哈以俄乌最大赢家可能是…改变历史的医学突破？
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:04 | Good morning, good afternoon, good evening, everyone, wherever you are. | 早上好,下午好,晚上好,大家好,无论你们在哪里 |
| 0:08 | Welcome to this Yale Center Beijing event on the book, The Masters of Medicine. | 欢迎来到耶鲁中心的北京活动 这本书,医学大师。 |
| 0:15 | I'm Carolee Rafferty, the executive director of Yale Center Beijing and also Yale College | 我是北京耶鲁中心 以及耶鲁学院的执行主任卡罗莉·拉费蒂 |
| 0:21 | Class of 2000. | 2000级. |
| 0:24 | And I'm delighted to have a distant cousin, Dr. Andrew Lam here, a retinate surgeon and | 我很高兴有一位远房的表妹 安德鲁·林博士 重症外科医生 |
| 0:33 | award-winning author of the book that we'll be speaking about today to speak about the | 获奖的书作者 我们将谈论今天 关于 |
| 0:39 | history of medicine and how medicine is actually the only winner in wars, which I thought was | 医学史 医学是如何成为战争中唯一赢家的 |
| 0:48 | a very catchy title. | 标题不错 |
| 0:50 | A bit of a bit of background, Andrew, Dr. Andrew Lam, he was class of 1998 at Yale | 有一点背景,安德鲁, 安德鲁·林博士,他是1998年在耶鲁的班级 |
| 0:59 | College. | 学院. |
展开字幕全文（776 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Good morning, good afternoon, good evening, everyone, wherever you are. | 早上好,下午好,晚上好,大家好,无论你们在哪里 |
| 2 | Welcome to this Yale Center Beijing event on the book, The Masters of Medicine. | 欢迎来到耶鲁中心的北京活动 这本书,医学大师。 |
| 3 | I'm Carolee Rafferty, the executive director of Yale Center Beijing and also Yale College | 我是北京耶鲁中心 以及耶鲁学院的执行主任卡罗莉·拉费蒂 |
| 4 | Class of 2000. | 2000级. |
| 5 | And I'm delighted to have a distant cousin, Dr. Andrew Lam here, a retinate surgeon and | 我很高兴有一位远房的表妹 安德鲁·林博士 重症外科医生 |
| 6 | award-winning author of the book that we'll be speaking about today to speak about the | 获奖的书作者 我们将谈论今天 关于 |
| 7 | history of medicine and how medicine is actually the only winner in wars, which I thought was | 医学史 医学是如何成为战争中唯一赢家的 |
| 8 | a very catchy title. | 标题不错 |
| 9 | A bit of a bit of background, Andrew, Dr. Andrew Lam, he was class of 1998 at Yale | 有一点背景,安德鲁, 安德鲁·林博士,他是1998年在耶鲁的班级 |
| 10 | College. | 学院. |
| 11 | His major was history. | 他的少校是历史 |
| 12 | Besides being a retina surgeon, he's he has authored a number of books, including Saving | 除了做视网膜外科医生之外,他还写了几本书,包括"拯救" |
| 13 | Sight, an Amazon bestseller about his surgical career and two novels about the Second World | 影视,亚马逊畅销书 关于他的外科生涯 和两部关于第二世界的小说 |
| 14 | War, one called Two Sons of China and another called Repentance. | 战争,一个叫中国的"两个儿子",另一个叫"忏悔". |
| 15 | Before attending medical school, he was at Yale and his writing has appeared in many | 在上医学院之前 他在耶鲁大学 他的写作已经出现在很多 |
| 16 | publications, including The New York Times, Washington Post and USA Today. | 出版物,包括《纽约时报》、《华盛顿邮报》和《今日美国》。 |
| 17 | He's currently also an assistant professor at the University of Massachusetts Medical | 他目前也是马萨诸塞大学医学院的助理教授 |
| 18 | School. | 学校 |
| 19 | I know that he has given this talk to audiences. | 我知道,他已经给 观众的谈话。 |
| 20 | As wide ranging as academic to the Smithsonian Museum, lovers or followers. | 广至学术至史密森尼博物馆,爱好者或追随者. |
| 21 | So I'm very delighted to be welcoming him to this Yale Center Beijing talk. | 所以我非常高兴地欢迎他参加耶鲁中心北京演讲. |
| 22 | So, Andrew, going to you and please feel free to share your screen. | 所以,安德鲁,去你那里 请随意分享你的屏幕。 |
| 23 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 24 | Well, thanks a lot. | 谢谢 |
| 25 | Oh, sorry. | 对不起 |
| 26 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}请随便打开你的相机 {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}这样我们就能看清安德鲁能是谁 | |
| 27 | see who he's interacting with. | 看看他在和谁互动 |
| 28 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 29 | Yeah, I'll share my screen in a second. | 是的,我马上就会分享我的屏幕。 |
| 30 | Thanks so much for that kind introduction. | 谢谢你的介绍 |
| 31 | And thank you all for being here and spending some of your Friday evening with me. | 感谢大家来这 和我度过周五的夜晚 |
| 32 | I love talking about two of my favorite subjects, which are World War Two history and | 我喜欢谈论我最喜欢的两个主题, 即二战的历史和 |
| 33 | medicine. | 药 |
| 34 | You know, is my day job as as Carol mentioned, I'm a retina surgeon, which | 你知道,这是我的日常工作 正如卡罗尔提到, 我是个视网膜外科医生, |
| 35 | means I spend most of my time trying to save sight from serious conditions like retinal | 意思是我大部分时间都在努力 避免视网膜等严重疾病 |
| 36 | detachments and diabetic retinopathy and macular holes and macular degeneration. | 分泌和糖尿病的肾上腺病 和乳腺洞和乳腺退化 |
| 37 | But anyone who knows me knows that my first love was history. | 但认识我的人都知道我的初恋是历史 |
| 38 | And I'm sure there's many history buffs in the audience here tonight as well. | 我敢肯定,有很多历史布法 今晚在这里的观众。 |
| 39 | You know, tonight, I thought I would just briefly tell you a little bit about how I | 你知道,今晚,我想我只是 简短地告诉你一些关于我是如何 |
| 40 | became an author, because when I left Yale, I didn't think this would ever happen to | 成为一名作家,因为当我离开耶鲁时,我没想到会发生这种事 |
| 41 | me. | 来啊 |
| 42 | Certainly, I think my English teachers in high school were shocked that I became an | 当然,我想我的英语老师在高中 震惊地认为,我成为一个 |
| 43 | author because I wasn't really the most assiduous English student, for example. | 因为我不是最勤奋的英语学生 |
| 44 | But I will tell that story. | 但我会讲这个故事。 |
| 45 | And then I want to really share a couple of amazing history stories with you guys, which | 然后我想和你们分享一些惊人的历史故事 |
| 46 | I think will inspire everyone. | 我认为会激励每个人。 |
| 47 | So when I went to Yale twenty five years ago, it seems like yesterday, but it was quite | 所以,当我去耶鲁 25年前, 它似乎像昨天, |
| 48 | a while, I guess. | 我想是一会儿吧 |
| 49 | I'm Asian history and my focus was military history and U.S.-Chinese | 我是亚洲历史,我的焦点是军事历史和美国华人 |
| 50 | relations. | 关系 |
| 51 | And my mentor was this professor named Jonathan Spence, who really, in | 我的导师是一位叫乔纳森·斯彭斯的教授, 他真的,在 |
| 52 | retrospect, changed my life in some ways. | 回想一下 改变了我的生活 |
| 53 | You know, he was I know there's probably a lot of younger people who don't even have | 你知道,他是,我知道 可能有很多年轻人 谁甚至没有 |
| 54 | any idea who he was, but he was a famous history professor of Chinese history. | 但他是著名的中国历史教授 |
| 55 | And he he was my mentor and he was my senior thesis advisor. | 他是我的导师 他是我的高级论文顾问 |
| 56 | And I wrote my senior essay on the Flying Tigers, which were, as you probably know, | 我写了一篇关于飞虎队的论文 如你所知 |
| 57 | American mercenary pilots who flew for China against Japan during World War Two before | 二战期间飞往中国抗日的美国雇佣军飞行员 |
| 58 | Pearl Harbor, actually. | 其实是珍珠港 |
| 59 | And, you know, under under his influence, I actually did think | 在他的影响下 我确实认为 |
| 60 | about going to grad school in history and becoming a history professor. | 成为历史教授 |
| 61 | But I also had a father who was a cardiologist. | 但我还有一个父亲是心脏病学家。 |
| 62 | And growing up, you could I grew up in central Illinois and he made a you know, you | 在伊利诺伊州中部长大,他做了一个 你知道,你 |
| 63 | could see he made a really big impact in our community. | 可以看到他在我们的社区里 产生了巨大的影响 |
| 64 | You know, he was saving lives. | 你知道,他是在拯救生命。 |
| 65 | People with strangers would stop me in the street as a | 有陌生人的人会阻止我在街上 |
| 66 | kid and ask me if I was going to be a great doctor like my dad. | 孩子,问我是不是要 像我爸爸一样成为一个伟大的医生。 |
| 67 | And so these kind of indelible moments made me realize that being a doctor could be a | 所以这些不可磨灭的瞬间 让我意识到当医生可能是 |
| 68 | really fulfilling career. | 真正的成就事业。 |
| 69 | And so I actually went to medical school. | 所以我真的去了医学院。 |
| 70 | But I remember the moment when I said to myself, I wonder if I could become an author. | 但我记得,当我对自己说, 我不知道我是否可以成为一个作者。 |
| 71 | And ironically, it happened in an emergency room in my second year of residency in the | 具有讽刺意味的是,它发生在一个急诊室里 在我住过的第二年里 |
| 72 | middle of the night. | 夜半时. |
| 73 | I literally remember it was like 2 a.m. | 我还记得那就像凌晨2点一样 |
| 74 | And finally, the flow of patients had started to die down, but I couldn't leave. | 最后,病人的流量开始下降, 但我不能离开。 |
| 75 | So I was just sitting there at the desk kind of daydreaming. | 所以我就坐在桌子上做白日梦 |
| 76 | And I had to say this thought that I am sure has never happened in the history of an | 我不得不说,这个想法 我敢肯定,在历史上从来没有发生过 |
| 77 | emergency room. | 急诊室 |
| 78 | I thought to myself, it's such a pity I can't share all the stuff I | 我对自己想, 真可惜我不能分享所有的东西 |
| 79 | know about World War Two and China with people. | 了解二战和中国与人的关系. |
| 80 | You know, I had studied this a lot in college and I really felt like China was like this | 你知道,我在大学里学过很多东西 我真的觉得中国是这样的 |
| 81 | unmind aspect of World War Two that a lot of at least American readers didn't know | 至少美国读者不知道 |
| 82 | enough about. | 够了 |
| 83 | You know, they may know a lot about D-Day or Pearl Harbor or Guadalcanal, | 你知道,他们可能知道很多关于D -Day或珍珠港或瓜达尔卡纳尔, |
| 84 | but they didn't really realize or didn't know about all the American Foreign Service | 但他们并没有真正意识到 或不知道所有美国外交部 |
| 85 | officers and men who went to China. | 去中国的军官和人员 |
| 86 | And, you know, frankly, they met, they worked with the nationalists, they helped, they met | 坦白地说,他们相遇了 他们和民族主义者合作了 他们帮助了他们 |
| 87 | with the communists and all these things that they did in this important theater of the | 共产主义者和他们在这个重要剧院 所做的一切 |
| 88 | war. | 战争。 |
| 89 | But I was kind of like, I want to share these this information with people, but I | 但我有点喜欢, 我想分享这些信息 与人们,但我 |
| 90 | don't have time to write a nonfiction book, you know, because I'm a busy resident. | 没有时间写一本非虚构的书,你知道, 因为我是一个繁忙的居民。 |
| 91 | I had three little kids and didn't have time to interview veterans or travel to China. | 我有三个孩子,没有时间采访退伍军人或到中国旅行. |
| 92 | So I kind of was stuck until I thought that night, what if I wrote a novel? | 所以,我有点卡住了 直到我想到那晚, 如果我写了一本小说呢? |
| 93 | You know, let me just start sharing my screen now. | 现在让我开始分享我的屏幕 |
| 94 | You know, a novel is something I could think up any time I could think about it going to | 你知道,小说是我随时可以想到的 |
| 95 | work. | 工作时 |
| 96 | I could think about it when I'm sitting in the ER between patients. | 我可以考虑一下 当我坐在急诊室 病人之间。 |
| 97 | You know, I didn't really need to do any reading because I had the information I wanted | 你知道,我真的不需要做任何阅读 因为我有我想要的信息 |
| 98 | to share. | 共享。 |
| 99 | I watched a lot of war movies, possibly all of them. | 我看过很多战争电影 可能是所有的 |
| 100 | And I remember thinking, I'm sure I could think of an exciting, epic, romantic war story | 我记得在想,我相信我可以想到 一个令人兴奋,史诗般,浪漫的战争故事 |
| 101 | and use that as a way to both educate and entertain. | 用它来教育和娱乐 |
| 102 | And so that's what I did. | 所以我就这么做了 |
| 103 | I wrote a novel. | 我写了本小说 |
| 104 | It took many, many years. | 花了很多年时间 |
| 105 | I got an agent. | 我有一个经纪人。 |
| 106 | I got a book deal. | 我有一个书交易。 |
| 107 | And in 2014, that book came out and it was very nice. | 2014年,那本书出来了,非常不错。 |
| 108 | I put a lot of time into it and it was called Two Sons of China. | 我投入了很多时间,它被称为"中国的两子". |
| 109 | And at that point, you realize, you know, you've got a literary agent. | 那时,你意识到,你知道, 你有一个文学代理人。 |
| 110 | And when you have an agent, you suddenly spend all of your time thinking about what else | 当你有经纪人时,你突然 花你所有的时间去思考什么 |
| 111 | could I write about, you know, because you now have something very valuable and that's | 我可以写作,你知道, 因为你现在有 非常有价值的东西,这就是 |
| 112 | access, OK, access to editors and publishers. | 访问编辑和出版商 |
| 113 | And I thought to myself, gosh, I'm a very historically minded ophthalmologist. | 我对自己想,我的眼科医生 很有历史意义。 |
| 114 | I have a great idea because there are so many great stories of medical discovery and | 我有一个伟大的想法 因为有很多伟大的故事 关于医学发现, |
| 115 | ophthalmology, many of which have to do with World War Two. | 眼科,很多与二战有关. |
| 116 | And these are stories of unsung heroes who basically suffered, persevered to make | 这些是无名英雄的故事 他们基本上受苦受难 坚持不懈地创造 |
| 117 | discoveries that changed all their lives and saved sight. | 这些发现改变了他们的一生 拯救了视力 |
| 118 | And I remember I went to my agent and I said on the phone, I've got a great idea. | 我记得我去找我的经纪人 电话里说我有个好主意 |
| 119 | I want to write a book about ophthalmology's heroes. | 我想写一本关于眼科英雄的书 |
| 120 | And there was complete silence. | 并有完全的沉默。 |
| 121 | And I knew this was not good, but I just waited for her to respond. | 我知道这不好 但我只是等着她回应 |
| 122 | And she finally said very tactfully, you know, I really just don't think this is going to | 她终于说得很巧妙了,你知道, 我真的不认为这会 |
| 123 | work for us. | 为我们工作。 |
| 124 | And I said, why not? | 我说,为什么不呢? |
| 125 | And she just said, I think that the general public is just not going to be interested in | 她刚刚说,我认为 公众只是不会感兴趣 |
| 126 | a book about ophthalmological history. | 一本关于眼科史的书。 |
| 127 | So I was crestfallen and it took me a little while to get over my disappointment. | 于是我跌倒了,我花了一点时间来克服我的失望。 |
| 128 | But I also was I also realized she was right. | 但我也意识到她是对的 |
| 129 | You know, her job is to make money selling books. | 她的工作是赚钱卖书 |
| 130 | She doesn't want to waste her time with a book that's not going to be successful. | 她不想浪费她的时间 一本不会成功的书 |
| 131 | I guess I shouldn't waste my time writing a book that people aren't going to read. | 我想我不应该浪费我的时间 写一本人们不会读的书。 |
| 132 | But I wanted so strongly to share these incredible stories with people. | 但我非常强烈地希望与人们分享这些不可思议的故事。 |
| 133 | I just thought really hard about what I could do to make it more marketable. | 我只是在想我能做些什么 使它更适合市场 |
| 134 | Right. | 对 |
| 135 | So then I thought, well, what if I blended my personal story as a surgeon | 所以我想,嗯,如果我混合 我的个人故事作为一个外科医生 |
| 136 | in training with the historical story so I could bring people into the operating room | 在训练 历史故事 所以我可以带人 进入手术室 |
| 137 | to show them what it's like to try to save sight or maybe more interestingly, what it's | 让他们知道什么是 试图拯救视线, 或也许更有趣的是,它是什么 |
| 138 | like to come up against terrible complications that we sometimes have and not even know | 喜欢面对可怕的复杂 我们有时有,甚至不知道 |
| 139 | exactly what to do or sometimes all the options are bad and you just have to choose the | 确切的是什么 或有时所有的选择都是坏的 你只需要选择 |
| 140 | least worst one. | 至少最差的一个。 |
| 141 | And that blending of my story is probably what made the book as | 我的故事的融合 可能是这本书 |
| 142 | successful as it was. | 已经成功了 |
| 143 | It was called Saving Sight. | 叫做"拯救视觉" |
| 144 | It actually got a book deal so fast, it came out before my novel, even though I had | 虽然我写了 |
| 145 | written the novel many years before. | 写小说很多年前。 |
| 146 | And ever since Saving Sight came out, people told me, readers, editors, you should | 自从《拯救视力》出来后 人们告诉我,读者,编辑,你应该 |
| 147 | do that for all of medicine. | 这样做是为了所有的药物。 |
| 148 | You know, you should find all of these unsung medical heroes who nobody knows about | 你知道,你应该找到所有这些 无人知晓的医学英雄 |
| 149 | with people who aren't well known but deserve to be. | 和那些不为人知但值得有的人在一起 |
| 150 | And that I knew that was a good idea. | 我知道这是一个好主意。 |
| 151 | But along the way, I had also been very involved in trying to tell another incredible | 但一路走来,我也一直非常参与 试图告诉另一个不可思议的, |
| 152 | American story. | 美国故事. |
| 153 | And that is about the Japanese Americans who fought in World War II | 这是关于参加二战的美国日本人 |
| 154 | in Europe with incredible valor while some of them had families incarcerated in camps | 在欧洲 有着令人难以置信的勇气 而他们中的一些人有 家庭监禁在难民营 |
| 155 | unjustly like Manzanar at home. | 就像家里的曼扎纳一样 |
| 156 | And that was a novel called Repentance that came out in 2019. | 2019年出版的名为"忏悔"的小说. |
| 157 | But, you know, during this time, I was still kind of thinking this idea for a medical | 但是,你知道,在这期间, 我仍然在想这个想法 对于医学 |
| 158 | history book is going to be a good one. | 历史书将成佳作. |
| 159 | And during the pandemic, I finally had time to start reading about other aspects of | 在这场大流行期间 我终于有时间开始读到 |
| 160 | medicine. | 药 |
| 161 | So, you know, I read about cardiology kind of an homage to my dad, I guess. | 所以,你知道,我读 关于心脏病学 一种向我爸爸的致敬,我想。 |
| 162 | And I had been I was blown away. | 我被炸飞了 |
| 163 | You know, I had been a pretty arrogant ophthalmologist. | 你知道,我是一个相当傲慢的眼科医生。 |
| 164 | I thought that all the best stories of discovery were in my field. | 我以为所有最好的发现故事 都是在我的领域。 |
| 165 | I mean, some of the stories of the things that were invented to save sight had to do | 我的意思是,一些故事 事情被发明 拯救视力 |
| 166 | with the Battle of Britain and like pilots getting shot down with plexiglass in their | 与不列颠之战 和像飞行员被击落 在他们的双镜 |
| 167 | eyes and like that invented that led to the invention of the artificial lens and stuff. | 眼睛和这样的发明 导致了人工镜头和东西的发明。 |
| 168 | And so there's great stories. | 故有大经. |
| 169 | But cardiology blew me away. | 但心脏病学把我吓跑了 |
| 170 | I mean, the long suffering people who risked their own lives sometimes to develop | 我的意思是,长期受苦的人 谁冒着生命危险有时发展 |
| 171 | cardiac catheterization or cardiac surgery just was amazing. | 心脏导管化或心脏手术是惊人的。 |
| 172 | And then I read about the discovery of insulin and how these four Canadian discoverers | 然后我读到了胰岛素的发现 以及这四个加拿大的发现者 |
| 173 | hated each other so much. | 恨对方这么多。 |
| 174 | One of them almost refused the Nobel Prize because he was just | 其中一个几乎拒绝了诺贝尔奖 因为他只是 |
| 175 | so incensed that a co-discoverer was also going to get one. | 以至于一个共同发现者也会得到一个 |
| 176 | He just felt that his contribution had so much like outshined this other guy. | 他只是觉得他的贡献 是如此的像辉煌 超过另一个家伙。 |
| 177 | And I realized that these doctors who saved millions of lives were so like guilty | 我意识到这些拯救了数百万生命的医生 简直就是有罪的 |
| 178 | of just human fallibility, envy, you know, jealousy and just like self-interest. | 只是人类的谬误, 嫉妒,你知道, 嫉妒,就像自我利益。 |
| 179 | And I was just totally hooked. | 我完全上瘾了 |
| 180 | These stories had so much drama. | 这些故事太戏剧化了 |
| 181 | And that is what became the Masters of Medicine. | 这就是成为医学大师。 |
| 182 | So thanks for listening to just how I became an author, basically. | 基本上,谢谢大家聆听我如何成为作家。 |
| 183 | And I'd love to now jump into telling you a couple of great stories. | 现在我想告诉你几个好故事 |
| 184 | These are stories that are about World War Two. | 这些都是关于二战的故事。 |
| 185 | And my favorite adage is the only only winner in war is medicine. | 我最喜欢的格言是战争中唯一赢家是医学 |
| 186 | That's true. | 没错 |
| 187 | Right. | 对 |
| 188 | So true. | 没错 |
| 189 | And tonight, I want to tell you about how a wounded soldier during D-Day helped | 今晚,我想告诉你 一个受伤的士兵在D日是如何帮助的 |
| 190 | inaugurate the field of cardiac surgery. | 开创心脏手术领域. |
| 191 | Because I just think operating on the heart is just such an incredible, miraculous thing. | 因为我觉得在心脏上做手术 是个不可思议的奇迹 |
| 192 | And a second story will be about how a disastrous Luftwaffe bombing raid in Italy | 第二个故事是 如何在意大利进行一场灾难性的德国空军轰炸 |
| 193 | led to the first cancer chemotherapy drug, which has changed the lives of so many people. | 导致了第一种癌症化疗药物,它改变了这么多人的生活. |
| 194 | So let's begin. | 我们开始吧 |
| 195 | So this first story is about the heart and operating on it. | 所以这个第一个故事是关于心脏和操作的。 |
| 196 | So think about the heart. | 故为心想. |
| 197 | It's constantly moving. | 不断动静. |
| 198 | It's buried in the center, deep in the center of the chest behind a wall of ribs. | 它被埋在中央,胸前中央深处的肋骨壁后方. |
| 199 | And you can see why for millennia, the idea of approaching it, exposing it, | 你可以看到为什么千年来, 接近它的想法, 揭露它, |
| 200 | operating on it, operating inside it was impossible. | 操作它,操作里面是不可能的。 |
| 201 | Right. | 对 |
| 202 | It would take only a truly desperate situation for any surgeon. | 任何外科医生都只能面对真正的绝望 |
| 203 | Even think about it. | 乃至想着. |
| 204 | It would be insane to think about doing this. | 考虑这样做是疯了 |
| 205 | Right. | 对 |
| 206 | Well, enter World War Two. | 好吧,进入二战。 |
| 207 | As you can imagine, the war produced a plethora of these | 你可以想象,战争产生了大量的这些 |
| 208 | gruesome injuries of a nature that doctors and surgeons had never encountered in civilian life. | 在平民生活中,医生和外科医生从未遇到过可怕的伤害。 |
| 209 | So there was this one surgeon named Dwight Harkin. | 有个叫德怀特·哈金的外科医生 |
| 210 | He was from Iowa. | 他是爱荷华州人 |
| 211 | So a fellow midwesterner like me. | 像我这样的中西部人 |
| 212 | So I knew I would like him when I started reading about him. | 所以我知道当我开始读到他的时候 我会喜欢他 |
| 213 | And he was stationed in an army hospital near London and he had trained at Harvard Medical School. | 而他驻扎在伦敦附近的一家陆军医院,曾在哈佛医学院受训. |
| 214 | And he went over overseas during the war. | 战争期间他去了海外 |
| 215 | And he sometimes encountered these men whose chest had been kind of blown apart by like bomb blasts or shrapnel. | 他有时遇到这些人,他们的胸部被炸弹爆炸或弹片炸裂。 |
| 216 | And sometimes these men had pieces of metal that had punctured the heart wall, | 有时这些人有金属碎片 刺穿心脏壁, |
| 217 | but had plugged the hole that they had made so that these soldiers were still alive. | 却堵住了他们挖的洞 让这些士兵还活着 |
| 218 | They were languishing, but they were kind of close to death. | 他们正在受苦,但他们 有点接近死亡。 |
| 219 | You know, they were they were died. | 他们死了 |
| 220 | Nothing was done from slow exsanguination. | 缓缓的外出没有做任何事情。 |
| 221 | Or sometimes when you have like metal surfaces in the bloodstream, | 或者有时当你有 像金属表面在血液中, |
| 222 | you get bullet clots that lead to strokes and you can die from that. | 你得到子弹块 导致中风,你可以死。 |
| 223 | So he wanted to do something to help these young men. | 所以他想做点什么来帮助这些年轻人. |
| 224 | But he knew what would happen the second that you pull out the metal from a beating heart. | 但他知道一旦你从心跳中拔出金属 会发生什么 |
| 225 | You're going to have incredible bleeding under pressure, right? | 你会在压力下出血,对吧? |
| 226 | It's going to be impossible. | 这不可能 |
| 227 | And, you know, if you've ever, you know, the first time I saw heart surgery, | 而且,你知道,如果你曾经,你知道, 我第一次看到心脏手术, |
| 228 | I was like thinking to myself, this is incredible. | 我就像在想,这是不可思议的。 |
| 229 | God did not intend for us to be able to do this. | 上帝并不打算让我们做到这一点。 |
| 230 | But now you can just watch it on YouTube. | 但现在你可以在YouTube上看 |
| 231 | So if you've ever watched heart surgery, you know that operating in the heart is literally operating in a hole. | 所以,如果你看过心脏手术, 你知道心脏的手术 完全是一个洞。 |
| 232 | And if you have uncontrolled bleeding in that hole, | 如果你在那个洞里无控制地流血 |
| 233 | you quickly lose all your visibility and there's no way you can do anything. | 你很快会失去你的能见度 也不可能做任何事 |
| 234 | So Harkin knew that if he was going to try to do something here, | 所以哈金知道 如果他想在这里做点什么 |
| 235 | he was going to have to do fine. | 他本来要好好的 |
| 236 | Think of a novel way or a new way to operate on or suture the heart. | 想想新颖的方法 或新的操作方式 或缝合心脏。 |
| 237 | Well, on D-Day, this is June 6, 1944, he actually tried a new method. | 嗯,在D -Day,这是1944年6月6日, 他实际上尝试了一种新的方法。 |
| 238 | A soldier was brought to him with a terrible wound. | 一名士兵被带去,伤势严重。 |
| 239 | Piece of metal was in his heart, punctured his heart and was plugging the hole. | 金属碎片在他的心脏,刺穿他的心脏,并插孔。 |
| 240 | His idea was to pull out the metal and immediately stick his finger in the hole. | 他的主意是拔出金属,立即将手指插进洞里. |
| 241 | It's not that sophisticated. | 没那么复杂 |
| 242 | But, you know, he thought it was this finger, | 但是,你知道,他觉得这是这个手指, |
| 243 | literally a finger in the dike strategy might give him enough precious seconds | 从字面上说,一个手指 在沉淀策略 可能给他足够的珍贵秒 |
| 244 | to pass two or three sutures so he could close the hole. | 通过两三个缝合 这样他就可以关闭洞。 |
| 245 | But, you know, still very difficult to do in a bleeding heart. | 但是,你知道,仍然很难做 在流血的心脏。 |
| 246 | So he decided to proceed. | 因此,他决定继续工作。 |
| 247 | In this patient, he opened the chest, he spread the ribs, | 在这个病人中,他打开了胸口,把肋骨伸开, |
| 248 | he entered the pericardial sac, | 他进入心腹, |
| 249 | and he could see the metal bobbing up and down with every beat of the heart. | 他可以看到金属弹跳 与每一个心脏跳动。 |
| 250 | He grabbed it with a clamp and yanked it out and stuck his finger in the hole. | 他用钳子抓住了它,然后把手指伸到洞里。 |
| 251 | And imagine the tension at this moment. | 想象一下此刻的紧张状况 |
| 252 | You know, you have to understand nobody to this point | 你知道,你必须明白 没有人到这一点 |
| 253 | had ever done like a premeditated operation on a beating heart before. | 曾经做 像一个预谋的手术 在心脏跳动。 |
| 254 | Okay, again, the heart was inviolate. | 好吧,再次,心脏是不可侵犯的。 |
| 255 | The surgeon should never approach the heart was the thinking before this. | 外科医生不应该靠近心脏 之前是想的 |
| 256 | Though I can't compare with his first try at this, | 虽然我无法比拟他的第一次尝试 |
| 257 | I can tell you sometimes when I'm operating, | 我可以告诉你,有时当我在手术, |
| 258 | you know, there are moments of pure stress bordering on panic. | 你知道,有些时刻 纯粹的压力 接近恐慌。 |
| 259 | You know, this usually is happening when I'm trying to fix a renal detachment. | 你知道,这通常发生 当我试图修复 肾上腺分解。 |
| 260 | And the visibility for what I'm trying to do is going badly | 我试图做的事的能见度是糟糕的 |
| 261 | because the cornea is getting too hazy, which means I got to work faster. | 因为角膜太阴郁了 这意味着我需要更快地工作 |
| 262 | But ironically, it's even harder to work faster because I can't see what I'm doing. | 但具有讽刺意味的是,因为我看不到自己在做什么,所以更难更快地工作. |
| 263 | Or sometimes people will get artificial lenses after cataract surgery | 有时候白内障手术后 别人会用人造镜头 |
| 264 | and they'll fall into the back of the eye and I've got to fish them out. | 然后他们就会掉进眼睛的后面 而我得把他们捞出来 |
| 265 | And they're lying on the retina and I'm terrified of damaging the retina | 他们躺在视网膜上 我害怕破坏视网膜 |
| 266 | by like touching it or manipulating things and that I'll make things worse. | 就像摸它或者操纵东西 我会把事情弄得更糟 |
| 267 | And those are times when my heart is racing and it's quite nerve wracking. | 那些时候,我的心在竞速, 和它相当的神经崩溃。 |
| 268 | And so, you know, I'm pretty sure Dwight Harkin, knowing how he might have felt, | 所以,你知道,我敢肯定,德怀特·哈金, 知道他的感受, |
| 269 | must have had sweat dripping down his brow when he's got his finger inside this soldier's heart. | 当他把手指伸进这名士兵的心脏里时 他的眉毛一定流了汗 |
| 270 | But guess what? | 但你知道吗? |
| 271 | It actually seemed to be working. | 这似乎在起作用。 |
| 272 | You know, he was able to stem the blood and was able to pass a suture, | 你知道,他能够阻止血液 并能够通过缝合, |
| 273 | then another suture to kind of close this hole. | 然后又缝合了一道缝合洞 |
| 274 | And the only moment of dismay occurred when the third suture went through a finger of his glove | 唯一令人沮丧的一刻 发生在第三次缝合穿过他的手套的手指 |
| 275 | and he found himself sutured to a beating heart. | 他发现自己缝合到一颗跳动的心脏。 |
| 276 | We know this because he wrote a letter to his wife about this operation, | 我们知道这一点 因为他写了一封信给他妻子 关于这次行动, |
| 277 | this fateful operation, and it was just incredible. | 这场命中注定的行动 太不可思议了 |
| 278 | So he cut himself free and believe it or not, the surgery worked. | 所以他把自己割开 相信与否 手术成功了 |
| 279 | The soldier survived. | 该士兵幸存下来。 |
| 280 | Amazing, right? | 厉害吧? |
| 281 | The first, an actual strategy and plan to operate on a beating heart. | 第一,在心脏跳动上操作的实际战略和计划。 |
| 282 | Well, he was a smart guy. | 嗯,他是一个聪明的家伙。 |
| 283 | He made improvement on his techniques. | 他的技巧得到了改进. |
| 284 | He said to himself, well, wait a second. | 他对自己说,等一下 |
| 285 | What if before I pulled out the metal, I made, I placed a, | 如果在我拿出金属之前 我做了一个... |
| 286 | I pre-placed a ring of sutures around the metal. | 我预先在金属周围放置了一圈缝合物 |
| 287 | That way I could yank out the metal and just pull on the string. | 这样我就能拔出金属,拉上绳子 |
| 288 | And then the hole would just close up fast. | 然后洞就会迅速关闭 |
| 289 | Smart, huh? | 聪明,是吧? |
| 290 | We're just getting started. | 我们才刚刚开始 |
| 291 | This guy used his methods and improved them | 这家伙用他的方法改进了 |
| 292 | and managed to remove the metal fragments from parts of over a dozen soldiers during the war. | 并在战争期间设法从十几名士兵的部位清除金属碎片。 |
| 293 | Only because of World War II and the number of men he encountered with this | 只因为二战和他遇到的人数 |
| 294 | manner of cardiac wound, could he have practiced and improved his technique. | 心脏受伤的方式, 他是否已经实践和改善了他的技术。 |
| 295 | So now I'm going to tell you how this changed all our lives for the better. | 所以,现在我要告诉你,这 如何改变了我们所有的生活 变得更好。 |
| 296 | So let's fast forward to after the war. | 因此,让我们在战后迅速前进. |
| 297 | You have to understand that the most common heart disease of that time was something called | 你必须明白,那个时候最常见的心脏病 是所谓的 |
| 298 | mitral stenosis, which stemmed often from a common childhood illness called rheumatic fever. | 蛋白质激素化(mitral stenosis),常源于一种常见的儿时疾病,称为风湿热. |
| 299 | So this is the era before antibiotics. | 这就是抗生素之前的时代。 |
| 300 | Kids would get this thing called rheumatic fever and they'd get sick | 孩子会得这种叫风湿热的病 |
| 301 | and then they'd recover and they'd be fine, except that they weren't because | 然后他们就会康复,他们会好起来, 只是他们不是因为他们 |
| 302 | the inflammation that would happen in their bodies from the infection | 感染后在体内产生的炎症 |
| 303 | would harm parts of their body, particularly their heart valves. | 会伤害身体的部位 特别是心脏瓣膜 |
| 304 | And the mitral valve separates, I'm not going to see my arrow, | 和圆柱阀分离, 我不会看到我的箭, |
| 305 | the left atrium and the left ventral. | 左边的阁楼和左边的通风口 |
| 306 | This is the mitral valve and blood is supposed to go from the left atrium to the left ventricle | 这是顶部的阀门 血液应该从左门到左门 |
| 307 | and then go out the aorta to the rest of the body. | 然后从主动脉到身体的其余部分 |
| 308 | So the job of the mitral valve is first of all to allow the blood to pass through it entirely, | 因此,线粒体阀的工作首先是 让血液完全通过它, |
| 309 | to empty the left atrium. | 以清空左边的阁楼。 |
| 310 | And then its job is to slam shut so that all the blood gets ejected out the aorta | 然后它的工作就是关上门 让血液被喷出主动脉 |
| 311 | and does not go backwards into the left atrium. | 而不向左转。 |
| 312 | Well, the problem is with the scarring and inflammation and | 问题是伤疤和炎症 |
| 313 | hotness and thickening of the mitral valve that can occur over years of inflammation | 在多年炎症中可能发生的线粒体阀热度和厚度 |
| 314 | after rheumatic fever, the mitral valve becomes narrowed and it becomes like a bottleneck. | 在风湿发烧后,顶部阀门变得狭窄,变得像瓶颈. |
| 315 | So what happens with these young people in the primary of their lives, | 那么这些年轻人在人生的最初阶段会怎样 |
| 316 | in their 20s and their 30s, the blood in their left atrium would not be able to fully empty | 20多岁和30多岁时 左房的血液无法完全空空 |
| 317 | and it would just start to back up. | 它会开始备份。 |
| 318 | And what's behind the left atrium? | 左边的阁楼后面是什么? |
| 319 | It's the lungs, because the blood goes from the right side of the heart to the lungs | 是肺,因为血液从心脏右侧到肺 |
| 320 | and then the left side of the heart. | 然后是心脏的左侧。 |
| 321 | So these patients would have lungs that would fill up with fluid, fill up with blood, | 所以这些病人的肺部会充满液体 充满血液 |
| 322 | they wouldn't be able to breathe, they'd be coughing up blood all the time | 他们无法呼吸, 他们总是咳血 |
| 323 | and they would die in the primary of their lives. | 他们将在生前就死去。 |
| 324 | And so, you know, there were surgeons who dreamed of doing something | 所以,你知道, 有外科医生 谁梦想做一些事情 |
| 325 | to do something to help these patients, but what could they do? | 做点什么来帮助这些病人 但是他们能做什么呢? |
| 326 | Well, there were two rival surgeons who dreamed of doing something about this. | 有两个对手的外科医生 梦想着做点什么 |
| 327 | One was Dwight Harkin, who I told you about from World War II, | 一个是德怀特·哈金 我跟你说过二战时 |
| 328 | but another was named Charles Bailey. | 但另一个叫查尔斯·贝利 |
| 329 | And Charles Bailey was well known for being incredibly arrogant. | 而查尔斯·贝利以令人难以置信的傲慢而闻名. |
| 330 | Okay, he had a crazy idea to try to treat mitral synodes. | 好吧,他有一个疯狂的主意 试图治疗线粒体。 |
| 331 | He was from Philadelphia. | 他是费城人 |
| 332 | His idea was to take Harkin's techniques a lot further. | 他的想法是把哈金的技巧更进一步. |
| 333 | He wanted to, first of all, make a pursing suture in the left atrium, | 他想,首先,在左边的阁楼做缝纫 |
| 334 | then make an intentional incision in the center of that suture | 然后在缝合的中央故意切除 |
| 335 | and then stick his finger in the hole. | 然后把他的手指插进洞里 |
| 336 | Okay, so that you're familiar with. | 好吧,这样你熟悉。 |
| 337 | So now he's dreaming, what could I do with my finger in the heart? | 所以现在他正在做梦,我的手指插进心脏我还能做什么? |
| 338 | Well, what can we do with our fingers? | 那么,我们能做什么 用我们的手指? |
| 339 | One thing we do is just we can poke, right? | 我们做的一件事就是可以戳一下 对吧? |
| 340 | We can poke. | 我们可以戳。 |
| 341 | And literally, that was his idea. | 从字面上来说,这是他的主意。 |
| 342 | He thought to himself, if I could just poke my finger | 他自以为是 如果我能插手指 |
| 343 | and maybe wring it around the mitral valve orifice, | 也许它绕着圆柱形阀门, |
| 344 | maybe I could like separate the fibro's leaflets | 也许我可以把传单分开 |
| 345 | and make it function better like it used to be when it was healthy. | 并让它更好地发挥功能 像它以前是健康的。 |
| 346 | The risks of this were enormous and largely unknown. | 这样做的风险是巨大的,而且基本上不得而知。 |
| 347 | What if his finger disrupted the heart rhythm | 如果他的手指打乱了心脏节奏怎么办? |
| 348 | and caused matricular fibrillation and death? | 导致乳房纤维化和死亡? |
| 349 | How would he know how hard to poke or how long to poke? | 他怎么知道多难戳 或多久戳? |
| 350 | If he poked enough, he wouldn't. | 如果他戳得够多,他不会。 |
| 351 | It was just all done blindly. | 这一切都是盲目的。 |
| 352 | So this is an illustration of what he's trying to do. | 这就是他想要做的事的例证。 |
| 353 | You can see in this illustration, | 你可以从这个插图中看到, |
| 354 | the surgeon has his finger in the left atrium. | 外科医生的手指在左房 |
| 355 | It's basically his fingers going into the mitral valve orifice. | 基本上他的手指会进入体阀门 |
| 356 | There's a little pursing suture around his finger. | 他的手指周围有一根细缝 |
| 357 | There's a little metal rod | 有个小金属棒 |
| 358 | that takes the vector of the sutures in the same direction | 使缝合的矢量朝同一方向走 |
| 359 | so they can easily be tightened around his finger | 这样他们就可以很容易地紧紧地围住他的手指 |
| 360 | to limit blood loss and close at the end of the operation. | 限制失血,并在手术结束时关闭。 |
| 361 | But this is very deceptive, right? | 但这很欺骗,对吧? |
| 362 | Because you can't see any of this. | 因为你看不到这些 |
| 363 | In real life, this thing is moving. | 在现实生活中,这个东西正在移动. |
| 364 | It's full of blood. | 血气充满. |
| 365 | There's blood kind of oozing out everywhere. | 到处都是血 |
| 366 | So it's a really challenging thing. | 所以这是一个非常具有挑战性的事情。 |
| 367 | But of course, he knew that if he did nothing, | 当然,他知道,如果他什么都不做, |
| 368 | his patients were going to die. | 他的病人会死的 |
| 369 | So in November 1945, this is after the war, remember, | 所以在1945年11月,这是战后,记住, |
| 370 | he operated on a patient who was 37 years old. | 他对一个37岁的病人做了手术 |
| 371 | His name was Walter Stockton. | 他的名字是沃尔特·斯托克顿。 |
| 372 | His mitral stenosis was so bad, | 他的脊椎硬化症很严重 |
| 373 | he could barely walk or breathe. | 他几乎无法走路或呼吸。 |
| 374 | He couldn't walk to the end of the driveway to get his newspaper. | 他不能走到车道尽头去取他的报纸. |
| 375 | He was frequently coughing up blood. | 他经常咳血。 |
| 376 | And Bailey took him to the operation. | 贝利带他去手术室 |
| 377 | He made an incision in the chest. | 他胸口割伤了 |
| 378 | He spread the ribs. | 他张开肋骨。 |
| 379 | He entered the pericardial sac. | 他进入心腹腔 |
| 380 | He pre-placed his ring of sutures | 他把缝合的戒指放在前面 |
| 381 | and made an incision and stuck his finger in the hole. | 然后做了个切口 然后把手指插进洞里 |
| 382 | And now he tries to tighten the suture around his finger | 现在他试图把手指上的缝合拉紧 |
| 383 | to limit the blood loss. | 以限制失血。 |
| 384 | And unfortunately, the suture tears through the cardiac muscle | 不幸的是,缝合的眼泪穿过心脏肌肉 |
| 385 | and pulls out. | 并抽出来。 |
| 386 | And he's sitting there with one finger in the heart | 他坐在那,心里只有一根手指 |
| 387 | and one finger holding a string. | 一根手指握着绳子 |
| 388 | And the blood is gushing, filling up his hole. | 血流成河 填满了他的洞 |
| 389 | He's working fiercely yet in vain. | 他工作激烈却徒劳无功 |
| 390 | And in a few minutes, his patient's dead. | 几分钟后,他的病人就死了 |
| 391 | He didn't even get a chance to try his finger thing in the heart. | 他甚至没有机会 尝试他的手指的东西在心脏。 |
| 392 | Undeterred, I told you this guy was supremely confident. | 我告诉过你这家伙非常有信心 |
| 393 | He tried in another patient. | 他尝试了另一个病人。 |
| 394 | This time, he got his finger in the heart | 这一次,他的手指在心脏 |
| 395 | and he poked it through the mitral valve. | 他戳穿了门阀 |
| 396 | And believe it or not, the patient actually survived the surgery | 信不信由你 病人真的活了下来 |
| 397 | but died within 48 hours. | 但48小时内就死了 |
| 398 | For these two deaths, Bailey's operating privileges | 对于这两次死亡,贝利的操作特权 |
| 399 | at Hahnemann Hospital in Philadelphia were revoked. | 在费城的哈尼曼医院被撤销了 |
| 400 | The chief of cardiology told him, | 心脏病科主任告诉他, |
| 401 | it is my Christian duty not to permit you to perform | 我的基督教义务是不允许你表演 |
| 402 | any more such homicidal operations. | 任何这样的杀人行动。 |
| 403 | To this, Bailey retorted, | 对于这个,贝利重新招供, |
| 404 | it is my Christian duty to perfect this operation. | 完成这次行动是我的基督教义务 |
| 405 | Nothing could be worse than what mitral stenosis does to people. | 最糟糕的莫过于 体质激素对人的影响 |
| 406 | Bailey next took his operation | 贝利接下来做了手术 |
| 407 | to Wilmington Memorial Hospital in nearby Delaware. | 去附近的特拉华威尔明顿纪念医院 |
| 408 | There he operated on another patient, | 他对另一个病人做了手术, |
| 409 | this time his third patient. | 这次是他第三个病人 |
| 410 | He succeeded in getting his finger in the heart | 他成功地把手指插入心脏 |
| 411 | and tried to poke around and separate the mitral valve leaflets | 并试图四处打探 和分离的面膜阀传单 |
| 412 | but he was too forceful. | 但他太强壮了。 |
| 413 | He was too aggressive. | 他太冲动了 |
| 414 | He pulled away the mitral valve leaflets. | 他拉走了面膜阀门传单。 |
| 415 | And if you can believe it, he actually made mitral stenosis worse. | 如果你能相信的话,他实际上 使蛋白质激素恶化。 |
| 416 | How could you possibly do that? | 你怎么能这么做? |
| 417 | He basically tore away the mitral valve leaflets | 他基本上撕掉了 面膜阀门传单 |
| 418 | so there was basically open communication | 所以基本上有公开的交流 |
| 419 | between the left atrium and left ventricle. | 左边的阁楼和左边的通风口之间 |
| 420 | And all the blood in the left ventricle | 左排气管的血迹 |
| 421 | started going backwards into left atrium. | 开始往左转 |
| 422 | He had changed, he had converted mitral stenosis | 他变了,他改了头皮 |
| 423 | into mitral insufficiency. | 进入线粒体不足。 |
| 424 | Now he's 0 for 3, this patient also died. | 现在他3分0,这个病人也死了 |
| 425 | In the aftermath, Wilmington Memorial also revoked his privileges | 之后,威尔明顿纪念馆也取消了他的特权 |
| 426 | and he basically, people started murmuring behind his back | 他基本上,人们开始 在背后喃喃自语 |
| 427 | and bad mouthing him and he was basically nicknamed | 和坏嘴 他基本上被昵称 |
| 428 | the butcher in circles in the hospital. | 医院里的屠夫 |
| 429 | At this point, I can tell you the surgeon who continues on this tack | 现在,我可以告诉你 外科医生谁继续这个塔克 |
| 430 | is either supremely arrogant, which he probably was, | 要么是傲慢至极 他可能是, |
| 431 | or believes so strongly in the rightness of what they're doing | 或坚信他们的行为的正确性 |
| 432 | that they are willing to endure setbacks and ridicule and deaths | 他们愿意忍受挫折 嘲笑和死亡 |
| 433 | to see it done. | 看着它完成。 |
| 434 | As a surgeon myself, I can tell you there's certainly many times | 作为外科医生,我可以告诉你 肯定有很多次 |
| 435 | when I've tried Hail Mary operations. | 当我尝试过万福玛利亚手术时 |
| 436 | These always seem somewhat justified | 这些总是有道理的 |
| 437 | because in my case, they're in eyes that are legally blind | 因为在我的情况下,他们的眼睛 是合法盲目的 |
| 438 | or going blind. | 或失明, |
| 439 | There's almost like you've got nothing to lose, | 好像你没什么可失去的 |
| 440 | but I can tell you unless it's in a totally improvisational situation | 但我可以告诉你 除非它完全处于即兴状态 |
| 441 | like in trauma, I have never tried a technique or operation | 像创伤一样,我从未尝试过技术或手术 |
| 442 | that has never been done before | 从来没有这样做过 |
| 443 | or certainly nothing that my peers think is insane. | 或者我的同伴们认为什么是疯狂的。 |
| 444 | To do that, I think I'd have to be either a genius or a madman | 要做到这一点,我想我要么是天才,要么是疯子 |
| 445 | and I don't think I'm either. | 我觉得我也不是 |
| 446 | But let's hope Charles Bailey is a genius | 但愿查尔斯·贝利是个天才 |
| 447 | because he is not going to give up. | 因为他不会放弃 |
| 448 | He still has operating privileges at two Philadelphia hospitals, | 他在费城的两家医院还有经营特权 |
| 449 | Philadelphia General and Episcopal Fourth Hospital. | 费城总医院和主教第四医院. |
| 450 | But the problem is word of his failures is spreading. | 但问题是,他的失败正在蔓延。 |
| 451 | He's worried he might have only one more chance | 他担心他只有一次机会 |
| 452 | to attempt this operation before these institutions ban him as well. | 在这些机构也禁止他之前尝试这一行动。 |
| 453 | So to maximize the chance of success, | 所以为了让成功的机会最大化 |
| 454 | he decides to schedule two operations on the same day, | 他决定在同一天安排两次行动, |
| 455 | one in the morning at Philadelphia General | 早上在费城将军 |
| 456 | and one in the afternoon at Episcopal. | 和下午在主教座堂的一个。 |
| 457 | Even if his first patient dies, | 即使他第一个病人死了 |
| 458 | he still will be able to rush across town | 他还是能冲到城里来 |
| 459 | and start the second operation before someone tries to stop him. | 在有人阻止他之前 开始第二次行动 |
| 460 | This is crazy. | 这太疯狂了 |
| 461 | He knows that if both patients die, he's likely finished | 他知道,如果两个病人都死了,他很可能就完了 |
| 462 | because at that point there'll basically be no hospital willing to accept him. | 因为那时根本就没有医院愿意接受他 |
| 463 | In this day and age, I cannot imagine risking one's career in this way. | 在这个时代,我无法想象这样冒着职业风险。 |
| 464 | It's just mind-boggling. | 唯心观心. |
| 465 | So the first patient at Philadelphia General in the morning dies on the table. | 所以,第一个病人在费城将军 早上死在桌子上。 |
| 466 | He's 0 for 4. | 他4分的成绩是0 |
| 467 | No doubt feeling the stress and gravity of the moment, | 毫无疑问,感觉 压力和严重的时刻, |
| 468 | he drives over to Episcopal Hospital | 他开车去主教医院 |
| 469 | where he's going to operate on a 24-year-old housewife named Constance Warner. | 在那里他要去操作 一个24岁的家庭主妇 名叫康斯坦丝华纳。 |
| 470 | This woman, her rheumatic fever led to such severe heart failure | 这个女人,她的风湿热导致心脏严重衰竭 |
| 471 | that she could barely move. | 她几乎无法移动。 |
| 472 | She was unable to care for her young child | 她不能照顾她的孩子 |
| 473 | and she'd been hospitalized many times. | 她已经住院很多次了 |
| 474 | This time, to Bailey's relief, the operation seemed to go well. | 这次对贝利来说 行动似乎进展顺利 |
| 475 | He got his finger inside the heart. | 他的手指在心脏里。 |
| 476 | He opened up the mitral valve. | 他打开了顶部阀门。 |
| 477 | No major hemorrhaging occurred. | 没有发生大出血。 |
| 478 | The patient survived. | 患者幸存下来. |
| 479 | He went to check on her the next day. | 他第二天去检查她。 |
| 480 | She was still alive. | 她还活着。 |
| 481 | Great sign. | 伟大的标志。 |
| 482 | The next day, was her breathing a little better? | 第二天,她的呼吸有好一点吗? |
| 483 | By the fourth day, she was walking. | 到了第四天,她还在走路. |
| 484 | It worked. | 已经成功了 |
| 485 | It was amazing. | 这是惊人的。 |
| 486 | Bailey was elated. | 贝利很高兴。 |
| 487 | His reputation was instantly resurrected. | 他的名声立即复活。 |
| 488 | He broadcast news of his success. | 他播报了他成功的消息。 |
| 489 | I'm the greatest. | 我是最伟大的。 |
| 490 | He took the patient personally on a 1,000-mile train ride to Chicago | 他亲自带病人去芝加哥1000英里的火车上 |
| 491 | to parade her in front of a big medical meeting | 在大型医疗会议前给她游行 |
| 492 | just to show everybody, look what I did. | 只是想让大家看看我做了什么 |
| 493 | He was a hero. | 他是个英雄 |
| 494 | But meanwhile, I haven't really told you | 但与此同时,我还没有告诉你 |
| 495 | what Dwight Harkin's been up to all this time in Boston. | 德怀特·哈金在波士顿所做的一切 |
| 496 | He's also been trying to do a similar surgery many times. | 他还多次尝试做类似的手术. |
| 497 | Six days after Bailey's first successful operation, | 贝利第一次成功行动6天后 |
| 498 | Harkin had his first successful case. | 哈金办了第一个成功的案子 |
| 499 | Before that, he had tried the operation on six patients | 在那之前,他已经对6个病人做了手术 |
| 500 | and all six died. | 六个人都死了 |
| 501 | At that point, the worldwide success of this operation was 2 out of 12. | 那时,这一行动在全世界的成功率为12次中的2次。 |
| 502 | After the death of one of those patients, | 在其中一个病人死后 |
| 503 | Harkin returned home despondent. | 哈金回国后心灰意冷. |
| 504 | That evening, there was a knock at the door. | 当晚,有人敲门. |
| 505 | The caller was a woman who handed over a sealed envelope. | 来电者是交出密封信封的女人. |
| 506 | It was a letter from the dead patient. | 那是死者寄来的信 |
| 507 | The woman was a friend of the patient who had died, | 那个女人是病人的朋友 死了 |
| 508 | and the patient had made her promise to deliver this letter | 病人答应送这封信 |
| 509 | if she didn't survive. | 如果她没活下来 |
| 510 | Harkin opened the letter. | 哈金打开了这封信 |
| 511 | It said, Dear Dr. Harkin, | 它说,亲爱的哈金博士, |
| 512 | Thanks for the chance. | 谢谢你给我机会 |
| 513 | A small portion of my estate has been left to see | 我的地产有一小部分被留下看 |
| 514 | that this doesn't happen again. | 这种事不会再发生 |
| 515 | Can you imagine receiving a note like that? | 你能想象收到这样的纸条吗? |
| 516 | If there are any doctors in the audience, | 如果观众中有医生的话 |
| 517 | I hope to God you never get one. | 我希望你永远得不到一个。 |
| 518 | And I pray I never get one. | 我祈祷我从来没有得到过。 |
| 519 | A patient writing you from the grave. | 一个病人从坟墓里给你写信 |
| 520 | But then think about what it was like to write this letter, | 但再想想写这封信是什么感觉 |
| 521 | to pen this letter as a patient agreeing to go into an operation | 作为同意接受手术的病人 写这封信 |
| 522 | that you knew had never been successfully performed | 你知道从未成功表演 |
| 523 | in the history of the world. | 在世界历史上。 |
| 524 | And I think that that simply illustrates | 我认为这只是说明 |
| 525 | the sense of desperation that both the surgeon and patient | 外科医生和病人的绝望感 |
| 526 | must have felt when facing this hopeless diagnosis. | 面对这种无望的诊断 一定感觉到了 |
| 527 | Dwight Harkin and Charles Bailey were pioneers of cardiac surgery, | 德怀特·哈金和查尔斯·贝利是心脏手术的先驱, |
| 528 | but they failed far more often than they succeeded. | 但他们失败的次数远超过他们成功的次数。 |
| 529 | To persist in the face of so many deaths | 面对这么多的死亡 坚持下去 |
| 530 | and heartbreaking setbacks and took supreme courage, | 和令人心碎的挫折, 和最大的勇气, |
| 531 | self-confidence, and the ability to bounce back | 自信和回弹的能力 |
| 532 | after heartbreaking disappointments. | 在伤心失望之后 |
| 533 | But remember, before them, | 但记住,在他们之前, |
| 534 | the heart was not even contemplated | 心脏甚至没有考虑 |
| 535 | as a thing you could operate on | 作为你可以操作的东西 |
| 536 | and perform beneficial operations on. | 并进行有益的操作。 |
| 537 | And because of them, the heart became a viable surgical target. | 心脏也因此成为了可行的手术目标. |
| 538 | And that opened the floodgates. | 这打开了洪水门。 |
| 539 | These successes, these little operations I've told you, | 这些成功,这些小手术 我告诉过你, |
| 540 | suddenly got everybody excited | 突然大家都兴奋起来 |
| 541 | that things we could operate on the heart. | 我们可以在心脏上操作的东西。 |
| 542 | And within 10 years, they had invented the heart lung machine, | 十年之内 他们发明了心脏肺机 |
| 543 | which stills the heart so that we can perform proper operations. | 保持心脏 这样我们才能进行适当的手术 |
| 544 | Shortly thereafter, the first coronary artery bypass surgery | 此后不久,第一次冠状动脉绕行手术 |
| 545 | was performed in there after the heart transplant in the late 60s. | 在60年代后期的心脏移植后 在那里做了手术 |
| 546 | And, you know, these guys, | 而且,你知道,这些人, |
| 547 | this is a cover of Time magazine in 1957. | 这是1957年《时代》杂志的封面。 |
| 548 | Charles Bailey was known at the time. | 查尔斯·贝利是当时的知名人物. |
| 549 | I've given this talk to large audiences | 我和广大观众谈过了 |
| 550 | with many illustrious and well-educated people. | 有许多杰出和受过良好教育的人。 |
| 551 | And only once has anyone ever heard of Charles Bailey before. | 只有一次有人听说过查尔斯·贝利 |
| 552 | In the question and answer, | 在问答中, |
| 553 | if you've ever heard of him before, please tell me. | 如果你听说过他,请告诉我。 |
| 554 | That person was a cardiac surgeon | 那个人是心脏外科医生 |
| 555 | who had been a retired cardiac surgeon. | 曾经是退休心脏外科医生 |
| 556 | And, you know, how much more, I always think to myself, | 而且,你知道,多远, 我总是想, |
| 557 | do people like Harkin and Bailey deserve to be known | 像哈金和贝利这样的人应该被认出来 |
| 558 | than the people we put on pedestals today? | 比今天我们装踏板的人还好? |
| 559 | Athletes and celebrities and movie stars. | 运动员和名人与电影明星. |
| 560 | You know, these people changed the world, | 你知道,这些人改变了世界, |
| 561 | but very few people remember them. | 但很少有人记得他们。 |
| 562 | And that was, as an author, for this book, Masters of Medicine, | 作为作者,这本《医学大师》 |
| 563 | it really was one of my primary motivations | 这真的是我的主要动机之一 |
| 564 | in sharing their stories, | 分享他们的故事, |
| 565 | to make these people who aren't well-known but deserve to be | 让这些人不为人所知,但应该成为 |
| 566 | and share their, like, more well-known among readers. | 并分享他们一样, 更著名的读者。 |
| 567 | So I'd like to now move on to briefly one more tale from World War II. | 所以我现在想再简略地谈谈二战的一个故事。 |
| 568 | And this story starts with the Allied invasion of Italy in 1943. | 这个故事从1943年盟军入侵意大利开始. |
| 569 | So if you recall, the Allies had successfully invaded North Africa | 所以如果你记得,盟军已经成功入侵北非 |
| 570 | and they wanted to get into Europe, | 他们想进入欧洲, |
| 571 | so they thought the soft underbelly of Europe | 所以他们觉得欧洲的软腹 |
| 572 | would be the most effective place to start. | 这将是最有效的起点。 |
| 573 | And they invaded in September of 1943. | 并于1943年9月入侵. |
| 574 | And to their delight, the Italian government | 意大利政府很高兴 |
| 575 | pretty much immediately surrendered. | 几乎马上投降了 |
| 576 | And that was great. | 这是伟大的。 |
| 577 | Except that if they were hoping that the Italian Allies, | 除了如果他们希望意大利盟军 |
| 578 | the Germans, were going to give up their firm hold on Italy, | 德军要放弃对意大利的控制 |
| 579 | they were sadly mistaken. | 可惜他们弄错了 |
| 580 | Despite the loss of their Italian allies, | 尽管失去了他们的意大利盟友, |
| 581 | the Germans put up firm resistance. | 德国人坚挺抵抗 |
| 582 | And by December of 1943, | 到1943年12月时 |
| 583 | the Germans had established a very strong defensive line | 德国人建立了非常强大的防线 |
| 584 | just south of Rome, across the width of Italy. | 就在罗马以南 横跨意大利 |
| 585 | So the Allies were rushing men and supplies into southern Italy | 所以盟军赶着人和物资进入意大利南部 |
| 586 | to try to keep there and strengthen the first toehold into Europe. | 试图保持那里,加强第一个进入欧洲的牵制。 |
| 587 | And there's a port called Bari here in southeastern Italy. | 意大利东南部有个叫巴里的港口 |
| 588 | And they were using this port a great deal. | 他们经常使用这个港口。 |
| 589 | This anchorage was enclosed by an impressive mile-long jetty. | 这个锚地被一条长得惊人的防波堤包围着. |
| 590 | You can see this in the satellite photo. | 在卫星照片上可以看到这一点。 |
| 591 | And the purpose of this jetty was to serve as a breakwater and pier, | 这条防波堤的目的是作为防波堤和码头 |
| 592 | but also it reduced the harbor's entrance to a relatively small opening. | 但也把港口的入口 缩小到一个相对较小的开放点 |
| 593 | And during this time, this harbor was full of Allied ships. | 在此期间,这个港口充满了盟军船只. |
| 594 | We're talking of oil tankers, | 我们在谈论油轮, |
| 595 | patrol torpedo boats, various smaller crafts. | 巡逻鱼雷艇 各种小手工业 |
| 596 | These ships were full of ammunition and supplies. | 这些舰只充满弹药和补给. |
| 597 | They were so tightly packed that some shipholes touched. | 他们被紧紧地打包起来 以至于一些船洞被触动了 |
| 598 | And sometimes the port was so busy, | 有时港口太忙了 |
| 599 | the ships were literally waiting five days to unload their cargoes. | 船在等五天才卸货 |
| 600 | This is just a wartime photo of part of the harbor side, | 这只是一张照片 战时部分港口一侧, |
| 601 | so you can see what it was like. | 这样你就能看到它是什么样子。 |
| 602 | Now, to speed the unloading of so many ships, | 现在,为了加速卸载这么多船只, |
| 603 | the British who were in charge of this area | 负责这个地区的英国人 |
| 604 | basically suspended the usual blackout orders. | 基本上暂停了通常的停电命令. |
| 605 | They believed the Luftwaffe was so severely depleted | 他们相信德国空军已经消耗殆尽了 |
| 606 | that the odds of an enemy attack were remote. | 敌人攻击的几率很小 |
| 607 | They neglected to put up much air defense. | 他们忽略了设置很多防空。 |
| 608 | There was only one anti-aircraft battery that defended the city. | 当时只有一个防空炮兵保卫城市. |
| 609 | So they were kind of negligent. | 所以他们有点失职了 |
| 610 | And they were greatly mistaken about the Luftwaffe. | 他们误认为是德国空军 |
| 611 | Albert Kesselring was in command of the Nazi troops, | 阿尔伯特·凯瑟林曾指挥纳粹部队 |
| 612 | the German troops in Italy. | 在意大利的德国军队 |
| 613 | He realized he had an incredible opportunity here | 他意识到他有一个不可思议的机会在这里 |
| 614 | and he summoned all available warplanes from across Italy | 他召集了意大利各地的所有战机 |
| 615 | and northern Italy and ordered them to attack Bari at dusk. | 和意大利北部,命令他们在黄昏攻击巴里. |
| 616 | 105 bombers heeded the call. | 105架轰炸机听从了呼叫. |
| 617 | The attack commenced at 7.25 p.m. and lasted only 20 minutes. | 攻击于下午7时25分开始,仅持续20分钟。 |
| 618 | Rarely has a fleet of ships ever been caught so unprepared and undefended. | 很少有一支舰队 被俘虏过如此无备和无防守 |
| 619 | The German bomb set off multiple explosions | 德国炸弹引发了多起爆炸 |
| 620 | amongst the closely anchored ships laden with fuel and ammunition. | 与满载燃料和弹药的船舶同船。 |
| 621 | Men leapt from these burning ships into the frigid Adriatic waters. | 男人从这些燃烧的船跳进冷淡的亚得里亚海中. |
| 622 | Some were rescued, freezing cold and covered with oil. | 有的被救出,冷冻,被油覆盖. |
| 623 | The total number of dead, | 死者总数 |
| 624 | counting both sailors and civilians, exceeded 1,000. | 包括水手和平民 超过1000人 |
| 625 | And in all, 17 ships were sunk and eight were badly damaged. | 而共有17艘船被击沉,8艘严重受损. |
| 626 | In the army, they started calling this attack the Second Pearl Harbor. | 在军队中,他们开始称这次攻击为"第二珍珠港". |
| 627 | And Bari Harbor would be out of action for three months. | 巴里港三个月后就会停运 |
| 628 | So I love these newsreels because, you know, from the war. | 所以我喜欢这些新闻片 因为,你知道,从战争。 |
| 629 | And they're so interesting. | 他们是如此有趣。 |
| 630 | So I have a 60-second newsreel just to give you an idea | 所以我有一部60秒的新闻片 给你一个想法 |
| 631 | a little bit of what it was like in Bari. | 有点像在巴里那样 |
| 632 | Sensor clearance now releases these pictures of a damaging raid | 清除传感器 现在发布这些照片 破坏性突袭 |
| 633 | made by enemy aircraft on the port of Bari on the Italian Adriatic coast. | 敌机在意大利亚得里亚海岸的巴里港制造 |
| 634 | A low-level night attack which claimed a thousand casualties. | 一场低级夜间袭击造成1 000人伤亡。 |
| 635 | The heavy death toll was caused by the explosion | 爆炸造成人员伤亡惨重 |
| 636 | of two ammunition ships hit by German bombs. | 被德国炸弹击中的两艘弹药船 |
| 637 | In all, 17 allied ships were lost in the disaster. | 总共有17艘盟军舰艇在灾难中失利. |
| 638 | Flames spread through the docks in an uncontrolled blaze. | 火焰在无控制的火焰中通过码头扩散. |
| 639 | Aviation spirit and high explosives causing one of the worst disasters since Pearl Harbor. | 航空精神和高爆造成珍珠港以来最严重的灾害之一. |
| 640 | After the shipping, whose cargo was to supply the 8th Army, | 运输后, 货物供应第八军, |
| 641 | was destroyed by two separate blasts from the exploding ammunition ships. | 被爆炸弹药船的两次爆炸摧毁。 |
| 642 | Some of the vessels remained burning for a week. | 一些船只被烧了一个星期。 |
| 643 | The disaster precipitated an immediate inquiry | 这场灾难立即引发了调查 |
| 644 | into the ineffective defenses covering the fall. | 进入无效的防御 覆盖秋季。 |
| 645 | Okay, great. | 好吧,伟大的。 |
| 646 | So I hope you like that. | 所以我希望你喜欢这样 |
| 647 | You know, this was a complete disaster, an unmitigated disaster. | 你知道,这是一个完全的灾难, 一个没有减轻的灾难。 |
| 648 | And it would really be hard to imagine matters growing even worse for the allies. | 很难想象盟国会变得更糟 |
| 649 | But believe it or not, they did. | 但信不信由你,他们做到了。 |
| 650 | In the midst of the attack, | 在进攻中, |
| 651 | wounded men and terrified civilians running for cover | 受伤的男子和惊慌失措的平民 |
| 652 | noticed a peculiar smell in the air. | 发现空气中有一种怪异的味道 |
| 653 | It smelled like garlic or maybe like mustard. | 闻起来像大蒜或者芥末 |
| 654 | And it lay heavily across the harbor. | 它在港口对面沉积着很重 |
| 655 | No one knew what to make of it. | 没人知道该怎么解释 |
| 656 | And the reason was top secret, okay? | 原因是绝密的,好吗? |
| 657 | One American Liberty ship called the John Harvey. | 美国自由号的一艘飞船叫约翰·哈维号. |
| 658 | This is a different Liberty ship, a photo of a Liberty ship. | 这是另一艘自由号飞船 自由号飞船的照片 |
| 659 | It looked like this. | 看起来像这样 |
| 660 | This is a different ship. | 这是另一艘船 |
| 661 | But the John Harvey held, believe it or not, | 但约翰・哈维坚持,相信与否, |
| 662 | a secret cargo of 2,000 mustard gas bombs, chemical weapons. | 一种秘密货物 2000芥子气炸弹,化学武器。 |
| 663 | Each weighed about 60 to 70 pounds. | 每人重约60至70磅. |
| 664 | An explosion on the John Harvey sent the poison aerosolized into the air | John Harvey号的爆炸把毒气喷向空气 |
| 665 | and in liquid form spilling into the harbor. | 以液体形式溢入港口。 |
| 666 | In the water, this toxic fluid was mixed with like viscous oil | 在水中,这种有毒的液体 像粘性油一样混合 |
| 667 | and coated these sailors who were swimming for their lives | 并涂上这些水手 他们正在游泳 他们的生命 |
| 668 | in flames and explosions. | 在火焰和爆炸中, |
| 669 | And a poisonous cloud kind of wafted over the city of Bari. | 和有毒的云 一种摇摆在巴里的城市。 |
| 670 | And because the hospitals were inundated with severely injured people, | 因为医院里挤满了严重受伤的人 |
| 671 | these soldiers who may not have appeared to be as badly hurt at first | 这些士兵一开始似乎没有那么严重 |
| 672 | were kind of left in their soiled clothing | 他们的衣物, |
| 673 | or wrapped in blankets for up to a full day sometimes. | 或用毯子包起来 有时长达一整天 |
| 674 | If the physicians had known they were coated in toxic fluid, | 如果医生知道他们涂了有毒液体 |
| 675 | they would have recommended they just shed all their clothes and shower immediately, | 他们会建议他们立刻脱下所有的衣服和淋浴 |
| 676 | which would have really helped. | 这会真的有帮助。 |
| 677 | In all, 628 military personnel were hospitalized with mustard poisoning, | 总共有628名军人因芥子中毒住院 |
| 678 | with symptoms ranging from extensive chemical burns and blisters | 症状包括广泛的化学烧伤和水泡 |
| 679 | to severe conjunctivitis and temporary blindness. | 严重结膜炎和暂时失明。 |
| 680 | And within a month, 83 of them would die. | 在一个月之内,他们中有83人会死。 |
| 681 | So if you're like me, you immediately ask yourself, | 所以,如果你像我一样, 你立即问自己, |
| 682 | why did our guys have poison gas? | 为什么我们的人有毒气? |
| 683 | Well, you know, the Geneva Convention banned the use of poison gas in war, | 日内瓦公约禁止在战争中使用毒气 |
| 684 | but not the possession of such gas. | 但不是拥有这种气体。 |
| 685 | And the American mustard gas had purportedly been brought to Europe | 美国芥子气据说是带到欧洲的 |
| 686 | as a precaution, just in case the Germans used it first, | 以防德国人先用它 |
| 687 | so the Allies would have something to retaliate with in kind. | 所以盟军会用实物报复 |
| 688 | But driven by the fear that disclosure of the facts at Bari | 但因为害怕泄露巴里的事实 |
| 689 | would prompt a retaliatory German chemical attack, | 将引发报复性的德国化学攻击, |
| 690 | the Allies deliberately tried to cover up the mustard gas disaster. | 盟军故意掩盖芥子气灾难. |
| 691 | And an army physician named Stuart Alexander was dispatched to Bari | 一个叫斯图尔特·亚历山大的军医被派往巴里 |
| 692 | to investigate reports of unusual patient symptoms. | 调查异常病人症状的报告。 |
| 693 | And without knowing about the mustard gas bombs, | 在不知道芥子气弹的情况下 |
| 694 | his careful investigation deduced that only chemical weapons | 他仔细调查后推断,只有化学武器 |
| 695 | could explain the constellation of patient findings that he found. | 可以解释他发现的病人群 |
| 696 | An intact bomb casing with American markings | 一个有美国标志的完整弹壳 |
| 697 | was retrieved from the bottom of the harbor, | 从港口底部取回的 |
| 698 | and this had mustard gas in it, confirming his suspicions | 这里面有芥子气 证实了他的怀疑 |
| 699 | and implicating the Allies. | 并牵连盟国。 |
| 700 | He noticed, oh, by the way, this is just one page of his top secret report | 他注意到,哦,顺便说一句, 这只是他的绝密报告的一个页 |
| 701 | back to the army about what he had found in the soldiers | 回到军队,他发现了士兵 |
| 702 | who had been victimized by the attack. | 他们成为袭击的受害者。 |
| 703 | He noticed a surprising finding among the patients he was taking care of. | 他注意到他所照顾的病人中有一个惊人的发现。 |
| 704 | Their white blood cell counts were extremely low. | 他们的白血球数极低。 |
| 705 | In med school, you learn that a normal white blood cell count | 在医学院,你学会一个正常的白血球数 |
| 706 | might be 4,500 to 11,000, several thousand per microliter. | 可能是4,500到11,000,每微利特几千。 |
| 707 | Some of these patients had white blood cell counts less than 100. | 其中一些病人的白血球数不到100个。 |
| 708 | That is extremely abnormal. | 这是极其不正常的。 |
| 709 | He deduced correctly that mustard gas had harmed the patient's bone marrow, | 他正确地推断芥子气伤害了病人的骨髓, |
| 710 | where infection-fighting white blood cells are produced. | 与感染作斗争的白血球 |
| 711 | And this made him wonder if this chemical could be investigated | 这让他怀疑是否该调查这种化学品 |
| 712 | as a potential treatment for cancers related to white blood cell overproduction. | 作为治疗与白血球过度生产有关的癌症的一种潜在方法。 |
| 713 | He thought to himself, if mustard could do this, | 他对自己想,如果芥末能做到这一点, |
| 714 | what could it do for a person with leukemia or lymphosarcoma? | 它对白血病或淋巴沙科马有什么帮助? |
| 715 | Whereas mustard gas's effect on bone marrow | 而芥子气对骨髓的影响 |
| 716 | had largely been ignored during World War I and little studied afterwards, | 第一次世界大战期间基本上被忽视,之后很少研究, |
| 717 | now the Bari incident had created and bestowed scientists | 现在,巴里事件 已经创造和授予科学家 |
| 718 | with a very large case series of human subjects | 与一个非常大的案件系列 人类主体 |
| 719 | that had been exposed to the toxin and could be carefully studied. | 并且可以仔细研究。 |
| 720 | Now, back in the U.S., Alexander's work was noticed by Colonel Cornelius Rhodes, | 现在,回到美国,亚历山大的作品被科内利乌斯·罗兹上校注意到, |
| 721 | who was the chief of the medical division of the Chemical Warfare Service. | 曾任化学战局医疗处处长. |
| 722 | And in 1944, Rhodes organized classified clinical trial of 160 cancer patients | 1944年,罗兹组织了对160名癌症患者的分类临床试验 |
| 723 | who were treated with nitrogen mustard, | 他们是被用氮芥子处理的, |
| 724 | a derivative of the chemical used in mustard gas. | 芥子气中所使用的化学物质的衍生物。 |
| 725 | This study showed positive results in patients with lymphoma. | 这项研究显示,淋巴瘤患者有积极的结果。 |
| 726 | And in 1949, the first cancer chemotherapy medication to be approved by the FDA | 在1949年,第一个癌症化疗药物 由FDA批准 |
| 727 | was a form of nitrogen mustard called misstargon. | 是氮芥的一种叫迷信塔贡 |
| 728 | It would be the vanguard of a new class of chemotherapy drugs | 它将成为新一类化疗药物的先锋 |
| 729 | called alkylating agents that are still used today. | 叫做烷基化剂,今天仍在使用 |
| 730 | So thanks largely to the catastrophic disaster at Bari, | 多亏了巴里的灾难性灾难 |
| 731 | a new method of combating cancer had been launched. | 已经推出了一种防治癌症的新方法。 |
| 732 | Remember, prior to this, cancer could only be treated by surgery | 记住,在这之前 癌症只能通过手术治疗 |
| 733 | to remove a local tumor or sometimes radiation. | 以去除局部肿瘤或有时辐射。 |
| 734 | There was no way of treating, you know, blood cancers or metastases. | 没有办法治疗血液癌或元病 |
| 735 | Now chemotherapy offered a chance to kill cancer wherever it lived. | 现在化疗提供了一个杀死癌症的机会 无论它住在哪里。 |
| 736 | And despite major advances in oncology today, even immunotherapy, | 尽管肿瘤学取得了重大进步 即使是免疫疗法 |
| 737 | which is the hot topic of the day, | 这是今天的热门话题, |
| 738 | chemotherapy is still the mainstay of treatments for most major cancers in patients. | 化疗仍然是治疗患者大多数主要癌症的支柱。 |
| 739 | So this is the first chemotherapy that we got, | 所以这是我们第一次接受化疗 |
| 740 | and it's because of Bari and the Luftwaffe bombing raid there. | 是因为巴里和德国空军的轰炸 |
| 741 | It's just an incredible story. | 这只是一个不可思议的故事。 |
| 742 | You know, medical history is full of these stories. | 医学史上都是这些故事 |
| 743 | These two stories I've shared with you tonight, | 今晚我和你们分享的两个故事 |
| 744 | they occupy each only four pages of my book. | 他们只占有我书的四页 |
| 745 | There are so many stories that have changed all our lives. | 有很多故事改变了我们的生活 |
| 746 | So just to sum up briefly, | 所以简单总结一下, |
| 747 | what lessons can we learn from these stories of discovery in World War II? | 我们能从二战的这些发现故事中吸取什么教训? |
| 748 | First, necessity is the mother of invention. | 第一,必要性是发明之母。 |
| 749 | Without World War II, Dwight Harkin would never have been confronted | 没有二战,德怀特·哈金就永远不会面对 |
| 750 | with the heart wounds that allowed him to experiment | 心脏受伤 使他得以实验 |
| 751 | and launch the field of cardiac surgery. | 并启动心脏手术领域。 |
| 752 | Second, it takes maverick doctors like Charles Bailey to take chances | 第二 查尔斯·贝利这样的医生要冒险 |
| 753 | and sometimes risk their reputations and careers | 有时还冒着名誉和事业的风险 |
| 754 | to make a breakthrough that everyone else thinks is impossible or crazy. | 实现别人认为不可能或疯狂的突破 |
| 755 | And finally, we see that when humanity is at its worst | 最后,我们看到当人类处于最糟糕的状态时 |
| 756 | in the midst of such catastrophic disasters like World Wars, | 在诸如世界大战等灾难性灾难中, |
| 757 | there are still extraordinary examples of human compassion and diligence | 人类的同情和勤奋 仍然有非凡的例子 |
| 758 | exemplified by doctors like Stuart Alexander, | 以斯图尔特·亚历山大等医生为例, |
| 759 | who was able to think outside the box and recognize a new observation | 他能从盒子外思考 并意识到新的观察 |
| 760 | like low white blood cell count in much of the gas victims | 像低白血球数 在大部分毒气受害者 |
| 761 | and apply it to follow like no one else had ever dreamed of doing before. | 并把它应用到跟以前没有人梦想的那样。 |
| 762 | The only winner in war is medicine. | 战争中唯一的胜利者是医学. |
| 763 | And thank goodness we can be thankful and grateful | 谢天谢地 我们可以感激和感激 |
| 764 | that even in our darkest hours, there are those among us | 即使在我们最黑暗的时光里 我们中也有人 |
| 765 | who rise to the occasion and can inspire each of us to do | 他们能激励我们每个人 |
| 766 | what is altruistic and honorable and the best in whatever community | 什么是利他主义,什么是荣誉 和最好的在任何社区 |
| 767 | and circumstance we find ourselves in. | 以及我们所处的环境 |
| 768 | Thank you so much for spending some of your evening with me tonight. | 谢谢你今晚陪我过夜 |
| 769 | I love sharing my passion for history and medicine | 我喜欢分享我对历史和医学的热情 |
| 770 | and I hope you learned something you didn't already know before. | 我希望你学到一些你以前不知道的东西 |
| 771 | Well, Andrew, thank you so much for giving this riveting presentation | 安德鲁 非常感谢你做了这个精彩的演讲 |
| 772 | and sharing these very inspiring stories. | 并分享这些非常鼓舞人心的故事。 |
| 773 | I totally agree with you that, you know, | 我完全同意你的观点,你知道, |
| 774 | there are a lot of these sorts of untold stories | 有很多这种难以形容的故事 |
| 775 | that deserve to be celebrated along with, you know, | 值得庆祝的是,你知道, |
| 776 | many interesting people that we now know who are commanding our attention. | 许多有趣的人,我们现在知道谁值得我们注意。 |
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