所以对于你们这些有能力的人, 请继续打开你的摄像机, 特别是在演讲和QQA会话期间。 |
| 8 | And I know that some of you guys may be new to our talk series, so let me just introduce Yale Center Beijing real quick. | 我知道你们中有些人可能对我们的系列演讲很陌生,所以让我介绍一下耶鲁中心北京的演讲。 |
| 9 | Yale Center Beijing was established in 2014 as Yale's only university-wide center outside of New Haven, of course, and we have been hosting talks and activities in Beijing for many years, spanning all 14 of Yale's different schools. | 当然,耶鲁北京中心成立于2014年,是耶鲁唯一的全大学中心,位于纽黑文之外,多年来我们一直在北京主持会谈和活动,贯穿耶鲁所有14所不同的学校. |
| 10 | And during the pandemic, we've been able to transition on to Zoom, and we've had many professors from across the fields joining us on everything from the arts to biology to economics to philosophy. | 在大流行期间,我们得以向Zoom过渡, 我们有很多来自不同领域的教授, 都和我们一起研究从艺术到生物学, 从经济学到哲学。 |
| 11 | And so today we're very lucky to have Professor Emma Zhang join us for a talk on sociology. | 所以今天我们非常幸运 张艾玛教授能加入我们讨论社会学 |
| 12 | Professor Emma Zhang is an assistant professor of sociology at Yale, where she's also a faculty fellow of the Yale Institution for Social and Policy Studies, and she's also a Butler-Williams Scholar at the US National Institute of Aging. | 艾玛·张教授是耶鲁大学社会学的助理教授,她也是耶鲁社会与政策研究所的教职员,她也是美国国家老龄问题研究所的巴特勒-威廉斯学者. |
| 13 | She earned her PhD from Duke, and her research focuses on family, demography, and population health, both in China and the US. | 她从杜克获得博士学位,她的研究重点是中国和美国的家庭、人口和人口健康。 |
| 14 | And so her work has been recognized through numerous awards, including the Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-Financed Students Abroad. | 因此她的作品通过众多奖项获得表彰,其中包括中国政府颁发的海外优秀自费学生奖. |
| 15 | From the China Scholarship Council, which we are particularly delighted to highlight because we've been starting a new series highlighting professors who have studied both in China and the US and are now teaching at Yale. | 来自中国奖学金委员会,我们特别高兴地强调它,因为我们已经开始了一个新的系列,强调曾经在中国和美国学习过的教授,现在正在耶鲁任教. |
| 16 | And so this is very exciting to have her join us as well. | 因此,这是非常令人兴奋的 她加入我们。 |
| 17 | Her research, of course, is quite popular and has been reported by many major media outlets in the US, China, and elsewhere in the world, including CNN, NBC, BBC, Washington Post. | 她的研究当然相当受欢迎,并被美国,中国,以及世界其他地方的许多主要媒体所报道,包括CNN,NBC,BBC,华盛顿邮报. |
| 18 | Harvard Business Review, etc. | 哈佛商报等. |
| 19 | So very well accomplished, and I guess I would say up-and-coming scholar, but I think she's already made it. | 如此出色的成绩,我想我会说 升迁的学者, 但我认为她已经做到了。 |
| 20 | So with that, I'm going to turn it over to Professor Zhang and have her start her talk, and then we'll move into a Q&A after that. | 因此,我打算把它交给张教授,让她开始她的演讲,然后我们再搬进"QQA". |
| 21 | Okay. | 摆 |
| 22 | Thank you so much, Devin, for the nice introduction and for inviting me to this talk. | 德文,谢谢你的介绍 也谢谢你邀请我参加这次演讲 |
| 23 | Hello, everyone. | 大家好,你们好 |
| 24 | Now I will talk for about like 30 minutes and then we can open to Q&A session. | 现在,我会谈大约30分钟 然后我们可以开始 QQA会议。 |
| 25 | Let me share my slides right now. | 让我现在分享我的幻灯片。 |
| 26 | Good morning, everyone. | 大家早上好,我们走 |
| 27 | Thank you for joining us today. | 谢谢你今天能来 |
| 28 | As the introduction of the talk says, in China, most family and aging policies are gender-blind and are often framed as gender-neutral. | 正如该谈话的介绍所说,在中国,大多数家庭和老龄化政策都是不分性别的,而且往往被设定为不分性别的政策。 |
| 29 | Today, I will talk about how this similarly gender-neutral policies can have gendered consequences. | 今天,我将谈谈这种类似的不带性别色彩的政策如何能够产生性别方面的后果。 |
| 30 | Because of limited time, I will only focus on one specific policy today, but in the Q&A session, we can also talk about other relevant policies. | 由于时间有限,我今天只谈一项具体政策,但是在《协定》会议上,我们也可以谈其他有关政策。 |
| 31 | Before talking about policies, let me try to convince you why we should care about gender equality. | 在谈论政策之前,让我试着说服你,为什么我们应该关心两性平等。 |
| 32 | This is important because if you don't think gender equality matters, it is unclear why we should care about the gendered consequences of social policies. | 这一点很重要,因为如果你不认为两性平等很重要,那么我们为什么应该关心社会政策的性别影响呢? |
| 33 | If you are a woman, it may be natural for you to care about women's rights and gender equality. | 如果你是女性,你关心妇女权利和性别平等可能是自然的. |
| 34 | But if you are a man, why should you care about it? | 但如果你是一个男人,你为什么要关心它呢? |
| 35 | Okay, let me give it a try. | 好吧,让我试试。 |
| 36 | First, I believe for most men, there are at least several important women in your life. | 首先,我相信大多数男人 生命中至少有几个重要女人 |
| 37 | For example, your mother, and if you are lucky, you may also have a wife. | 例如,你的母亲,如果你幸运的话,你也可能有一个妻子. |
| 38 | Some of you may also have daughters and sisters. | 你们中有些人可能还有女儿和姐妹. |
| 39 | You love them, so you care about them. | 你爱他们 所以你在乎他们 |
| 40 | You care about whether they are treated fairly. | 你关心他们是否得到公平对待。 |
| 41 | Second, there is a disproportionate number of women living in poverty in less developed regions in China, where they cannot compete for jobs. | 第二,在中国较不发达地区,贫穷妇女人数不成比例,她们无法竞争工作。 |
| 42 | Improving gender equality by reducing female poverty rates could substantially reduce overall poverty in China. | 通过降低女性贫困率来促进两性平等,可以大大降低中国的总体贫困状况。 |
| 43 | From a nation's perspective, you can view these efforts on reducing gender inequality as targeted interventions. | 从一个国家的角度来看,你可以将减少两性不平等的努力视为有针对性的干预措施。 |
| 44 | Third, research has shown that structural sexism harms both men's and women's health. | 第三,研究表明,结构性的性别主义对男女的健康都有害。 |
| 45 | Structural sexism means systematic gender inequality in power and resources. | 结构性性别主义是指权力和资源方面的系统性性别不平等. |
| 46 | For example, gender bias social norms and public policies are examples of structural sexism. | 例如,性别偏见的社会规范和公共政策就是结构性性别主义的例子。 |
| 47 | In a recent paper published in the American Sociological Review, as this figure illustrates, | 最近发表于《美国社会学评论》的论文中,如这一数字所示, |
| 48 | researchers found that patriarchal social systems foster a toxic culture that harms men as well as women. | 研究人员发现,父权社会制度助长一种有害男女的毒害文化。 |
| 49 | For example, in patriarchal societies, men are often engaged in risky health behaviors that signify masculinity, | 例如,在父权社会中,男子往往从事危险健康行为,表现为男子气概, |
| 50 | such as smoking, drinking, fighting with others physically, and are more reluctant to seek mental health therapy when they need it. | 例如吸烟、饮酒、与他人发生身体战斗,在需要心理治疗时更不愿意寻求心理治疗。 |
| 51 | Okay, so hopefully you are convinced now that gender equality is important. | 好吧,所以希望你现在相信 性别平等是重要的。 |
| 52 | Then the next question is how China is doing in terms of gender equality. | 接下来的问题是中国在性别平等方面做得如何. |
| 53 | As China has gotten richer, many people expected that the gender equality situation would improve. | 随着中国日益富裕,许多人期望两性平等状况会得到改善。 |
| 54 | But if we compare China with other countries in the world using the Global Gender Gap Index, | 但如果我们用全球性别差距指数来比较中国和世界其他国家 |
| 55 | China ranked in just the 45th percentile in gender equality in 2006 and has continued to regress over the past decade. | 2006年,中国在性别平等方面排名第45位,在过去十年中继续倒退。 |
| 56 | In 2016, China fell all the way down to the 31st percentile, and this is still the ranking today in 2021. | 2016年,中国一路跌至31个百分点,这仍然是2021年的今天排名. |
| 57 | Aggregate statistics also tell us that Chinese women are disadvantaged compared to Chinese men in almost all aspects, | 综合统计也告诉我们,与中国男子相比,中国妇女在几乎所有方面都处于不利地位, |
| 58 | including income, education, employment, occupation, health, and more. | 包括收入、教育、就业、职业、健康等等。 |
| 59 | Most people are certain that this kind of macro-level gender equality is bad. | 大多数人确信,这种宏观层面的两性平等是不好的。 |
| 60 | However, many people become uncertain about whether gender equality within the household, such as between the husband and the wife, is such a bad thing. | 然而,许多人对家庭内的两性平等,如丈夫与妻子之间的两性平等,是否是一件坏事变得不确定。 |
| 61 | Inter-household gender equality has existed in China for thousands of years. | 中国家庭间性别平等存在数千年. |
| 62 | Many people, including Chinese policymakers, tend to view this inequality as a Chinese tradition rather than a pressing social issue. | 包括中国决策者在内的许多人倾向于将这种不平等视为中国传统,而不是紧迫的社会问题. |
| 63 | According to a survey conducted by the Chinese government in 2010, | 根据2010年中国政府的调查, |
| 64 | not only Chinese men but also Chinese women increasingly believe that men should take care of things outside of the household, | 不仅中国男人,中国女人也越来越相信 男人应该照顾家庭以外的事情 |
| 65 | whereas women should take care of things within the household. | 妇女应该照顾家庭内的事情。 |
| 66 | OK, so hopefully now you are convinced that gender equality is a pressing social issue in China. | 好,现在希望你确信 性别平等是中国一个紧迫的社会问题。 |
| 67 | Then we can talk about what we should do. | 然后我们可以谈谈我们应该做什么。 |
| 68 | To achieve gender equality, we need some good policies. | 为了实现两性平等,我们需要一些良好的政策。 |
| 69 | But most existing social policies in China are gender-blind, meaning that they disregard gender as a significant factor in social interactions. | 但中国现有的大多数社会政策都是不分性别的,也就是说,这些政策忽略了性别作为社会互动的一个重要因素。 |
| 70 | For example, in laws and policies, it is common to see the gender-blind phrase a reasonable person, | 例如,在法律和政策中,常见的情况是,不分性别的短语是一个通情达理的人, |
| 71 | even in those related to sexual harassment for which the majority of the victims are women. | 即使在性骚扰方面,受害者大多是妇女。 |
| 72 | This kind of gender-blind policies are often framed as gender neutral. | 这种无视性别的政策往往被视为不分性别的政策。 |
| 73 | Gender neutral here means that the policies are not aimed specifically at either men or women and are assumed to affect both sexes equally. | 此处的性别中立意味着,这些政策不是专门针对男女的,而且被认为对男女都具有同等影响。 |
| 74 | Is this really the case? | 这是真的吗? |
| 75 | Today, I will use the 2011 judicial interpretation of the marriage law in China | 今天,我将使用2011年中国婚姻法的司法解释 |
| 76 | to show you that these seemingly gender neutral policies can have severe gendered consequences in the Chinese social context. | 向你们表明,这些看似性别中立的政策在中国社会环境中可能产生严重的性别后果。 |
| 77 | This figure shows the crude marriage rates in China from 1978 to 2016. | 这一数字显示了1978年至2016年中国粗婚率. |
| 78 | The marriage rate has been fluctuating throughout the whole period, and we do not see a very clear pattern. | 在整个期间,结婚率一直在波动,我们看不出一个非常明显的模式。 |
| 79 | Now let's look at the divorce rate. | 现在看看离婚率 |
| 80 | The divorce rate in China has been increasing steadily over time. | 中国离婚率随时间推移稳步上升. |
| 81 | By 2016, the crude divorce rate had increased to three divorces per 1,000 persons. | 到2016年,粗略离婚率增至每千人3次离婚. |
| 82 | This number is very similar to the rate for the United States in the same year. | 这个数字与同年美国的比率非常相似. |
| 83 | As divorce has become more common, divorce-related legislation has become more important to intellectual household property rights. | 随着离婚越来越普遍,与离婚有关的立法对知识产权更加重要。 |
| 84 | Since the establishment of the new China, the divorce law has been modified several times. | 新中国成立后,离婚法多次修改. |
| 85 | The dotted vertical lines represent significant changes of the divorce laws. | 虚线的垂直线代表离婚法的重大变化。 |
| 86 | I'm happy to address these changes more in the Q&A section. | 我很高兴在QQA部分更详细地讨论这些变化. |
| 87 | But simply speaking, before 2011, the divorce law was modified to follow the trend of promoting women's rights. | 但简单地说,2011年之前,离婚法被修改,以遵循促进妇女权利的趋势. |
| 88 | In particular, the family home was generally considered joint property upon divorce. | 特别是,离婚时家庭住宅一般被视为共同财产。 |
| 89 | In 2011, the Chinese Supreme Court changed the divorce law by stipulating that the family home belongs to the registered owner upon divorce. | 2011年,中国最高法院修改离婚法,规定离婚时家庭住宅属于注册业主. |
| 90 | What does this mean? | 这是什么意思? |
| 91 | Simply speaking, for a Chinese household where only the husband's name was on the deed of the family home, | 简而言之,对于一个中国家庭来说 家里的契约上只有丈夫的名字 |
| 92 | before the legal change in 2011, the family home was considered joint property upon divorce. | 在2011年法律变更之前,离婚时家庭住宅被视为共同财产。 |
| 93 | After the legal change in 2011, the family home belonged to the husband upon divorce. | 2011年法律变更后,离婚时家庭住宅属于丈夫。 |
| 94 | This amounts to transferring property rights from women to their husbands within the marriage. | 这相当于在婚姻中将财产权从妇女转移给丈夫。 |
| 95 | This legal change has generated a lot of controversy since it was announced. | 这一法律变更自公布以来引起了许多争议. |
| 96 | Some argue that the legal change is fair and gender neutral, but others believe it is unfair to women. | 一些人认为法律变革是公平和性别中立的,但另一些人则认为对妇女不公平。 |
| 97 | There have been many reports by Chinese media outlets about this legal change. | 中国媒体对此法律变化的报道很多. |
| 98 | According to these reports, this is arguably the most controversial divorce law since the establishment of the new China. | 根据这些报告,这可以说是新中国成立后最有争议的离婚法. |
| 99 | Numerous discussions on Chinese social media also raised the awareness of this legal change among the general public. | 关于中国社交媒体的多次讨论也提高了公众对这一法律变化的认识. |
| 100 | So I believe it is not an exaggeration to say that this legal change is well known. | 因此,我认为说这一法律变化是众所周知的,这不是夸张。 |
| 101 | Even major international media outlets have devoted pages to reporting this legal change. | 甚至主要的国际媒体也用网页报道这一法律变化。 |
| 102 | Let's look at one example here from the New York Times in the right corner. | 让我们看看纽约时报的一个例子 在正确的角落。 |
| 103 | The title is, Chinese law could make divorced women homeless. | 标题是,中国法律可以使离婚妇女无家可归. |
| 104 | To understand why this policy could negatively affect women, | 要了解为什么这项政策会对妇女产生不利影响, |
| 105 | it helps to have some background knowledge about Chinese marriage norms and traditions and housing. | 它有助于掌握一些关于中国婚姻规范、传统和住房的背景知识。 |
| 106 | In the Chinese tradition, men are considered the heads of the households. | 在中国传统中,男子被认为是户主. |
| 107 | The patriarchal features of Chinese society have shaped the bride price practice on the marriage market. | 中国社会的重男轻女特征塑造了婚姻市场上的彩礼习俗. |
| 108 | In this practice, a woman marries into a man's family and joins a new household. | 在这种习俗中,妇女嫁给一个男子的家庭并加入一个新的家庭。 |
| 109 | The groom's family is expected to provide the family home as a precondition for marriage in order to gain the approval of the bride's family. | 新郎的家庭预计将提供家庭住所,作为结婚的先决条件,以获得新娘家庭的认可. |
| 110 | As the cartoon shows, men without homes often have a difficult time finding a wife. | 正如卡通所示,没有家的男人往往很难找到妻子。 |
| 111 | The patriarchal society has also led to the development of a sound preference, | 宗法社会也导致了一种良好的偏好, |
| 112 | which has led to a shortage of women on the marriage market and therefore reinforced the bride price practice. | 这导致婚姻市场上妇女短缺,从而强化了彩礼习俗。 |
| 113 | Because of this marriage tradition, Chinese parents typically only help their sons purchase family homes before marriage, but not their daughters. | 由于这种婚姻传统,中国父母一般只在婚前帮助儿子购买家庭住宅,而不能帮助女儿. |
| 114 | For this reason, the majority of the family homes in China were only registered under the name of the husband. | 为此,中国大多数家庭房屋只登记在丈夫名下。 |
| 115 | However, as the housing price in China increased at a rate of 10% per year since the early 2000s, many men could not afford the family home anymore. | 然而,由于中国的住房价格自2000年代初以来以每年10%的速度上涨,许多男子负担不起家庭住房。 |
| 116 | As a result, women often chipped in to help their husbands with the purchase, but their names were rarely on the deed. | 因此,妇女常常为了帮助丈夫购买而拼凑起来,但契约上很少提到她们的名字。 |
| 117 | Moreover, although women are not expected to provide the family home, they are expected to furnish the home, take care of children as the elderly, and contribute the majority of housework. | 此外,虽然妇女不能提供家庭住房,但她们必须提供家庭住房,作为老人照顾子女,承担大部分家务。 |
| 118 | None of these efforts were valued by the Chinese Supreme Court. | 中国最高法院没有重视这些努力。 |
| 119 | So why did China launch such a controversial law in 2011? | 因此中国为何在2011年推出如此有争议的法律? |
| 120 | There are four socioeconomic forces behind this legal change. | 这一法律变革背后有四种社会经济力量。 |
| 121 | First, as Chinese people become richer, there was a strong legal need to protect personal property. | 第一,随着中国人民日益富裕,在法律上,保护个人财产的必要性非常大. |
| 122 | As a result, China passed its first property law in 2007. | 因此,中国于2007年通过了第一部财产法. |
| 123 | Second, the housing price has been increasing at a rate of 10% per year since the early 2000s. | 第二,自2000年代初以来,住房价格一直在以每年10%的速度上涨。 |
| 124 | Therefore, the husband's birth family typically spent a large portion of their house of wealth to purchase a family home. | 因此,丈夫的出生家庭通常将大部分财富用于购买家庭住房。 |
| 125 | At the same time, the divorce rate in China has been increasing dramatically. | 同时,中国的离婚率也急剧上升. |
| 126 | The husband's birth family increasingly faced the potential of losing a large share of house of wealth upon their son's divorce, which they felt unfair. | 丈夫的出生家庭越来越面临在儿子离婚后失去大量财富的可能性,他们觉得这不公平。 |
| 127 | Finally, social media began to play an important role in supervising the government's actions. | 最后,社交媒体开始在监督政府行动方面发挥重要作用. |
| 128 | Similar cases resulting in conflicting court rulings tended to generate a lot of controversy on the internet, which subsequently harmed the government's credibility. | 类似案件导致法院裁决冲突,往往在互联网上引起大量争议,这随后损害了政府的公信力. |
| 129 | There was a need for the court to have a divorce law that was clear, simple, specific, and was consistent with the spirit of the property law launched in 2007 to reduce the flexibilities of judges' rulings. | 法院有必要制定明确、简单、具体且符合2007年启动的财产法精神的离婚法,以减少法官裁决的灵活性。 |
| 130 | As a result, the 2011 divorce law was enacted. | 因此,颁布了2011年离婚法。 |
| 131 | If we think about the broader picture here, the launch of the new judicial interpretation reflects and signals a conservative turn of gender norms in China. | 如果我们想一想更广泛的情况,新的司法解释的推出就反映出并标志着中国性别规范的保守转变。 |
| 132 | The new judicial interpretation protects private property along the picture-linear line, which further strengthens the notion of property sharing within the birth family and weakens the notion of property sharing within the marital family. | 新的司法解释沿图线保护私人财产,这进一步加强了出生家庭内部财产分享的概念,削弱了婚姻家庭内部财产分享的概念。 |
| 133 | It discourages women from getting a divorce through threatening them with loss of property. | 它通过威胁妇女失去财产来阻止她们离婚。 |
| 134 | Family in China is closely tied to the dominant patriarchal ideologies and plays a fundamental role in maintaining the social order of the patriarchal society. | 中国的家庭与主流的宗法思想密切相关,在维持宗法社会的社会秩序方面发挥着根本作用. |
| 135 | In the era of rising divorce rates, a series of efforts have been made by the state towards strengthening the family and controlling rising divorce rates. | 在离婚率上升的时代,国家为加强家庭和控制离婚率上升作出了一系列努力。 |
| 136 | The new judicial interpretation, along with its recent efforts, can be seen as a response of the state to the change of marriage as a social institution. | 新的司法解释,连同最近的努力,可视为国家作为社会机构对婚姻改变的反应。 |
| 137 | Well, some people may say these are just speculations. | 有些人会说这只是猜测 |
| 138 | Maybe in real life there are no such consequences. | 也许现实生活中没有这种后果。 |
| 139 | In order to empirically examine the effect of the 2011 judicial interpretation, I conducted a study which was published in the Journal of Marriage and Family in 2020. | 为了实证地审查2011年司法解释的影响,我开展了一项研究,并于2020年在《婚姻和家庭杂志》上发表。 |
| 140 | In this study, I used data from the China Family Panel Studies, which is a nationally representative sample. | 在这项研究中,我采用了中国家庭小组研究的数据,这是一个具有全国代表性的样本。 |
| 141 | Using this data, I was able to track 22,544 married individuals before and after the legal change. | 根据这些数据,我得以追踪到22 544名在法律变更前后结婚的人。 |
| 142 | I examined the effect of the legal change on the boring outcomes for men and women separately, divorce risks, subjective well-being, work hours, housework hours, and confidence about the future. | 我审查了法律变化对男女的无趣结果的影响、离婚风险、主观福利、工作时间、家务时间和对未来的信心。 |
| 143 | I found that for a typical Chinese household where only the husband's name was on the deed of the family home before the legal change, the 2011 judicial interpretation reduced married couples' divorce risks, | 我发现对于一个典型的中国家庭来说,在法律变更前家庭房屋的契约上只有丈夫的名字,2011年的司法解释减少了已婚夫妇离婚的风险, |
| 144 | decreased women's subjective well-being and confidence about the future within one year after the legal change, increased working hours on paid market jobs within one year after the legal change, and increased housework hours in the long term. | 法律变更后一年内,妇女的主观福祉和对未来的信心降低,法律变更后一年内,有薪市场工作的工作时间增加,长期家务劳动时间增加。 |
| 145 | Note here that because of data limitations, I was only able to examine housework in 2014 and later years, so I was now able to examine housework in 2012. | 请注意,由于数据限制,我只能在2014年及以后几年检查家务,所以现在在2012年检查家务. |
| 146 | By contrast, no effects were found for men's outcomes. | 相比之下,没有发现对男子结果的影响。 |
| 147 | How should I explain these findings? | 我该怎么解释这些发现? |
| 148 | Basically, we can say that the legal change may have incentivized women to stay in unhappy marriages by increasing the cost of divorce for them. | 基本上,我们可以说,法律变革可能通过增加妇女的离婚费用,鼓励她们维持不愉快的婚姻。 |
| 149 | They were less happier, less confident about the future, and they're doing more housework in the long term. | 他们更不高兴,对将来没有信心,从长远来看,他们正在做更多的家务. |
| 150 | At the same time, they are also working more. | 与此同时,它们也在发挥更大的作用。 |
| 151 | But we don't see any significant effects on men. | 但我们没有看到任何显著的影响 男人。 |
| 152 | Basically, men were not affected that much by the legal change. | 基本上,男子没有受到法律变化的很大影响。 |
| 153 | Okay, so let's look at just one outcome, subjective well-being, in detail to further understand these findings. | 好吧,让我们看看一个结果, 主观的幸福, 详细到进一步理解这些发现。 |
| 154 | To examine the causal effect, I adopted a causal experimental approach. | 为了审查因果关系,我采取了一种因果关系实验方法。 |
| 155 | There are a lot of technical details behind these statistics. | 这些统计背后有许多技术细节. |
| 156 | The idea behind this strategy, though, is very intuitive. | 然而,这一战略背后的想法非常直观。 |
| 157 | So the broad idea is that we have a treatment group and a control group. | 因此,广义的想法是,我们有一个治疗小组和一个控制小组。 |
| 158 | For the treatment group, property rights are transferred from the wife to the husband because of the legal change. | 对于治疗组,由于法律变更,财产权从妻子转移到丈夫. |
| 159 | For the control group, there are no changes in property rights related to this policy. | 对于控制组来说,与这项政策有关的财产权没有变化。 |
| 160 | We observed them both before and after the law went into effect. | 我们在法律生效之前和之后都观察到了这些现象。 |
| 161 | We assume that in the absence of the legal change, the well-being patterns of the two groups would have been parallel. | 我们假设,如果没有法律变革,这两个集团的福祉模式就会是平行的。 |
| 162 | Then we can view the trend of the control group as a counterfactual of that of the treatment group. | 然后我们可以把控制组的趋势看成是治疗组的趋势的反事实. |
| 163 | The difference between the observed trend of the treatment group and the counterfactual trend is the treatment effect of interest. | 所观察到的治疗组趋势与反事实趋势的区别在于利息的处理效果. |
| 164 | I constructed treatment and control groups based on individual homeownership. | 我建立了基于个人住房所有权的治疗和控制小组。 |
| 165 | There are four situations in terms of homeownership. | 在住房所有权方面有四种情况。 |
| 166 | First, only the husband's name is on the deed. | 第一,契约上只有丈夫的名字. |
| 167 | Second, both names are on the deed. | 第二 两个名字都在契约上 |
| 168 | Third, neither name is on the deed. | 第三 契约上没有名字 |
| 169 | And finally, only the wife's name is on the deed. | 最后 契约上只有妻子的名字 |
| 170 | Most of the individuals in the third category live in rental homes, as we can see from the distribution of these categories. | 第三个类别中的大多数个人住在出租房屋中,我们从这些类别的分配中可以看到这一点。 |
| 171 | Indeed, most married individuals in China live in households where only the husband's name is on the deed. | 实际上,在中国,大多数已婚个人居住在契约上只有丈夫名字的家庭。 |
| 172 | The first group is the treatment group because property rights was transferred from women to their husbands after the legal change. | 第一组是待遇组,因为在法律变更后,财产权从妇女转移到丈夫手中。 |
| 173 | The second and third groups are the control group because the legal change should not have affected them due to the equal homeownership statuses between men and women. | 第二组和第三组是控制组,因为由于男女之间拥有住房地位平等,法律变更不应影响他们。 |
| 174 | The last group is excluded from the main analysis. | 最后一个群体被排除在主要分析之外。 |
| 175 | This figure shows the results for men. | 这一数字显示了男子的成绩。 |
| 176 | The green line here indicates the timing of the legal change and the y-axis is subjective well-being. | 这里的绿线表示法律变更的时间,y轴是主观幸福. |
| 177 | As we can see, the treatment group is always happier than the control group. | 我们可以看到,治疗组总是比控制组更快乐. |
| 178 | The trends for subjective well-being between these two groups are parallel before and after the legal change, indicating no effects of the legal change in 2011. | 这两个群体之间主观福祉的趋势在法律变革前后是平行的,表明2011年法律变革没有影响。 |
| 179 | Now let's look at the results for women. | 现在让我们来看看结果 对于女性。 |
| 180 | Before the legal change, the treatment group was happier than the control group. | 在法律变更前,治疗组比控制组更快乐. |
| 181 | However, within a year after the legal change, the subjective well-being for the treatment group dropped more substantially compared to the control group, indicating an active effect of the legal change on women's subjective well-being. | 然而,在法律变更后一年之内,治疗组的主观福利比控制组大幅下降,表明法律变更对妇女主观福利的积极影响. |
| 182 | However, this effect seemed to have weakened later on as we see the treatment group was happier than the control group again in 2014 and 2016. | 然而,随着我们看到治疗组在2014年和2016年再次比控制组更快乐,这种效果似乎后来有所减弱. |
| 183 | So what happened? | 发生什么事了? |
| 184 | Why did the effect weaken later on? | 为什么后来效果减弱? |
| 185 | I found some evidence that couples may have arranged to abide by a more traditional Chinese marriage norm after the reform. | 我发现一些证据表明夫妇可能在改革后安排遵守了比较传统的中国婚姻规范. |
| 186 | The traditional Chinese marriage norm here is that the husband provides family home and shares it with the wife. | 这里的中国传统婚姻规范是丈夫提供家庭住宅,并与妻子共享. |
| 187 | Specifically, many men in the treatment group transfer property rights to their children. | 具体来说,治疗小组中的许多男子将财产权转让给其子女。 |
| 188 | And this is rather unique finding in the Chinese context compared to many other Western countries. | 与许多其他西方国家相比,这在中国背景下是相当独特的发现. |
| 189 | By 2016, 9.1% of the individuals in the treatment group added the wife's name to the deed of the family home. | 到2016年,治疗组9.1%的个人在家庭住宅的契约上加上了妻子的名字. |
| 190 | 29.5% of them transferred ownership to their children and 3.2% of them transferred ownership to the wife. | 其中29.5%将所有权转让给子女,3.2%将所有权转让给妻子。 |
| 191 | In total, approximately 42% of individuals in the treatment group have a changed property ownership status within five years of the legal change. | 总的来说,在法律变更后的五年内,治疗组中约有42%的个人的财产所有权状况发生了变化。 |
| 192 | This figure shows the proportions of individuals in the treatment and control groups overcome. | 这一数字显示了个人在治疗和控制群体中的比例。 |
| 193 | As we can see, there is a big decrease in the proportions of individuals in the treatment group in 2014. | 正如我们所看到的那样,2014年治疗群体中个体的比例大幅下降。 |
| 194 | Because the law was passed in August in 2011, the 2012 wave is likely too soon for families to adjust. | 由于该法于2011年8月通过,2012年的浪潮可能为时尚早,家庭无法调整. |
| 195 | We see the decrease in the proportions of individuals in the treatment group is small between 2010 and 2012. | 我们看到,2010年至2012年期间,治疗群体中个体比例的下降幅度很小。 |
| 196 | Hopefully now I have convinced you that the 2011 judicial interpretation, although was considered gender neutral by many people, including some Chinese policymakers, has some gendered consequences. | 希望现在我已说服你,2011年的司法解释虽然被许多人,包括一些中国决策者认为是性别中立的,但会产生一些性别影响。 |
| 197 | Back to our question of how we can achieve gender equality. | 回到我们如何实现两性平等的问题。 |
| 198 | Apparently, gender blind policies often won't work. | 显然,无视性别的政策往往行不通。 |
| 199 | Gender blind policies, though they may appear to be unbiased, are often, in fact, based on information derived from mass activities and the assumption that all persons affected by the policies have the same needs and interests as most. | 无视性别的政策尽管看起来是没有偏见的,但事实上往往基于群众活动的信息以及所有受政策影响的人与大多数人具有同样的需要和利益这一假设。 |
| 200 | In contrast to gender blind policies, gender sensitive policies take gender relations into account. | 与无视性别的政策不同,对性别问题有敏感认识的政策考虑到了性别关系。 |
| 201 | The WHO, the United Nations and WHO describe three types of gender sensitive policies. | 卫生组织、联合国和卫生组织介绍了三种对性别问题敏感的政策。 |
| 202 | Gender neutral policies, gender specific policies, and gender redistributed policies. | 性别中立政策、针对性别的政策和性别再分配政策。 |
| 203 | As we mentioned before, gender neutral policies are not aimed specifically at either men or women and are assumed to affect both sexes equally. | 正如我们前面提到的那样,性别中立政策不是专门针对男子或妇女的,而且被认为对两性都具有同等影响。 |
| 204 | Gender specific policies acknowledge that women's gender related needs have been neglected in the past and the goal of such policies is to identify specific strategies that are appropriate for women. | 针对性别的政策承认,过去与性别有关的需要一直被忽视,这些政策的目标是确定适合妇女的具体战略。 |
| 205 | The goal of gender redistributed policies is to rebalance the power structure to create a more balanced relationship between men and women. | 性别再分配政策的目标是重新平衡权力结构,在男女之间建立更加平衡的关系。 |
| 206 | That is, they're really target on reducing the structure sexism. | 也就是说,他们真正的目标是减少结构性别歧视。 |
| 207 | Depending on specific policy goals, each of these three types of gender sensitive policies may have its unique advantages. | 根据具体政策目标,这三类性别敏感政策中的每一类都有其独特的优势。 |
| 208 | Okay, I'll stop it here. | 好吧,我在这里停下来。 |
| 209 | Thank you all for listening and look forward to the Q&A session. | 感谢大家的聆听和期待 QQA会议。 |
| 210 | All right. | 好吧,我们走。 |
| 211 | Great. | 不错 |
| 212 | Thank you so much. | 非常感谢 |
| 213 | So now we're going to transition into a time of Q&A. | 因此,我们现在要过渡到QQA时代. |
| 214 | So anybody that has questions, feel free to use the chat box to either mention your question, or you can raise your hand under the participants area, there should be a raise hand function, and I will be able to call on whoever has questions. | 所以,任何有问题的人,可以随意使用聊天框来提及你的问题,或者你可以在参与者区域下举手,应该有一个举手功能,我就可以召唤任何有问题的人. |
| 215 | We have a question in the chat box, asking about the sampling. | 我们有一个问题在聊天箱里, 问关于抽样。 |
| 216 | Is the sampling robust? | 采样稳健吗? |
| 217 | I guess you can talk a little bit more about just sort of methodology in general and how you came about your study. | 我想你们可以多谈一下一般的方法 以及你们是如何研究的。 |
| 218 | Yeah, thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 219 | The sample is conducted by Peking University and it's a nationally representative sample using probabilistic sampling method. | 样本由北京大学进行,是使用概率抽样方法的具有全国代表性的样本. |
| 220 | So there are a lot of like technical justifications online about this data set. | 因此,关于这个数据集,网上有很多类似技术论证. |
| 221 | So in general, I would say this is one of the best quality data set in China. | 因此,总的来说,我要说这是中国最高质量的数据集之一。 |
| 222 | It attracts a lot of people over time. | 随着时间的推移,它吸引了很多人。 |
| 223 | So I would say the sampling is pretty robust. | 所以我想说样本很强壮 |
| 224 | All right. | 好吧,我们走。 |
| 225 | We have a very interesting, so you mentioned that because of time, we're only discussing one particular case. | 我们有一个非常有趣的, 所以你提到, 由于时间, 我们只是讨论 一个特定的案件。 |
| 226 | But of course, I think for people that are asking questions, feel free to ask about others related, potentially gendered policies as well. | 当然,我认为,对于那些提出问题的人来说, 也可以自由地询问其他可能与性别有关的政策。 |
| 227 | And so Carol asks something that I think a lot of people haven't think about in regards to the three child policy. | 于是卡罗尔问了一些我认为很多人对三个孩子的政策 都没有想到的问题。 |
| 228 | That's something that's been in the news recently and how you think traditions and regulations will interact to change people's lives in regards to the three child policy. | 这在最近的新闻中, 以及你认为传统和法规将如何相互作用, 改变人们在三个孩子政策上的生活。 |
| 229 | Oh, this is such an interesting question. | 哦,这是一个有趣的问题。 |
| 230 | Well, we don't have any empirical evidence on this for now, but I think it's not surprising women will be expected to have more children in the future. | 目前我们还没有这方面的经验证据, 但我认为女性将来会有更多的孩子并不奇怪。 |
| 231 | I'm not sure they will actually have a child, but at least they will be expected to have those as a young woman myself. | 我不确定他们真的会生孩子, 但至少他们会期望他们自己有这些年轻女性。 |
| 232 | And I am sure a lot of young women in China have the same struggle that is how to balance career and family. | 我敢肯定,很多中国的女青年 也有同样的挣扎 如何平衡职业和家庭。 |
| 233 | And based on in paper research, the most consistent finding about women's career and family is that there's a motherhood penalty. | 而基于纸质研究,关于妇女事业和家庭的最一致的发现是存在母性惩罚. |
| 234 | And if you plot women's wage trajectories over time, it's basically pretty similar to men's wage trajectories until you have your first child. | 如果你在一段时间内设计出女性的工资轨迹, 它基本上与男性的工资轨迹相当, 直到你有了第一个孩子。 |
| 235 | And then your wage will drop substantially and they will never come back to the original level. | 然后工资会大幅下降 他们永远不会回到原来的水平 |
| 236 | Think about having this process three times, right? | 考虑过三次,对吧? |
| 237 | So I think apparently one consequence that young women particularly, they would be having a lot of mental pressure. | 所以我认为,显然一个后果是, 年轻的妇女,特别是, 她们会有很大的精神压力。 |
| 238 | Think about whether they should have a second or third child and whether they should get married at all. | 考虑她们是否应该有第二个或第三个孩子,以及她们是否应该结婚. |
| 239 | And then there will be a lot of negotiations within the family and depending on who has more bargaining power in the family. | 然后在家庭内部会有很多谈判,并取决于谁在家庭中拥有更多的讨价还价能力. |
| 240 | In China, I would say a lot of men, they're still the breadwinners, they're still the heads of households. | 在中国,我会说很多男人,他们仍然是养家糊口的人,还是一家之主. |
| 241 | Also, the parents-in-law, they have a lot of power too, particularly if they were living in a house where only the husband's name is on the deed, as we talk about divorce law change. | 此外,岳母也拥有很大的权力,特别是如果他们住在一个只有丈夫名字的契约上的房子,因为我们谈论离婚法的改变。 |
| 242 | So I would imagine a lot of women would be pressured to have more children and therefore their career will be further disrupted. | 所以我想,很多妇女会受到压力,要她们多生孩子,因此她们的事业会进一步中断. |
| 243 | So I think that's one obvious consequence that we can imagine. | 因此,我认为这是一个显而易见的后果,我们可以想象。 |
| 244 | So in this case, it's another very good example, the third child policy, right? | 因此,在这种情况下,这是另一个很好的例子, 第三个孩子政策,对不对? |
| 245 | They didn't say, well, women and men, but only women can give birth to children, right? | 他们没有说,女人和男人, 但只有女人可以生孩子,对不对? |
| 246 | So apparently the consequences cannot be gender neutral. | 因此,结果显然不能是性别中立的。 |
| 247 | Great. | 不错 |
| 248 | And I guess since we're already talking about different policies and how they affect potentially have gendered consequences. | 我想,既然我们已经在谈论不同的政策, 以及它们如何影响 可能会产生性别上的后果。 |
| 249 | What are some other, if we had had more time, what are some other policies that you think would be most important to address and maybe even some of the more surprising ones that people wouldn't normally think of as having gendered consequences? | 其他什么,如果我们有更多的时间,什么是一些你认为最重要的其他政策,甚至一些人们通常不会认为会产生性别后果的更令人惊讶的政策? |
| 250 | Yeah, this is such an important question. | 是啊,这是一个非常重要的问题。 |
| 251 | So I think so far we haven't had a lot of policies on sexual harassment. | 因此,我认为到目前为止,我们还没有 很多关于性骚扰的政策。 |
| 252 | And there are actually a lot of practicing in the Western countries. | 而实际上西方国家也有很多练习. |
| 253 | So sexual harassment originally in Western policies, they use like a reasonable person in the law policies. | 因此,性骚扰最初在西方政策中,他们在法律政策中像理性的人一样使用. |
| 254 | But based on the data, the majority of the victims of sexual harassment is actually women. | 但根据数据,性骚扰的大多数受害者实际上是妇女。 |
| 255 | So by using this kind of gender blend languages, they kind of disregard the role of gender and making the policy less targeted on women. | 因此,通过使用这种混合的性别语言, 他们忽略了性别的作用, 并使得政策较少针对妇女。 |
| 256 | So if this kind of policy could be gender sensitive, and then we can do a better job reducing sexual harassment incidences by better addressing women's needs and their special roles and expectations into society. | 因此,如果这种政策能对性别问题有敏感认识,那么,我们就可以通过更好地解决妇女的需求及其在社会中的特殊作用和期望,更好地减少性骚扰事件。 |
| 257 | So this is one example. | 这就是一个例子。 |
| 258 | I also would like to talk about this. | 我还要谈谈这个问题。 |
| 259 | Another example, which I have done some research on the legal retirement agents in China. | 另一个例子是,我对中国的合法退休人员做了一些研究。 |
| 260 | Well, that issue is more complicated in a way that is not gender, gender blind. | 这个问题更复杂 因为它不是性别,性别盲。 |
| 261 | So that would be one example among the Chinese policies that is more gender specific. | 因此,这将成为中国政策中更加针对性别的一个实例。 |
| 262 | So the legal retirement agents in China are a little bit complicated. | 所以,中国的合法退休代理人有点复杂. |
| 263 | But generally speaking, among urban residents, the legal retirement age for men is age 60. | 但一般而言,在城市居民中,男性的法定退休年龄为60岁. |
| 264 | Well, the legal retirement age for women is age 50. | 妇女的法定退休年龄是50岁。 |
| 265 | But if you are like a female cadres, you can retire at age 55. | 但如果你像女干部,55岁就可以退休了. |
| 266 | But a lot of women actually retire at age 50. | 但许多女性在50岁时实际退休. |
| 267 | So one interesting question is why, why men and women's legal retirement agents are different in China, whereas they are the same in many other countries? | 一个有趣的问题是,为什么中国的男女合法退休代理人不同,而其他许多国家却是一样的呢? |
| 268 | Well, this has not been very well studied. | 嗯,这还没有被很好地研究。 |
| 269 | But there are some potential guesses. | 但有一些潜在的猜测。 |
| 270 | So one potential guess about the motivation of making the law like gender specific is that the policymakers believe that women are weaker physically because they have to take care of family. | 因此,关于将法律具体化的动机的一个潜在猜测是,决策者认为,妇女身体较弱,因为她们必须照顾家庭。 |
| 271 | They have to give birth to children. | 他们必须生孩子。 |
| 272 | So they view this kind of earlier retirement ages as protection for women so that they can start to collect pension earlier. | 因此,她们认为这种提前退休年龄是对妇女的保护,以便她们能够更早开始领取养老金。 |
| 273 | So another potential reason which is also possible is the policymakers would like the women to retire early so that they can take care of grandchildren. | 另一个可能的原因是,决策者希望妇女提前退休,以便照顾孙子女。 |
| 274 | So that is another consideration to kind of like help the family function as young women have to work. | 因此,这是另一种考虑,比如帮助家庭运转,因为年轻妇女必须工作。 |
| 275 | So this hypothesis, and I examined basically the spirit over effect of men's retirement on women's health in China. | 这个假设,我基本上研究了 男性退休对中国女性健康的影响。 |
| 276 | So because in China, most couples, men are a little bit older, but they're not older. | 所以因为在中国,大多数夫妇,男人虽然年纪稍大,但并不老. |
| 277 | So their age difference would be like, wouldn't be 10 years apart. | 因此,他们的年龄差异会像, 不会是10年的间隔。 |
| 278 | So in most families, actually, the women retire first and then men retire later. | 因此,在大多数家庭里, 女性先退休,而男性则晚退休。 |
| 279 | And in Asian studies, consistent evidence showed that, well, if women retire earlier and the men retire later, then men's retirement would actually benefit the couple's health and happiness. | 在亚洲的研究中,一致的证据表明,如果女性提前退休,男性晚退休,那么男性的退休实际上会有利于夫妻的健康与幸福. |
| 280 | But it's not the case if the men retire earlier and women have to work when the men have retired, then the divorce risks increase substantially and men's retirement typically will have some negative consequences. | 但是,如果男子提前退休,而男子退休时妇女必须工作,那么离婚风险就会大大增加,男子的退休通常会产生一些负面的后果,则情况并非如此. |
| 281 | Why are there many reasons? | 为什么有很多原因? |
| 282 | If the men retire earlier, because women typically do most of the housework, they still need to take care of the men. | 如果男子提前退休,因为妇女通常从事大部分家务劳动,她们仍然需要照顾男子。 |
| 283 | And then they still need to balance family and career, whereas if women retire early, they have more time. | 然后,她们仍需要平衡家庭和职业,而如果妇女提前退休,则她们有更多的时间。 |
| 284 | So men are happier, so the family are happier. | 男人更快乐,家人更快乐 |
| 285 | So because of this gender difference in the legal retirement ages, in the Chinese household, we see a lot of couples, like women retire early and men retire later. | 因此由于法定退休年龄的这种性别差异,在中国家庭中,我们看到很多夫妇,比如女性提前退休,男性晚退休. |
| 286 | And I do find men's retirement benefits women's health. | 我确实找到了男性的退休福利 女性的健康。 |
| 287 | I find that after men's retirement, now both couples retire, right? | 我发现,在男人退休后, 现在两对夫妇退休,对不对? |
| 288 | So they spend more time doing plaza dancing and visiting friends, all those kind of fun things. | 所以他们花更多的时间 做广场舞 和拜访朋友, 所有这些有趣的事情。 |
| 289 | So that's a very interesting example among Chinese policies that is gender specific. | 这是中国政策中一个非常有趣的例子, 具体针对性别。 |
| 290 | That's very interesting. | 这很有趣。 |
| 291 | We can discuss more about that. | 我们可以讨论更多关于这一点。 |
| 292 | There's another question or a follow up question in the chat box regarding research methods, which I know many people who are on this call are aspiring academics and interested in sociology. | 聊天盒里还有另一个问题或后续问题, 关于研究方法, 我知道很多人在这个电话上 都有志向的学者, 对社会学感兴趣。 |
| 293 | And so there was a question about your research methods, again, regarding quantitative versus qualitative, whether you use any qualitative research as well. | 关于你的研究方法, 关于定量和定性, 你是否也使用过任何定性研究。 |
| 294 | And the impetus behind the question is obviously with China being such a large country and sampling being difficult for various reasons. | 而问题背后的动力显然在于中国是一个如此庞大的国家,而且由于各种原因抽样比较困难. |
| 295 | And so just sort of talking even more in depth about the research methods for this particular study, but I guess also in general. | 更深入地谈论这个研究的研究方法, 但我也从总体上说。 |
| 296 | Because I know for a lot of people, you know, it's a changing landscape for doing research about China as well. | 因为我知道很多人, 你知道,这是一个变化的景观 做关于中国的研究。 |
| 297 | Yeah, definitely. | 当然 |
| 298 | So I use quantitative methods for the majority of the analysis. | 所以我用定量方法进行大部分分析。 |
| 299 | I have been just talking to some people just to get a better sense about this topic and people's real life feelings. | 我一直在和一些人交谈 为了更好地了解这个话题和人们真实生活的感觉。 |
| 300 | I talked to a couple of lawyers in China just to ask them how in practice this law was enforced. | 我和中国的几位律师谈过了, |
| 301 | But for the study, the majority of the analysis are quantitative. | 但对于研究,大部分分析都是定量的. |
| 302 | So I use this natural experimental approach. | 所以我用这种自然实验的方法。 |
| 303 | I introduced a little bit in the talk. | 我在演讲中介绍了一点 |
| 304 | It's one type of econometric analysis. | 这是经济计量分析的一种. |
| 305 | And yeah, the publication, I have the paper published in the Journal of Marriage and Family in 2020. | 是的,这个出版物,我在2020年的《婚姻和家庭杂志》上发表了论文。 |
| 306 | So if you look at my personal website on my CV, you can easily find it. | 所以,如果你看我的个人网站 我的简历,你可以很容易地找到它。 |
| 307 | I can also share a link in the chat. | 我也可以在聊天时分享一个链接. |
| 308 | For the sampling, I agree that sampling in China is difficult because China is huge, right? | 对于取样,我同意在中国的取样很困难,因为中国是巨大的,对吧? |
| 309 | And it's very complicated. | 这非常复杂。 |
| 310 | I think one strength of my study is that I actually didn't sample these people by myself. | 我认为我研究的一个优点是, 其实我并没有一个人来采样这些人。 |
| 311 | Instead, I rely on a very high quality data set collected by Peking University. | 相反,我依赖北京大学收集的一套非常高质量的数据。 |
| 312 | And they spend millions and millions of dollars on this survey. | 他们花费了数百万美元来调查。 |
| 313 | They have professionals who conduct surveys. | 他们有从事调查的专业人员。 |
| 314 | And they have a lot of detailed technical reports about the quality of this survey. | 他们有很多关于这次调查质量的详细技术报告. |
| 315 | And from the report, simply speaking, the survey is representative of the majority of Chinese provinces, except for I think Tibet and Xinjiang. | 并且从报告上简单地说,这次调查代表了中国大多数省份,除了我认为西藏和新疆. |
| 316 | So I would say this is pretty high quality and it's probabilistic sampling, meaning that it's truly representative. | 所以,我要说,这是相当高的质量, 它的概率抽样, 这意味着它真正具有代表性。 |
| 317 | To further illustrate that, just in case there are some students here, so what is the probabilistic sampling method? | 为了进一步说明这一点,如果这里有一些学生,那么概率抽样方法是什么? |
| 318 | So if you want to, for example, conduct a study about we have 44 people in this room, right? | 所以,如果你想,比如, 做一个研究 我们有44人在这个房间,对不对? |
| 319 | So we have 45 now. | 所以,我们现在有45。 |
| 320 | If you want to conduct a study on 45 people in this room, and you don't have that much money and time to sample everyone. | 如果你想对这个房间里的45个人进行研究, 你没有那么多钱和时间来检验每个人。 |
| 321 | So you could randomly pick maybe like Devin, me, and then that would be super biased because we're the host. | 所以你可以随机选择 也许像Devin,我, 然后那会是超级偏颇 因为我们是东道主。 |
| 322 | Or you could use some probability theory to make sure you sample maybe 10 people, but this 10 people represent a cluster of people with certain characteristics. | 或者你可以使用一些概率理论来保证你样本可能为10个人, 但是这10个人代表着一群具有某些特征的人。 |
| 323 | So that we make sure that each broader type of individual has some representation in our data. | 这样我们就能确保每一个更广泛的个体 都能在数据中有所体现。 |
| 324 | So that is the general idea about this survey. | 这就是这次调查的一般想法。 |
| 325 | Great. | 不错 |
| 326 | Thanks. | 谢谢 |
| 327 | So I know we're flip flopping between research methods and content, but Alex has an interesting question. | 所以,我知道我们在研究方法和内容之间翻转, 但Alex有一个有趣的问题。 |
| 328 | So the question is regarding the phenomenon of entrance exams, Gaokao, scores of male and female students in public security colleges and how they're different. | 所以问题在于入学考试,高考,公安院校男女生的分数,以及他们的区别. |
| 329 | And do you think there is a certain rationality for why they're different and how they're treated differently as well? | 你认为他们为什么不同 和如何对待他们有某种理性吗? |
| 330 | I really like this question. | 我真的很喜欢这个问题。 |
| 331 | Yeah, this is another policy. | 是啊,这是另一种政策。 |
| 332 | Actually, I think it's not well, it's gender blind, right? | 其实,我觉得这不好, 性别盲,对不对? |
| 333 | Because Gaokao is the same for male and female students. | 因为高考对男女学生来说是一样的. |
| 334 | The cutoff scores are the same. | 截断分数同. |
| 335 | However, I have heard some recent discussions about changing it to gender specific, but it's not like trying to lower women's cutoff score or something. | 不过,我最近听到一些关于把它改为针对性别的讨论,但这并不像试图降低女性的分数什么的. |
| 336 | It's trying to make it higher. | 欲令其高处. |
| 337 | So the idea about it is Chinese women's academic performance in recent years has surpassed men's. | 所以这个想法是近年来中国女性的学术表现超过了男性. |
| 338 | And then some parents and policymakers, they think it's good to maintain a balanced sex ratio in elite colleges or higher education. | 然后,一些家长和决策者认为在精英学院或高等教育中保持平衡的性别比是好的. |
| 339 | So they want to protect those boys in this way. | 所以他们想用这种方式保护那些男孩. |
| 340 | So by lowering their cutoff scores. | 所以,通过降低他们的分数。 |
| 341 | That sounds very controversial, right? | 听起来很有争议 对吧? |
| 342 | But they have some justifications. | 但他们有一些理由。 |
| 343 | I would love to hear about the audience thoughts on this. | 我想听听观众对此的看法。 |
| 344 | So the justification is that the questions asked in college entrance examinations heavily depend on memorization. | 因此,理由是大学入学考试中提出的问题很大程度上依赖于回忆. |
| 345 | And women are better at memorizing things than men. | 女人比男人更擅长回忆事物 |
| 346 | So in other words, they believe the task questions are typically biased against men. | 所以换句话说,他们相信任务问题通常对男性有偏见. |
| 347 | So that's their justification for lowering the cutoff scores for men. | 这就是他们降低男子禁赛分数的理由。 |
| 348 | I personally, I think, you know, I agree. | 我个人认为 我同意 |
| 349 | A lot of the task questions in college are kind of heavily dependent on memorization. | 大学里很多的任务问题 都严重依赖于记忆 |
| 350 | And there is some empirical evidence showing that women are better at memorizing things than men. | 有一些经验证据表明 女人比男人更擅长回忆事物 |
| 351 | But I think this is a super interesting question. | 但我认为这是一个非常有趣的问题。 |
| 352 | I'm not sure lowering men's cutoff scores in college would be the best way to restore a balanced gender ratio. | 我不确定降低男子在大学的分数 是恢复平衡性别比例的最好办法 |
| 353 | Or I think a further question is whether we should care about the balanced gender ratio in elite colleges in China. | 或者我认为还有一个问题,我们是否应该关心中国精英学院的均衡性别比例. |
| 354 | Rather than considering other things like maybe racial diversity or ethnic diversity, this kind of thing, or all diversity based on socioeconomic status. | 而不是考虑其他事物,比如种族多样性或族裔多样性,这类事物,或者基于社会经济地位的所有多样性. |
| 355 | Yeah, if any audience wants to jump in, I would love to hear your thoughts on this. | 是啊,如果有观众想跳进来,我很乐意听到你的想法。 |
| 356 | Yeah, that's a great thing for people to be able to jump in. | 是啊,这是伟大的事情 人们能够跳跃。 |
| 357 | Because I'm sure everybody has been thinking about it and is affected by it. | 因为我相信每个人都在思考 并受到它的影响。 |
| 358 | So if people want to jump in with comments or questions about that, please go ahead and raise your hand or share thoughts on the chat box. | 因此,如果人们想 跳跃的评论或问题 关于这一点, 请继续 举手或分享想法 在聊天框。 |
| 359 | While people are doing that, I guess one of the things that you sort of discuss is the unintended consequences of a lot of these policies. | 当人们这样做的时候,我想你们讨论的一件事 是这些政策的意外后果。 |
| 360 | So if we use the Gaokao thing that we just discussed, if we were to implement something like that, | 所以,如果我们使用我们刚刚讨论的 高考的事情, 如果我们要执行类似的东西, |
| 361 | what perhaps are some of the non-intended consequences that people are not seeing when it applies to gender? | 也许人们在性别方面没有看到一些非预期的后果是什么? |
| 362 | Because I could see, as you mentioned, there is some empirical evidence for women performing better on memorative tasks and standardized tests in general. | 因为,正如你提到的那样,我可以看到,有一些经验证据表明,妇女在执行记忆性任务和一般标准化测试方面表现更好。 |
| 363 | But that must have implications for distribution of students. | 但是,这必须对学生的分布产生影响。 |
| 364 | And perhaps if you look down the line, if we talk about left behind men or women. | 也许,如果你往下看, 如果我们谈论留下的男女。 |
| 365 | So I'm just curious what you think with your experience studying gender, what would be some of the potential unintended consequences of something like that? | 所以我好奇你研究性别的经验会怎么想, 诸如此类的意外后果是什么? |
| 366 | So if I understand correctly, your question is if we implement a policy that lowers the cutoff score for boys without the unintended consequences. | 所以,如果我正确理解,你的问题是, 如果我们执行一个政策, 降低男孩的分数 没有意外的后果。 |
| 367 | I honestly don't know. | 老实说我不知道 |
| 368 | So I think I could say both ways. | 所以我想我可以说两条路。 |
| 369 | I could say that women working harder and I mean lowering the cutoff scores may provide a bad incentive for boys. | 我可以说,妇女更努力地工作,我的意思是降低截止分数可能会给男孩带来不良的刺激. |
| 370 | Thinking about that now, they need to work less harder in order to get into the same college as women. | 现在想到这一点,她们需要少做点工作,以便进入与女性相同的学院. |
| 371 | And then another interesting consequence might be on the marriage market. | 另一个有趣的后果可能是婚姻市场。 |
| 372 | And then if that's the case, let's assume that in the same college, right, like women, they have higher academic ability compared to men because they have higher cutoff scores. | 如果是这样的话,让我们假设,在同一所大学里, 和女性一样, 他们的学术能力比男性更高, 因为她们的截断分数更高。 |
| 373 | So it's harder for them to enter these colleges. | 所以他们更难进入这些学院. |
| 374 | So on average, their academic performance is better than men. | 因此,平均而言,他们的学习成绩优于男子。 |
| 375 | And then on the marriage market, we will face a lot of men and women with the same educational attainment, but their academic performance is different. | 之后在婚姻市场上,我们将面对许多具有相同教育程度的男女,但他们的学术表现却有所不同. |
| 376 | So I think that would be a very interesting phenomenon just to think about it and why they're raising the marriage. | 所以,我认为这只是一个非常有趣的现象 来考虑它和他们为什么提高婚姻。 |
| 377 | Women will have like higher bargaining power just because they let's say maybe they're smarter or something. | 女人会有更高的讨价还价能力 就因为也许她们很聪明 |
| 378 | Another thing I think like this, the kind of standardized task, which heavily depends on memorization. | 还有一件事,我是这样想的, 那种标准化的任务, 这在很大程度上依赖于记忆。 |
| 379 | There are some disadvantages about that, but I don't think it is such a bad thing, to be honest. | 但老实说,我不觉得这是件坏事 |
| 380 | I mean, currently, this is in China. | 我的意思是,目前,这是在中国。 |
| 381 | Because what do you see in the US, for example, it's more complicated to get into college. | 因为在美国你看到的,比如说,进入大学更复杂。 |
| 382 | So you not only need like ACT score, you also need recommendation ledgers. | 你不仅需要ACT分数 还需要推荐分类账 |
| 383 | You also need to do some volunteer work, right. | 你还需要做一些志愿工作,对吗? |
| 384 | You need to make your CV like very, very, very fancy in a way that you are not only a person who cares about study, but also you have like big evasions towards the world. | 你需要让你的CV变得非常,非常,非常的花样 让你不仅关心学习, 也喜欢大逃避世界。 |
| 385 | I'm sure like most Yale students are familiar with that. | 我敢肯定,像大多数耶鲁学生 熟悉这一点。 |
| 386 | So I have some students at Yale that they have to study very hard during the day. | 所以,我有一些学生在耶鲁, 他们必须在白天非常努力地学习。 |
| 387 | And then at night, they still need to get into a lot of extracurricular activities. | 然后在晚上,他们仍然需要进入很多课外活动. |
| 388 | And as a result, they sleep very little. | 结果,他们很少睡觉。 |
| 389 | And this is all great. | 这是所有伟大的。 |
| 390 | But think about China, we have so many students and so few schools. | 但想想中国,我们有这么多的学生,那么少的学校. |
| 391 | It's kind of like very difficult to have the same system as the US has. | 与美国一样的系统很难使用 |
| 392 | Basically, we don't have enough like resources to view this kind of material so carefully. | 基本上,我们没有足够的资源 如此仔细地看待这种材料。 |
| 393 | And also preparing all these materials will give Chinese parents additional burden. | 还准备了所有这些材料,将给中国父母带来额外的负担. |
| 394 | Just think about for a person from like very underdeveloped regions in China, they can memorize things. | 对于一个来自中国非常不发达的地区的人来说, 他们可以记住一些事情。 |
| 395 | If they work very hard, if they just spend tons of hours trying to memorize every detail in the textbook, they can get into college. | 如果他们很努力地工作,如果他们只花很多时间 试图记住教科书中的每一个细节, 他们可以进入大学。 |
| 396 | But if you ask them, oh, you have to play violin now, you have to attend this fancy conference internationally, and they don't have the resources. | 但是如果你问他们,哦,你现在必须拉小提琴, 你必须参加这个国际的花哨会议, 他们没有资源。 |
| 397 | So I think I don't think like the current system is that bad, to be honest. | 老实说,我觉得现在的系统不是那么糟糕。 |
| 398 | But that's just my personal opinion on this. | 但这是我个人对此的看法。 |
| 399 | Althea有个问题 | |
| 400 | What are the possible steps forward for China to adopt more gender equal policies, given its rigid stance on progressivism? | 鉴于中国对进步主义的僵硬立场,中国在采取更加男女平等的政策方面可以采取哪些步骤? |
| 401 | And can students have an impact on this? | 学生能对此产生影响吗? |
| 402 | That's a great question. | 问曰. |
| 403 | So what are the possible steps? | 那么,什么是可能的步骤? |
| 404 | This is very complicated because the policymaking process in China is not that approachable by the general public. | 这非常复杂,因为中国的决策进程不是一般公众能够处理的。 |
| 405 | But I do think there is something that we can do. | 但我确实认为我们可以做点什么。 |
| 406 | So as researchers, we can conduct more research. | 因此,作为研究者,我们可以进行更多的研究。 |
| 407 | And as policymakers, I think we need to promote a culture of adopting evidence-based policy. | 作为决策者,我认为我们需要促进一种采取循证政策的文化。 |
| 408 | So this policy cannot be just based on some kind of speculation. | 所以这个政策不能只是基于某种猜测. |
| 409 | They need to be based on rigorous empirical research with high quality data. | 它们需要以具有高质量数据的严格经验研究为基础。 |
| 410 | And students can definitely have an impact on this by either trying to study research methods to become a researcher or trying to or get a job in the government and become policymakers yourself. | 学生可以肯定地对此产生影响,要么尝试研究研究方法,成为研究者,要么尝试或获得政府工作,自己成为决策者。 |
| 411 | Or just to promote this kind of atmosphere or culture environment in the society. | 或者只是为了在社会中促进这种氛围或文化环境. |
| 412 | Sherry has a follow-up question. | 舍利有续问. |
| 413 | Sherry, are you able to ask directly or would you want me to read the question? | 雪莉,你能直接问 还是要我读一下问题? |
| 414 | That's okay. | 没关系 |
| 415 | All right. | 好吧,我们走。 |
| 416 | So Sherry's question is a follow-up to regarding recruitment efforts that are different based on gender and education. | 因此,雪利的问题是有关基于性别和教育的不同招聘努力的后续。 |
| 417 | And then I guess the question being employers potentially favor male job seekers instead of females. | 然后我想雇主的问题 可能有利于男性而不是女性求职者。 |
| 418 | And that seems to be a common phenomenon in the job market. | 这似乎是就业市场的一个普遍现象。 |
| 419 | So I'm not quite sure what the question is. | 所以我不知道问题是什么 |
| 420 | I guess just comparing the education system and the gender difference between that and the job market. | 我想只是比较一下教育系统 以及这与就业市场之间的性别差异 |
| 421 | I'm not quite sure. | 我不太确定,我还不知道 |
| 422 | Yeah, I'm not sure what the question here is, but I can comment a little bit on this. | 对,我不知道问题是什么 但我可以对此发表一点评论 |
| 423 | I think one different, one surprising thing we see in the labor market in China is a lot of job advertisement is gender specific. | 我认为,在中国劳动力市场上,有一件不同的事情令人惊讶的是,许多工作广告都是针对性别的。 |
| 424 | By the way, it's gender biased. | 顺便说一句,这有性别偏见. |
| 425 | So for a lot of jobs, they said men only. | 因此,对于很多工作, 他们说只有男人。 |
| 426 | For a lot of jobs, they said women only. | 对于很多工作,他们说只有女人。 |
| 427 | Whereas because of some regulations, you are not able to say this happened very often in the US, for example, because it would be considered illegal. | 尽管由于某些法规,你无法说这在美国经常发生,比如说,因为它被认为是非法的。 |
| 428 | You have to make a lot of effort trying to justify why this job is only for men or women. | 您必须做出很大努力来说明为什么这项工作只针对男性或女性。 |
| 429 | But in China, it looks like it's a common practice. | 但在中国,这似乎是一种常见的做法. |
| 430 | So it is an interesting question, though. | 虽然这是一个有趣的问题。 |
| 431 | So for example, for the trash men, right, most of the trash men, the men who pick up the trash, they're men. | 比如说,对于垃圾人来说, 对,大多数垃圾人, 那些捡垃圾的人, 他们是男人。 |
| 432 | But is it really necessary to require that men only for this type of job? | 但是否真的有必要要求男子只从事这类工作? |
| 433 | So there may be some women who are interested in this job, and they probably could have performed better, particularly with modern technology. | 因此,可能有一些妇女对这一工作感兴趣,她们可能表现得更好,特别是利用现代技术。 |
| 434 | I don't see the reason why for majority of the jobs that only a specific gender could perform it. | 我看不出为什么大多数工作 只有特定的性别才能完成 |
| 435 | Another example is a nurse. | 另一个例子是护士。 |
| 436 | Most of the nurses are women, but a lot of great nurses, they are actually men. | 大部分护士是妇女,但很多伟大的护士,他们实际上是男子。 |
| 437 | Actually, there is a shortage of male nurses. | 实际上,男性护士短缺。 |
| 438 | It's also a great career trajectory if any of the audience here are students. | 如果这里的任何观众都是学生,这也是一个伟大的事业轨迹. |
| 439 | If you're a man and you are interested in being a nurse, you can actually have a very good career and very, very good income because there's a huge demand for this, for male nurses. | 如果你是一个男人,而且你有兴趣成为一名护士, 你实际上可以有一个非常好的职业生涯, 和非常,非常好的收入, 因为有一个巨大的需求, 对于男性护士。 |
| 440 | Great. | 不错 |
| 441 | Wong, I'm going to unmute you and ask you want to ask your question directly. | 黄帝,我解你,问你直接问问题 |
| 442 | Okay. | 摆 |
| 443 | I guess I will summarize their question. | 我想我会总结一下他们的问题。 |
| 444 | Basically, the idea is that historically it's been a matrilineal society. | 基本上,这个想法是,历史上它是一个母系社会。 |
| 445 | And that has mapped on to slow productivity throughout history until recently it's become a recent being a thousand years ago. | 这在历史上一直拖慢生产力,直到最近才变成一千年前。 |
| 446 | Patriarchal society and that has accelerated social civilizations development. | 父权社会加速了社会文明的发展。 |
| 447 | So is there some kind of correlation between male, they say hormones and human progress? | 所以雄性之间是否有某种关联, 他们说激素和人类进步? |
| 448 | This is such an interesting question. | 这是一个有趣的问题。 |
| 449 | I have never heard about this kind of argument before. | 我从来没有听说过这种争论。 |
| 450 | I would love to hear more about the justifications behind this. | 我很想听到更多关于背后的理由。 |
| 451 | But I don't think there's a causal relationship personally between having a patriarchal society and a social civilization. | 但是,我认为在拥有宗法社会和社会文明之间,个人并没有因果关系. |
| 452 | I think, well, it's unclear if most of societies, if they're not patriarchal and the human societies won't advance. | 我认为,如果大多数社会,如果不是父权制社会,人类社会不会进步,那还不清楚. |
| 453 | My personal guess is it will still advance. | 我个人的猜测是,它仍然会推进。 |
| 454 | And that's, I mean, that's that I do think, you know, some of the features of the patriarchal society, maybe not unique to patriarchal society, but it just like they happen to be there, makes like the society more efficient. | 这就是,我的意思,我确实认为,你知道, 父权社会的一些特征, 也许不是父权社会独有的, 但就像他们碰巧在那里, 使得社会的效率更高。 |
| 455 | So that, well, a lot of feminists, they were saying that, man, they like to suppress women in the history, right, so that they can get things done. | 所以,很多女权主义者, 他们都说,男人,他们喜欢在历史上压制妇女, 对,这样她们就可以把事情办好。 |
| 456 | I don't judge this argument, but I think there are some issues to it. | 我不判断这个论点,但我认为它有一些问题. |
| 457 | That said, I don't think that we need this feature, which is patriarchal today anymore. | 虽然如此,我认为我们不需要这个特征,今天这个特征已经是父权主义了. |
| 458 | Unless like there's like solid reason for that. | 除非像有 像这样有确凿的理由。 |
| 459 | Yeah, a lot, a lot of assumptions that need to be parsed out in that theory. | 是的,很多,很多假设 需要解析 在理论。 |
| 460 | Alicia Barry有个问题 | |
| 461 | Again, I'm going to ask people if they're able to, but if not, that's fine. | 再次,我要问人们是否有能力,但如果不行,那就没事了. |
| 462 | Great. | 不错 |
| 463 | Yeah, I was just interested in what you were just talking about with like the segregation of occupations. | 是的,我只是感兴趣 你刚才谈论什么 像职业隔离。 |
| 464 | And I was just wondering, because your specialty is policies. | 我只是想知道你的专长是政策 |
| 465 | So I was just wondering if you think that in China, there are policies that could help this and as well as kind of the educational segregation that then causes the occupational segregation, because obviously these issues are very, | 所以我想知道你是否认为,在中国,有些政策可以帮助实现这一点,以及造成职业隔离的教育隔离,因为这些问题显然非常严重, |
| 466 | socially embedded and start at a young age. | 社会嵌入和从小开始。 |
| 467 | So, yeah, just from a policy perspective, I was wondering if, if you think that specific policies can help with this. | 所以,从政策角度看,我想知道,如果你认为具体政策能帮助我们。 |
| 468 | Yeah, thank you, Alicia. | 是的,谢谢你,艾丽西娅。 |
| 469 | I really appreciate you unmute yourself and that felt like talking to your own person. | 我真的很感激你不自责 感觉就像在和你自己说话 |
| 470 | This is such a great question. | 这是一个伟大的问题。 |
| 471 | I think we mentioned this a little bit, such as in the hiring process, right. | 我想我们提到了这一点,比如在招聘过程中,没错。 |
| 472 | So a lot of the jobs there are not necessarily only targeting men or women. | 因此,很多工作不一定只针对男人或女人。 |
| 473 | So I think it's very unnecessary in most cases to have the job advertisement saying these jobs are for men or for women only. | 所以,我认为在多数情况下都没有必要有工作广告 说这些工作只针对男性或女性。 |
| 474 | But you are definitely right that this is not, in order to eliminate this kind of occupational segregation, we need to do something as early as in the school level, in the school stage. | 但是,你绝对是对的,为了消除这种职业隔离,我们需要在学校一级,在学校阶段做一些事情。 |
| 475 | So one thing in my own research also I realized, so I did some study based on parental industry sectors and children's major choices in China using some administrative data from a couple of elite colleges in China. | 所以我在自己的研究中也意识到了一件事, 所以我做了一些研究, 研究了家长产业部门和中国儿童的主要选择 利用了中国几所精英学院的一些行政数据。 |
| 476 | So what we've, what we found in the study is really interesting. | 所以我们在研究中发现的 很有趣 |
| 477 | So we found that, well, before 1990s, right, most of the students in China, they study like STEM. | 因此,我们发现,在1990年代之前, 对,大多数中国学生, 他们学习像STEM。 |
| 478 | But now, because of the college expansion, a lot of people are allowed to enter colleges. | 但是现在,由于学院的扩大,很多人被允许进入学院. |
| 479 | And the additional people that we have in colleges, most of them actually study these new majors, basically humanities and social sciences. | 而我们大学里有更多的人, 他们大多是研究这些新的学科, 主要是人文和社会科学。 |
| 480 | So we don't see a substantial increase. | 因此我们没有看到大幅度的增加. |
| 481 | We see some increase, but I mean the increase in the number of people attending college, getting college degrees, highly concentrated in humanities and social sciences majors actually. | 我们看到了一些增长,但我指的是大学入学人数的增加, 获得大学学位, 高度集中于人文和社会科学专业。 |
| 482 | Particularly like economics, laws, these kind of majors. | 特别是经济学,法学,这类专业. |
| 483 | And then if they look at whether their major choices have anything to do with their parents, like occupations or industries, it's actually highly correlated. | 然后,如果他们看看他们的主要选择 是否与父母有关, 比如职业或行业, 这其实是高度相关的。 |
| 484 | So one interesting example in our finding is that we find that doctors, medical doctors' children are much more likely to attend medical school than any other professions, which is actually highly consistent with Western experience as well. | 因此,我们发现的一个有趣的例子是,我们发现医生,医生的子女比任何其他职业更可能上医学院,这实际上也与西方的经验高度一致. |
| 485 | And it's different in the way that in the US or in many Western countries, doctors are actually the most privileged occupations. | 而在美国或许多西方国家,医生实际上是最特权的职业,这是不同的。 |
| 486 | While in China, doctors are still very privileged, but it's not as privileged, for example, as some other occupations. | 在中国期间,医生仍然享有很高的特权,但并没有像其他一些职业那样享有特权. |
| 487 | So another interesting finding is we find that students from higher socioeconomic status backgrounds, they are more likely to study humanities, particularly girls. | 另外一个有趣的发现是,我们发现来自社会经济地位较高的学生, 他们更有可能学习人文科学,特别是女孩。 |
| 488 | So if we just look at all the students coming from this high socioeconomic status family, the girls from this family are much more likely to study Chinese literature or sociology or some other humanities-oriented subjects. | 因此,如果我们看看所有来自这个高社会经济地位家庭的学生,这个家庭的女孩们就更有可能学习中国文学或社会学,或者一些其他面向人文的学科. |
| 489 | So this is actually a very interesting phenomenon. | 这其实是一个非常有趣的现象。 |
| 490 | But in general, we see that girls in China, they're increasingly more likely to study non-STAM majors, where STAM majors are still disproportionately represented by male students. | 但总的来说,我们看到中国的女生,她们学习非STAM专业的可能性越来越大,在那里STAM专业的男生比例仍然过高. |
| 491 | And we also know in China that the returns to different college majors are huge. | 在中国,我们也知道, 不同的大学专业的回报是巨大的。 |
| 492 | Engineers make a lot of money right after college. | 工程师在大学毕业后赚了很多钱 |
| 493 | Whereas the humanities social sciences major, they have a much more difficult job market. | 虽然人文社会科学是主要的,但就业市场却困难得多。 |
| 494 | So I think something could be done trying to promote girls to study the STAM majors. | 所以,我想可以做一些事情 试图促进女孩学习STAM专业。 |
| 495 | And I believe the Chinese girls are all very smart. | 我相信中国女孩们都很聪明 |
| 496 | I don't believe that they're not good at STAMs at all. | 我认为他们根本不擅长STAMs. |
| 497 | So myself is an example. | 因此,我自己就是一个例子。 |
| 498 | I studied sociology back in China in college. | 大学时曾在中国学习社会学. |
| 499 | And then I thought maybe I was not that interested in STAM, but then I was interested in being a researcher. | 然后我想也许我对STAM没有那么感兴趣, 但我对成为一名研究员感兴趣。 |
| 500 | And then I needed this mathematics statistics background. | 然后我需要这个数学统计背景。 |
| 501 | So actually I retook all the mathematics major sequence at Duke as a PhD. | 因此,实际上我把杜克所有的数学主要序列 都重新做为博士。 |
| 502 | And guess what? | 你猜怎么着? |
| 503 | I nailed it. | 我钉住了 |
| 504 | So I was in this linear regression class, not linear regression, linear algebra classes for engineering majors at Duke. | 于是我进入了线性回归类,而不是线性回归类,线性代数类,用于杜克的工程专业. |
| 505 | And then I was like the top students, like number two in almost all the exams. | 然后,我就像顶尖的学生, 就像几乎所有考试中的第二名。 |
| 506 | So I highly believe that, you know, for most girls, it's not that STAM majors are that difficult for them. | 所以我坚信,对于大多数女孩来说, STAM专业对他们来说并不是那么困难。 |
| 507 | It's just they they were told from very young that they're not good at STAMs as much as boys. | 只是他们从小就被告知 他们不像男孩那样擅长STAM |
| 508 | I remember why as I growing up, my father is engineer. | 我记得为什么我长大了 我父亲是工程师 |
| 509 | He likes to tutor me. | 他喜欢教我 |
| 510 | Every time I couldn't guess something very quickly, he would always say, oh, if you were a boy, probably you will get it much more quickly. | 每次我无法很快猜到什么 他总是说 如果你还是个男孩 或许你会更快得到 |
| 511 | This is not true, as I proved him to be wrong. | 这不是真的,因为我证明他错了。 |
| 512 | And now I'm a very good quantitative researcher, as you can see from the CV. | 现在,我是一个很好的定量研究者, 从CV中可以看到。 |
| 513 | So I think like a lot of policies, a lot of efforts to be done. | 所以,我认为像很多政策, 很多工作需要做。 |
| 514 | to encourage Chinese girls to study sound majors. | 鼓励中国女生学习声学专业. |
| 515 | Great. | 不错 |
| 516 | And I think that's a pretty good note to end on there. | 我认为,这是一个很好的音符 结束在那里。 |
| 517 | Thank you so much, Professor Eminem, | 非常谢谢你,艾明教授 |
| 518 | and thank you everybody for participating. | 谢谢大家的参加 |
| 519 | I will ask everybody one more time to unmute | 我将再次要求大家解密 |
| 520 | if they're able to, | 如果他们能 |
| 521 | so that you guys can all thank professor personally. | 这样你们才能亲自感谢教授 |
| 522 | And also if you want to turn on your webcams, | 如果你想打开你的摄像头 |
| 523 | we have a tradition of everybody taking a group picture | 我们有一个传统,每个人都拍一个团体照片 |
| 524 | by turning on their webcams. | 通过打开他们的摄像头。 |
| 525 | Thank you very much. | 谢谢 |
| 526 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 527 | Thank you very much. | 谢谢 |
| 528 | Bye bye. | 再见 |
| 529 | Bye. | 再见。 |
| 530 | Bye, thank you. | 再见 谢谢 |
| 531 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
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