普林斯顿-耶鲁“相约周末”品读汇第三场：马可·波罗盛赞的元大

普林斯顿-耶鲁“相约周末”品读汇第三场：马可·波罗盛赞的元大都如何影响世界？著名中国建筑史家夏南悉新解元代建筑

发布于 2024-04-07 · 时长 1:47:20

字幕摘录

时间	英文	中文
0:04	Good evening everyone, especially to our distinguished speakers, Professor Nancy Steinhardt and Professor	大家晚上好,特别是我们尊敬的演讲者南希·斯坦哈特教授和教授
0:11	魏ian.
0:13	Welcome to this Princeton and Yale ideas series event held at the Yale Center of Beijing,	欢迎来到普林斯顿和耶鲁大学在北京耶鲁中心举办的系列活动
0:21	but also online, being live streamed over Princeton University Press's WeChat channel	在普林斯顿大学出版社的微信频道上直播
0:27	and Yale Center of Beijing's Weibo channel.	和耶鲁中心北京微博频道.
0:30	Welcome to everyone who are here in person and also online.	欢迎各位亲临现场,
0:36	Just a bit of the Yale Center, about the Yale Center, in case you're not familiar, we were	只是有点耶鲁中心, 关于耶鲁中心, 如果你不熟悉,我们是
0:41	founded in 2014, so around 10 years ago, as Yale University's only university-wide center	作为耶鲁大学唯一的全大学中心
0:48	outside of its U.S. campus.	在美国校园外
0:50	So it also functions as an embassy for its 15, actually now 14 schools.	因此,它也作为一个大使馆运作 15,实际上现在14所学校。

展开字幕全文（1883 条）

序号	英文	中文
1	Good evening everyone, especially to our distinguished speakers, Professor Nancy Steinhardt and Professor	大家晚上好,特别是我们尊敬的演讲者南希·斯坦哈特教授和教授
2	魏ian.
3	Welcome to this Princeton and Yale ideas series event held at the Yale Center of Beijing,	欢迎来到普林斯顿和耶鲁大学在北京耶鲁中心举办的系列活动
4	but also online, being live streamed over Princeton University Press's WeChat channel	在普林斯顿大学出版社的微信频道上直播
5	and Yale Center of Beijing's Weibo channel.	和耶鲁中心北京微博频道.
6	Welcome to everyone who are here in person and also online.	欢迎各位亲临现场,
7	Just a bit of the Yale Center, about the Yale Center, in case you're not familiar, we were	只是有点耶鲁中心, 关于耶鲁中心, 如果你不熟悉,我们是
8	founded in 2014, so around 10 years ago, as Yale University's only university-wide center	作为耶鲁大学唯一的全大学中心
9	outside of its U.S. campus.	在美国校园外
10	So it also functions as an embassy for its 15, actually now 14 schools.	因此,它也作为一个大使馆运作 15,实际上现在14所学校。
11	Throughout the year, every two days or so, we host events such as these, where we convene	整个一年,每两天左右,我们主办这样的活动,我们在那里召开
12	academics and leaders from all sectors to discuss on the most interesting, cutting-edge	学术界人士和各部门领导人将讨论最有趣、最先进的
13	topics in the world.	世界上的话题。
14	And today, we are so delighted to be working on this event in collaboration with the Princeton	今天,我们很高兴能与普林斯顿大学合作举办这次活动
15	University Press's Beijing office to talk about Professor Nancy Steinhardt's new book,	大学出版社北京办事处谈南希·施泰因哈特教授的新书,
16	Yuan, for the Yuan Dynasty in China, Chinese Architecture in a Mongol Empire.	元,为中国元朝,蒙古帝国的中国建筑.
17	And we're also delighted to have Professor Wei Jian, Professor Meredith from Redmond University	我们也很高兴有魏健教授,雷蒙德大学的梅雷迪思教授
18	to give a commentary in Chinese as a counterpoint to this discussion.	以中文发表评论作为这一讨论的反点。
19	This talk is the third lecture of the Princeton Yale Ideas series, and I would really love to	这次演讲是普林斯顿耶鲁思想系列的第三次演讲,我很想
20	thank the Princeton University Press Beijing office team, as well as the Yale Center Beijing	感谢普林斯顿大学出版社北京办事处团队以及耶鲁中心北京办事处
21	team, for bringing these fresh, new and interesting ideas to the Beijing and Chinese audience.	给北京和中国观众带来新鲜、新颖和有趣的想法
22	Today's event will go as follows.	今天的活动如下。
23	I'm welcoming everyone and delivering some short opening remarks and introducing the	欢迎各位,并致开幕词
24	speakers.	发言者。
25	Later, we will have Professor Steinhardt talk about her book, and then Professor Wei will	后来,我们让斯坦哈特教授谈她的书然后魏教授
26	be providing commentary in Chinese.	提供中文评论。
27	Afterwards, we will have a Q&A session, folks joining online, and folks at the venue at	之后,我们将有一个 QQA会话, 网友加入, 和人们在现场
28	Yale Center Beijing, you're welcome to raise your hands, both physically and virtually,	北京耶鲁中心欢迎你举起手来无论是身体上还是实际上
29	to get your questions answered.	让你的问题得到答案。
30	So a bit of an introduction about the two professors today.	所以今天对两位教授做了一些介绍。
31	Professor Nancy Steinhardt is one of the foremost experts on Chinese architectural history.	南希·施泰因哈特教授是中国建筑史上最重要的专家之一.
32	She is the Professor of East Asian Art and Curator of Chinese Art at the University of	她是东亚艺术教授和中国艺术的守护者
33	Pennsylvania, where she has taught since 1982.	宾夕法尼亚州,她从1982年开始在那里执教.
34	She received her PhD at Harvard and was a junior fellow at Harvard.	她在哈佛获得博士学位,并在哈佛大学担任初级研究员.
35	Professor Steinhardt is an author or co-editor of many different books and volumes about	Steinhardt教授是许多不同书籍和书卷的作者或共同编辑。
36	Chinese architectural history, including Chinese Traditional Architecture, Chinese Imperial	中国建筑史,包括中国传统建筑,中华帝国
37	City Planning, Liao Architecture, Chinese Architecture Reader in Traditional Chinese	城市规划辽建筑传统汉语中国建筑阅读器
38	Culture, Chinese Architecture and the Bozar, Chinese Architecture in an Age of Turmoil	文化,中国建筑与博扎尔,涡轮时代的中国建筑
39	200 to 600, the Chinese Mosque, Chinese Architecture, 12 Lectures, China and Architectural	200至600,中国清真寺,中国建筑,12个讲座,中国与建筑
40	History, the Borders of Chinese Architecture, and the book that's the subject of today's	历史,中国建筑的疆界,以及今天的论著.
41	talk, Yuan, Chinese Architecture in the Mongol Empire and More Than 100 Articles.	谈,袁,蒙古帝国的中国建筑与百篇以上.
42	She has also won many teaching and writing and book awards, including the Distinguished	她还赢得了许多教学、写作和书籍奖,包括杰出的
43	Teaching of Art History Award from the College of Art Association.	艺术协会学院艺术史奖教学.
44	The Provost Award for Distinguished PhD Teaching and Mentoring from Penn.	宾夕法尼亚州杰出博士教学和导师奖。
45	And in 2021, she won the Alice David Hitchcock Book Award from the Society of Architectural	而在2021年,她获得了建筑学会颁发的爱丽丝·大卫·希区柯克图书奖.
46	Historians for Chinese Architecture History.	中国建筑史历史学家.
47	Following Professor Steinhardt's presentation, we're grateful to have Professor Jianwei	斯坦哈特教授发言后,我们感激有建威教授
48	to comment and reflect on Professor Steinhardt's presentation.	对斯坦哈特教授的演讲进行评论和反思.
49	Professor Wei Jian is Professor Emeritus of History at Renmin University of China,	魏健教授是中国任民大学历史荣誉教授,
50	where he also serves as Director of the Institute of Northern Ethnic Archaeology	并担任北方民族考古研究所所长
51	and Head of the Department of Archaeology and Museology.	并担任考古和博物馆学系主任.
52	He is currently a Distinguished Professor at Minzu University of China and the Director	现任中国民祖大学杰出教授,院长.
53	of the Institute of Frontier Archaeology.	边境考古研究所。
54	He has led over 80 archaeological excavations, including that at Yuan Shangdu in Inner Mongolia,	他领导了80多次考古发掘,包括在内蒙古的袁翔都,
55	which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2012.	2012年被列为联合国教科文组织世界遗产.
56	To date, he has published many academic monographs and more than 180 papers and research	迄今为止,他出版了许多学术专著和180多篇论文和研究.
57	reports on his topic of expertise.	关于他的专门知识的报告。
58	Without further ado, let's welcome Professor Steinhardt to give her presentation on the	别再说了,欢迎斯坦哈特教授介绍
59	book.	书。
60	Thank you very much.	谢谢
61	Thank you.	谢谢
62	Thank you, Carol, for that very kind introduction.	谢谢你,卡罗尔, 非常好的介绍。
63	And thank you, everyone who has come tonight or this morning to hear about Yuan architecture.	感谢大家今晚或今天上午来了解袁建筑
64	The book that I'm going to talk about deals with the architecture of a period of approximately	我要谈的书是关于一个时期的建筑
65	150 years from the death of this man, Genghis Khan in 1227 through the fall of the Yuan	从这个人去世150年,成吉思汗于1227年,元朝灭亡.
66	dynasty to the Ming dynasty in 1368.	1368年诏归明朝.
67	This is the age of Kublai Khan.	这是忽必烈汗的时代.
68	This is the age of his also the age of Marco Polo.	这也是他同时也是马可波罗的时代.
69	By the end of the 13th century, the empire forged by Genghis and enlarged by his sons	到了13世纪末,成吉思建立的帝国由他的儿子们扩张
70	and his grandsons would be and remains the largest empire ever achieved in Eurasia.	他的孙子们将会是并且仍然是欧亚最大的帝国
71	It was also the first time in history when China was part of a much larger empire,	这也是中国历史上第一次成为更大的帝国的一部分
72	and that empire was not ruled by someone of Chinese descent.	而那个帝国并没有被一个中国血统的人统治
73	As the 12th century turned into the 13th century, that is around the year 1200,	随着12世纪变成13世纪,也就是1200年左右,
74	at least 12 polities, you see them on the map, populated the area that you see here	至少12个政体,你在地图上看到它们, 居住着你在这里看到的地区
75	from Siberia through Korea, including China and as far west as the Black Sea.	分布于西伯利亚经韩国,包括中国以及最西部至黑海等.
76	In that year, circa 1200, the man who would become Genghis Khan was about 38 years old.	当年,大约1200年,成为成吉思汗的人约38岁.
77	Before he died in 1227 in Ningxiahui, so he dies right around here, Genghis would engage	在1227年他死在宁夏淮阴之前所以他死在这附近成吉思会介入
78	in battle and conquer and unite most of the people in the region you see on the map.	在战斗中,征服和团结地图上看到的地区的大多数人。
79	He would unite the Mongols, the Tartars, the Karyat, the Merkut, the Namun, the Unga, the	他将团结蒙古人,鞑靼人,卡里亚特人,默库特人,纳蒙人,恩加人,
80	Kyrgyz, the Khwarazm, the Karakytai, the Karakhanid, the Kipchak, the Western Xia,	吉尔吉斯人赫瓦拉兹姆人卡拉基泰人卡拉哈尼德人基普查克人西夏人
81	the Jurchen, and of course Song China.	当然还有宋中国
82	When Genghis dies just one quarter of the way into the 13th	成吉思死时只有1/4路进入13号
83	century, this city, Zhongdu, that is the Jin Dynasty city, would have fallen to the Mongols,	世纪,此城,崇都,即晋朝城,必降于蒙古,......
84	Karakytai over here would fall, Western Xia would fall, and Khwarazm, which is over here,	卡拉基泰会在这里坠落西夏会沦陷赫瓦拉兹姆会在这里
85	would also fall.	也会掉下去的
86	These are the historical facts, but the narrative around them is often exaggerated	这些是历史事实,但周围的叙述经常被夸大
87	and glorified by images like this and the narrative that grows around it.	并被这种画面和周围成长的叙事所颂扬.
88	So let's take this statement.	所以,让我们做这个陈述。
89	The Mongols first saw cities on horseback.	蒙古人最早看到城市骑马.
90	This clear and direct	这清楚而直接
91	statement does not carry the meaning that the Mongols stormed across the grasslands until they	蒙古人冲过草原直到他们
92	came to a walled city, which they leveled to the ground, whose booty they took and whose population	来到一个城墙,他们把城墙夷为平地,他们的战利品和居民,
93	they slaughtered or enslaved, even though a scene that this describes or a scene like the one you	他们屠杀或奴役, 即使一个场景描述或场景喜欢你
94	see on the screen often illustrates a statement like that.	屏幕上经常显示这样的说法。
95	The statement is not even true if we	如果我们
96	soften it to the Mongols first encountered Chinese walled cities in the conquest of sedentary people	软化它给蒙古人第一次遇到中国城墙征服定居的人
97	to their south.	他们的南方。
98	The true statement is long before the plowed fields or granaries or armories came	真正的声明是在耕田、粮仓或军火库来之前很久的
99	into view, the Mongols saw ceramic tile roof eaves, carved stone, and occasionally pagodas.	进入观光中,蒙古人看到了陶瓷砖瓦屋顶的叶片,雕刻的石刻,偶尔还有佛塔.
100	If no longer attached to buildings or parts of larger complexes, they saw them amid ruins like	如果不再附属于建筑物或更大的建筑群的一部分,他们就会在废墟中看到这些建筑群。
101	this.	这个
102	They saw them inside standing walls.	他们看见他们站在墙上
103	The 12th and 13th century peoples of Mongolia,	12世纪和13世纪蒙古人民,
104	from who rose the leaders and the shapers of the Mongol empire, surely first saw architecture on	从谁升起蒙古帝国的领袖和造型者,
105	horseback, but they saw it right in Mongolia.	马背,但他们在蒙古看到它。
106	They saw it here.	他们在这里看到了
107	They saw remains of cities built by	他们看到一些城市的残骸
108	Liao.	辽国.
109	They saw remains of architecture built by Uyghurs in Xinjiang.	他们看到了新疆维吾尔人建造的建筑遗迹.
110	They saw remains of	他们看到尸体
111	architecture built by Western Xia in Namong, and they saw, perhaps, remains like this,	由西夏在南宫建造的建筑他们可能还是这样
112	if not in Tongwan, then remains of walls in the north from as early as the 5th century,	如果不是在东关, 那么从5世纪开始, 北部的墙壁遗迹,
113	maybe even from earlier.	也许更早的时候
114	They saw roof tiles.	他们看见屋顶瓦片。
115	They saw pieces of ceramic, and	他们看到了陶瓷片,和
116	it's through all of this that we understand this period not as a clash of civilization,	正是经过这一切,我们理解这个时期不是文明的冲突,
117	but as a movement of the Mongol south and a decision about what to build.	但作为蒙古人的南下运动以及决定要建造什么
118	Yes, the Mongols definitely destroyed cities, some of Asia's most magnificent cities.	是的,蒙古人绝对摧毁了城市, 一些亚洲最宏伟的城市。
119	They destroyed Bukhara and Samarkand and Rae and Hamadan and Maraga and Gurgunj	他们摧毁了布哈拉、撒马尔罕、雷、哈马丹、马拉加和古尔贡杰
120	and Mirv and Nishapur and Bamyan, but they also rebuilt many of those cities, sometimes using	以及米尔夫、尼沙普尔和巴米扬,但他们也重建了许多这些城市,有时使用
121	old building parts.	旧建筑部件。
122	One of the things that I tried to do in this book is rely only on facts	我在这本书中试图做的一件事就是只依靠事实
123	or on excavated evidence.	或根据挖掘出来的证据。
124	Fortunately, there is a tremendous amount of remaining	幸运的是,还有大量的剩余
125	physical evidence, buildings like this.	实物证据像这样的建筑物
126	There is, in fact, a remarkably comprehensive history	事实上,有一个非常全面的历史
127	of extant architecture in and around China from the period of Mongolian rule.	从蒙古统治时期起,中国境内和周边现存建筑的建筑。
128	There are dozens	有几十个
129	of cities and towns.	城市和城镇。
130	There are hundreds of wooden buildings, and there are buildings in other	有数百座木制建筑,还有其他建筑
131	materials.	材料。
132	For instance, buildings I just showed you, buildings in other materials such as these.	比如,我刚刚给你看的建筑, 建筑中的其他材料,如这些。
133	There are paintings of buildings and paintings of parts of buildings, many of which, and I'll	有建筑的绘画和部分建筑的绘画,其中很多,我会
134	show you this this morning, many of which have fairly reliable facts.	今天上午给你们看,其中许多有相当可靠的事实。
135	There are, in fact,	事实上,有
136	some excellent paintings of buildings.	一些优秀的建筑画作。
137	There are the buildings that people have turned to	有的建筑人们已经转向
138	to say, well, Chinese architecture really changed under Mongol rule.	可以说,在蒙古人的统治下,中国建筑真的发生了变化.
139	We'll look at these also.	我们也会看看这些
140	The book examines them also, and I will show you how they become part of the building tradition.	这本书也研究了它们, 我会告诉你它们是如何成为建筑传统的一部分。
141	There is rock-carved architecture from the period of Mongolian rule, and there are a few very	蒙古统治时期就有石刻建筑,也有少数建筑非常古老.
142	unusual buildings.	不寻常的建筑。
143	I call them anomaly buildings, buildings that are almost unique in the history	我称之为异常建筑历史上几乎独一无二的建筑
144	of Chinese architecture, and there are also buildings in Korea and in Japan and in Iran.	还有韩国、日本和伊朗的建筑。
145	But I start with maps.	但我从地图开始。
146	I start with maps because it's an efficient way to lay out the land	我从地图开始,因为它是一个有效的方法铺设土地
147	and to show that Chinese map makers were very aware of this dynasty called Yuan and very able	并显示中国的地图制作者非常了解这个叫做袁的王朝,并且非常有能力
148	to locate in their maps places like the capital Dadu or Shandu.	在他们的地图位置,如首都达杜或山都。
149	I start with the great capitals.	我从伟大的首都开始。
150	I'm not talking about them this morning.	我今早不是在谈论他们
151	These cities are very well known, but I do certainly	这些城市是众所周知的,但我当然知道
152	discuss them in the book just as a point of reference.	在书中讨论它们只是作为参考。
153	The city that Kublai built as his	忽必烈所建的城市作为他的
154	great capital Dadu or pronounced at the time Dadu was 28,600 meters in perimeter.	大都城达杜,或者在达杜时被宣布周长28600米
155	This actually is more than six times the perimeter of the wall of Kharkhorum,	这其实是哈尔霍伦城墙的六倍多
156	the first capital in Mongolia, and it is more than two and a half times the outer wall	外墙的两倍半以上
157	of Shandu.	山东人
158	That's the capital that it will come up again.	那是它会再次出现的首都
159	This is where the Xanadu of Coolridge's	这是凉岭的山都
160	poem, and then there is the fourth capital.	诗,然后有第四大都城。
161	These will all come up a little bit later.	这些都会在稍晚的时候出现。
162	But they've all been studied.	但他们都被研究过了
163	They're all on the map.	他们都在地图上。
164	所以在这里,Khulin或Kharkhorum,
165	here, Shandu, Sokholin, Shandu, Dadu, of course, right here, and Zhongdu, the short-lived capital,	这里,山都,索克荷林,山都,达都,当然,就在这里,还有短命的首都钟都,
166	right here.	在这里。
167	But there are many cities.	但有许多城市。
168	There are more than 30 cities, and they are all built,	有30多个城市,它们都是建造的,
169	rebuilt, are used by the Mongols, and you see just from these plans.	重建后,被蒙古人使用,你们从这些计划中可以看见。
170	This morning I'm showing	今天早上我要展示给大家看
171	more color illustrations than black and white, but you see wall inside wall.	比黑白的更多彩色插图,但你看墙内的墙.
172	You see the capital	你看见首都了
173	I形或Gong形计划.
174	You see long streets, and you see layout that includes palatial	你可以看到漫长的街道,你可以看到布局包括古老的
175	architecture.	结构。
176	So here's where all these places are.	所以这里就是这些地方。
177	In fact, each of the cities labeled on this map	事实上,每个城市都标注在这个地图上
178	was a city that was used by the Mongols, and each one comes up at least in small part	曾经是蒙古人使用的一个城市每个城市至少都有一小部分
179	in the first part of the book.	在书的第一部分。
180	The maps were a challenge.	地图是一个挑战。
181	You see on the screen how I decided	你看到屏幕上我是如何决定的
182	to do them.	做他们。
183	In part, what you're seeing is that cities clustered during the Yuan dynasty.	部分可见元朝时期的城市群.
184	So a	这么说
185	cluster here, this is in Waimeng, cluster here around Shandu.	这里,这里是怀明,这里是山都
186	This is here, I'm in Ningxia,	在这里,我在宁夏
187	and here I'm in Xian, and Beijing, Daidu, of course, is over here.	我在西安,北京,大都,当然在这里。
188	But after talking about	但是,经过谈论
189	cities, and as I said, we'll be looking mainly in color, the second part of the book looks at	城市,正如我所说,我们主要看颜色, 书的第二部分看
190	what the Mongols saw as they came to China.	蒙古人来到中国时所看到的
191	I think it's very important, one of the facts,	我认为这很重要其中一个事实
192	to look at what the Mongols themselves would have seen that could have impacted them.	看看蒙古人自己会看到什么可能影响到他们。
193	And here I think is the most complicated map that I show in this book, locations of pre-1250	在这里,我想这是最复杂的地图我显示在这本书, 位置前1250
194	cities and buildings where the Mongols were that we knew that they saw.	蒙古人所看到的城市和建筑
195	So you take this,	所以你拿着这个
196	you see this detail, and here's the detail, and here are the details, and I had a graduate student,	你看这个细节这是细节这是细节我有一个研究生
197	architect draw these for me.	建筑师帮我画这些
198	It takes some time to look, but you can see that the Mongols used	这需要一些时间来寻找, 但你可以看到,蒙古人使用
199	cities and a few of them well-known, the city that the Jin used as their capital beneath Beijing	城邑和其中几个名城,金人用来作为北京城下的首都
200	today under Daidu, but also cities that are today in Russia, city in Heilongjiang, and this one is	今在大都之下,但今俄罗斯之城市,黑龙江之城,此亦是.
201	also in Russia.	也在俄罗斯
202	So I do look at the Jin somewhat, and I look at important Song and Jin buildings.	所以,我确实看一些锦衣卫,我看重要的宋楼和锦楼.
203	I look at them, I look at the buildings that I select from Song and Jin for two purposes.	我一看他们,一看从宋江和晋江中挑选的建筑,有两个目的.
204	One, to show that yes, the architecture that the Mongols built, an example of it is behind me on	一,为了证明是的,蒙古人建造的建筑,其典范在我身后
205	the screen right now, draws from Chinese architecture, but more importantly, I show that it uses the	现在的屏幕,来自中国的建筑, 但更重要的是,我显示它使用
206	Chinese building standards.	中国建筑标准.
207	And so what do I mean by this?	我这是什么意思?
208	These are the two grandest buildings	这是两座最宏伟的建筑
209	that the Mongols built, Qiyang, Beiyuan, Miao, Dunning, Dian, and the Yongle Gong,	蒙古人建造了齐阳,北y,密,邓宁,迪安,永乐贡
210	this is the Sanqing Dian of Yongle Gong.	这是永乐宫的三清堂
211	These are by Chinese definition Diantong.	这些是中国人定义的Dianton.
212	So I select	所以我选择
213	my pre-UN buildings so that I can show in the book that the building standards of China are very much	我的前联合国建筑这样我就能在书中证明中国的建筑标准非常高
214	used in the UN dynasty.	用于联合国王朝.
215	So I turned to Yingzhal Fosher, and yes, well, this is very simple,	于是我转而谈到英哲·福舍尔是的这很简单
216	that Diantong is a big hall.	迪安东是个大大厅
217	But when I go through building parts, which I also don't do tonight,	但当我经过建筑部分, 我今晚也不做,
218	but I do in the book, I show the use of Diantong.	但我在书里说,我展示使用迪安东。
219	I also look at literary descriptions of buildings	我还研究了建筑的文学描述
220	when they exist.	当它们存在的时候
221	But in the end, I rely mostly on archaeological evidence,	但归根结底我主要依靠考古证据
222	because sometimes texts are written by people who did not see buildings.	因为有时文字是由没有看到建筑物的人写的.
223	is one, it's by someone who was living in the south and used records to describe	是一个,是一个住在南方的人用记录来描述
224	Yuan Daidu, but Xiaoxuan did see the UN capital, and this is the text that he wrote, the Gu Gongyi	袁大都,但小八确实看到了联合国首都, 这是他写的文字,顾贡义
225	he came and he saw what survived of Kublai Khan city before it was destroyed to make way	他来了,看到忽必烈汗城里幸存下来的东西在它被摧毁之前
226	for the Ming dynasty.	为明朝.
227	Excellent reconstructors using those texts have proposed what the palaces	使用这些文字的优秀重建者提出了宫殿中的东西
228	of Daidu might have looked like.	戴都可能看起来像
229	This is a signature Fushinian reconstruction that shows	这是富士尼重建的标志
230	the Daming Palace complex.	大明宫建筑群
231	But looking at the description of the Daming Palace complex,	但从大明宫建筑群的描述来看
232	we can turn to one of the two Diantong, one of the two grand halls, and so this is Baiyuan Miao,	我们可以转向两个Diantong之一, 两个宏伟的大厅之一, 所以这是Baiyuan苗,
233	the Dunning Hall, and we can read the description that goes, Daming Hall was raised on,	邓宁大厅,我们可以读到描述去,达明大厅升起,
234	excuse me, a high platform with a stairway in front of it.	对不起,一个高台,前面有楼梯
235	Okay, this is Dunning Dian.	好吧,这是邓宁甸。
236	I'm reading the description of the Daming Hall.	我读大明堂的描述.
237	A marble balustrade carved with figures of dragons and phoenixes surrounded the hall.	一个大理石瓦路贸易雕刻有龙和凤凰图案,围绕大厅.
238	Each vertical post of the balustrade rested on an owl, a sea dragon-like creature.	巴鲁斯特贸易的每个垂直位置都依靠一只猫头鹰,一种类似海龙的生物。
239	So	这么说
240	balustrades, the creature.	巴鲁斯贸易,生物。
241	He mentions the dragons in the panels.	他提到面板上的龙。
242	They don't survive here,	他们不能在这里生存
243	but excavated from Yuan Daidu.	却从袁代都掘出.
244	You do have a panel with the dragon.	你确实有龙的面板
245	These are the sea dragon	这些是海龙
246	headed pieces that have been found not just at the remains of Daidu, but in Xiangdu and in	不仅在大都的遗骨上而且在西安都和
247	and Karakoram as well.	还有卡拉科拉姆
248	Let me keep going with this description.	让我继续这个描述。
249	Every exterior pillar of the	每一个外部支柱
250	hall was decorated with raised flowers, golden dragons, and clouds on top of which were carved	堂内装饰着高耸的花朵,金龙,上面的云彩雕刻
251	decoration.	装饰。
252	Here I have to go to the Song Dynasty.	在这里,我必须去宋朝.
253	To find those dragons around pillars, I have to go	为了找到柱子周围的龙,我得走了
254	to the Song Dynasty.	至宋朝时.
255	But then the text tells us a pair of dragons coiled in the center of the	但文字告诉我们一对龙环绕在中央
256	ceiling.	上限。
257	And here I'm back in Qiyang, Dunning Dian.	今又复居贵阳,邓宁甸.
258	I'm looking at coiling dragons.	仰视叠龙.
259	Golden and red	金色和红色
260	mullion windows with gold leaf attached to the intervening spaces was found on all four sides	在四边都发现了带有金叶的木银窗
261	of the hall.	大厅。
262	And so the mullion windows found on the four sides of the hall, here Dunning Dian,	大厅四边的木银窗邓宁·迪安
263	and here I'm at Yonglu Gong, Sanqing Dian.	我在这里,在永乐贡,三清甸。
264	In the book, because I'm writing in English and I'm	在书中,因为我用英语写作,我
265	always writing for a reader who may not have a lot of background, I also explain that in the Yuan	总是为一个没有太多背景的读者写文章我也解释一下在袁文中
266	dynasty, two sets of brackets between those on top of columns is standard.	朝代,柱子上方的两套括号是标准的.
267	And this is part of	这是一部分
268	the evolution of the bracket set from the Renze Gong to just one inter-kilometer bracket to many	从任泽功到一公里的括号演变成很多
269	in the 18th century.	在18世纪。
270	And then I can turn to a very casually painted mural from Qirfong, from a tomb in	然后,我可以翻到一个非常随意的壁画从齐尔丰, 从一个坟墓在
271	Qirfong.	齐尔丰.
272	Pillar, pillar, one, two bracket sets.	支柱,支柱,一,两个括号套.
273	Pillar, pillar, two bracket sets.	柱子柱子两个括号
274	The evolution of	发展变化
275	Chinese architecture and the criteria for a Yuan building very much is followed.	中国建筑与元代建筑的标准非常遵循.
276	And I also explain	我也解释
277	during this part of the book, as I'm getting ready to look at actual wooden buildings, where the Yuan	在书的这一部分, 因为我正在准备看实际的木制建筑,
278	set sits in the evolution, the fact that the bracket set is about a sixth of the total height	设定在进化中, 括号集大约是总高度的六分之一
279	from ground level to top, and that there are artificial pieces, pieces that are not functional,	从地面到顶端, 并且有人造的碎片, 片段没有功能,
280	that are used in the bracket set.	用于括号中的。
281	And so back here at Yonglu Gong, Sanqing Dian, we see those	所以回到永乐贡,三清甸,我们看见那些
282	artificial pieces.	人工块.
283	We can see them in a sarcophagus as well.	我们可以在石棺里看到它们
284	Now I move into the	现在我搬进
285	timber frame hall, which is one of the most important parts of the book.	木框厅,是书中最重要的部分之一.
286	And so we start at	所以我们开始
287	the top, Diantong, and then I move to buildings that are most eminent to buildings that are	戴安东,然后我搬去那些最著名的建筑
288	somewhat less eminent.	不太显眼
289	The simple hip roofs, and I move to the hip gable roofs.	简单的臀部屋顶, 我移动到臀部的可盖屋顶。
290	And of course,	当然
291	at some point, I have to explain most eminent roof is a hip roof.	有些时候,我必须解释一下最著名的屋顶是臀部屋顶
292	Then we go to hip gable.	然后我们去臀部Gable。
293	But when there are the decorative pieces on the top, more eminent than this.	但当顶部有装饰品时,比此更为突出.
294	Then we move	然后我们行动
295	in eminence to the overhanging eaves.	以高傲的乳头发誓,
296	So here with the decoration, here just with the eaves	所以这里有装饰,这里有树枝
297	themselves, and I explain that pavilions take on their own architectural features.	我解释,展馆拥有自己的建筑特色。
298	This is then what I do.	这就是我要做的
299	This is how I've decided to organize timber frame buildings.	这就是我决定组织木材框架建筑的方式。
300	So that we looked at the Diantong at Yonglu Gong, and at Qiyang Beiyuan Miao.	故以永路贡,Q阳北y苗,观其丹东.
301	Then we look at the	然后我们看看
302	next rank of building.	下一个建筑等级。
303	Now I move still to the next rank of building, the building with the hip	现在,我仍然移动到下一阶的建筑, 建筑的臀部
304	and the gable.	和吉布尔。
305	And then I move just to overhanging gables.	然后,我只移动到超载的吉布斯。
306	And then I am able to talk about other	然后,我可以谈论其他
307	features of architecture that are exclusive to the Yuan dynasty.	元朝独有的建筑特色.
308	One of them is the Jianju,	其中一个是建州人
309	or the elimination of pillars from the inside of a building.	或从建筑物内部消除柱子。
310	And so you have this here.	你在这里有这个
311	I don't	我没有
312	illustrate any Ming buildings in the book.	说明书中的任何明建筑。
313	But for point of reference, by the Ming dynasty,	但以明朝为参考.
314	the complete column grid is very much in place, 1424.	1424年,整个列网非常到位
315	So there is something Yuan.	所以,有东西袁。
316	And yes,	没错,
317	person can recognize the features of a Yuan building from this book.	人可以从这本书中识别出一幢袁楼的特征.
318	But I'm always looking	但我总是在寻找
319	to show in this chapter, the Yingsao Fasher is used in a wooden building in the Yuan dynasty.	在本章中,英绍法希尔号用于元朝的一座木制建筑.
320	So here I'm looking at the Tadao from Yingsao Fasher.	我在这里看着来自法希尔的塔多
321	Here I'm looking at the Tadao from a Yuan	我在这里看着一个元的塔多
322	dynasty residential mansion in Daidu.	戴都王朝民宅.
323	And here's a line drawing.	这是一张线条图
324	And here I see it in a painting.	我从画里看到了
325	So you can see the kinds of material I'm using to confirm a text when I have a text to use.	所以,你可以看到我用什么材料来确认一个文本当我有一个文本来使用。
326	I've just mentioned painting.	我刚刚提到画。
327	I think a lot of you know that the kind of painting I was describing	我想你们很多人都知道我描述的那种画
328	is called Jiahua, translates as ruled line painting.	叫做"佳华",译作"统治线画".
329	In fact, in Mongolia, from fairly early	事实上,在蒙古,从很早就
330	in the Yuan period, possibly as early as the time of Genghis, at this site, a ruler was found.	元朝时期,可能早在成吉思时代,在此地发现了一个统治者.
331	So	这么说
332	rulers are very much in use in Mongolia during the Yuan dynasty.	统治者在元朝时期在蒙古国使用甚多.
333	Other pieces of wood and other	其他木头和其他
334	examples where wall painting can confirm what's been excavated.	例如墙壁画可以证实已经挖掘出来的东西。
335	You saw this already.	你已经看到了。
336	Relief panels.	救济小组。
337	Here I'm at Yonggu Gong, Xuan Yang Dian excavated in Daidu, Ho Ying Fong.	今吾在永固贡,X阳帝在大都发掘,何英芳.
338	I'm looking at this door	我看着这扇门
339	with this latticing.	带着这根绳子
340	I see it right here.	我看到它在这里。
341	So I start in the north and then I move to the south	所以我从北边开始,然后搬到南边
342	and I use only four buildings.	我只用了四栋楼
343	It's always necessary to select.	总是有选择的必要.
344	There are more than	还有很多
345	300 Yuan dynasty wooden buildings that survived.	幸存的300座元朝木楼.
346	So I look at the main ones in the southeast	所以,我看看在东南部的主要
347	at Yanfu Su and at Zhenru Su today and an older picture of it.	在延福秀和今天的禅鲁秀以及更古老的照片
348	I note the use of curved beams and	我注意到使用曲线束和
349	other longer curved beams in the southeast.	其他较长的弯曲梁在东南部。
350	I talk about Tianning Su's main hall.	谈天宁秀才主堂.
351	But I'm always	但我总是
352	selecting so that there are among these 300, more than 300, probably wooden buildings,	选择这样,在这300,300多, 可能是木制建筑,
353	many that I didn't include.	有很多,我没有包括。
354	If it were a book about the Song dynasty, I might have been able	如果这是一本关于宋朝的书,我也许可以
355	to include almost everything, but not true.	几乎包括一切,但不是真实的。
356	So these are buildings that I've studied in my	这些建筑是我研究过的
357	many trips up and down the Fun River and Shanxi.	多次上下游游乐江和山西.
358	They're not in the book and this is the interior	他们不在书里这是内部
359	of two of them not in the book.	其中有两个人不是在书中。
360	I decide to talk about kind of the mainstream, the standard	我决定谈谈主流的标准
361	architecture that's not Diantong and not associated with China's most important buildings	与中国最重要的建筑无关的建筑
362	从汉 Chong.
363	So it's a chance to talk about this fantastic city, Han Chong, used by officials,	因此,这是一个机会谈论这个神奇的城市,汉崇, 被官员使用,
364	not by emperors.	不是皇帝们干的
365	And I talk about Tingtong or Tingtong from there.	我从那里谈到廷顿格或廷顿格。
366	These buildings are	这些建筑是
367	in the book and these buildings are discussed in the book.	这些建筑在书中讨论。
368	And I also discuss a few buildings	我也讨论过几栋楼
369	from Sichuan and one from Yunnan in the book.	出自四川,书中云南一人.
370	So these buildings are in the book.	所以这些建筑都在书中.
371	In all,	总之,
372	I discuss about 50 of the 300 or so buildings.	我讨论大约300栋建筑中的50栋
373	And I talk about architecture in other materials,	我在其他材料中谈到建筑
374	both in stone and in metal.	无论是石头还是金属
375	And then I move at the very end of the book, but I show the material	然后我在书的结尾移动, 但我展示了材料
376	here to architecture in Korea that follows the Chinese building standards.	在这里,韩国建筑符合中国建筑标准。
377	So these three	所以这三个
378	buildings are contemporary with Yuan dynasty in Korea.	建筑在韩国与元朝相近.
379	And I talk about a few Japanese buildings,	我谈论一些日本建筑,
380	very specific type that are also built contemporary with Yuan China.	非常具体的类型,也是与袁中国一起建造的.
381	So as I said,	所以,正如我说的,
382	I start with Diantong, then I moved to Tingtong, and then I moved to smaller buildings.	我从迪安东开始,然后搬到廷顿格,然后搬到较小的建筑.
383	And for	还有为了
384	my examples of smaller buildings, I use houses.	我比较小的建筑我用房子
385	This is the oldest house in China.	这是中国最古老的房屋.
386	It is from	这是从
387	the Yuan dynasty.	元朝官员.
388	And I look at stages.	我看着阶段。
389	And the stages sometimes have very fantastic ceilings.	阶段有时有非常奇妙的天花板。
390	Some of the stages I don't include.	有些阶段我不包含。
391	I might mention them, but I don't include them.	我可能会提到他们, 但我不包含他们。
392	These	这些
393	are not illustrated in the book.	在书中未显示。
394	But in all right now, it's believed there are 24 stages just in	但是现在,人们相信有24个阶段
395	Shaanxi province.	陕西省志.
396	And so that's how I moved to talk about small architecture and buildings	所以我搬来谈小建筑
397	with plans like this.	有这样的计划。
398	Then I moved to tombs.	后来迁居墓园.
399	So I've select about 30 tombs from the many	我选了30个墓
400	that I could include as just as illustrations, these two drawings and this drawing to show	我可以把这两幅画和这张画都和插图一样
401	the tombs are primarily but not exclusively one chamber.	墓穴主要但并非只有一个房间。
402	That chamber can be circular,	那间屋子可以是圆形的
403	it can be hexagonal, can be octagonal, and sometimes there are more interesting tombs.	它可以是六边形的,可以是八边形的,有时还有更有趣的墓穴.
404	And this is where I again look underground and look at murals in part because I'm interested in	我再次从地下看壁画部分是因为我感兴趣
405	murals in part because they live in the book.	壁画部分是因为生活在书中.
406	And sometimes there is architecture in the murals,	有时壁画里还有建筑
407	sometimes important architecture that shows you the way that a painter replicated	有时重要的建筑让你知道画家复制的方式
408	the grains of wood.	木质的谷物。
409	Sometimes there are ceilings that show features that would have hung in silk,	有时天花板会显示本来会挂在丝绸上的特征
410	but now are put into the ceiling itself.	但是现在被放进天花板上
411	And then there are a few unusual tombs,	还有几个不寻常的坟墓
412	this one in Beijing, a few unusual features in brick tombs.	这个是北京的砖石墓中的一些不寻常的特征
413	That's all discussed in the section	都在本节讨论过
414	on tombs.	在坟墓。
415	And then in my discussion of the smaller architecture, I look at a few sarcophaguses	然后我在讨论较小的建筑时看了几个石棺
416	and pieces of sarcophaguses.	和石棺的碎片。
417	This was excavated by Wei Jian in Chengdu.	这是魏建在成都发掘的.
418	And then I moved to the	后来我搬到了
419	part of the book that I think that readers might find the most interesting.	这本书的一部分我认为读者可能会发现最有趣的。
420	And so I'm going to	所以我会
421	spend more time now, from now till the end, looking at some of the unusual buildings.	现在花更多的时间, 从现在到最后, 看一些不寻常的建筑物。
422	And I choose this because when I first thought about Yuan and when people think about Yuan,	我选择这个是因为当我第一次想到袁和人们想到袁的时候,
423	they're always looking for something that shows the Mongols were there and many Chinese were there	他们总是在寻找一些东西显示蒙古人和许多中国人在那里
424	as well.	临Τ
425	These are mosques.	这些是清真寺。
426	These are considered China's four oldest mosques.	这些被认为是中国最古老的四座清真寺.
427	This one has a lot	这个有很多
428	of rebuilding.	重建计划。
429	It's an old site, but it's not as old.	旧址,但未及旧址.
430	And if you've never looked at a Chinese	如果你从未看过中国人
431	mosque, these are also pictures from them.	清真寺,这些也是他们的照片。
432	If you notice Persian, then you know you're at a mosque.	如果你注意到波斯语, 那么你知道你在清真寺。
433	But if you take away the placard, you see that yes, Chinese building is very much the system.	但是,如果你拿掉牌匾,你就会看到,是的,中国建筑就是这个系统。
434	I'm going to talk about three of them this morning.	我今早要谈三个人
435	So I start here at the Huaishangse,	所以我从怀山开始
436	the mosque that glorifies or about the flourishing of the sage.	赞美圣贤兴盛的清真寺
437	Shang refers to	阿翔说
438	默罕默德(英语:Muhammad).
439	This mosque is well known because of its minaret.	这座清真寺因其尖塔而得名.
440	The minaret is called Guangta.	尖塔名为广塔.
441	The first important fact, and it's a fact, not a feature, of bringing foreign architecture into	第一个重要事实,它是一个事实,而不是一个特征, 将外国建筑引入
442	China is that it has to become part of the Chinese system.	中国是必须成为中国制度的一部分.
443	So the word ta, which is a word for pagoda,	塔这个词是宝塔的词
444	becomes used for a minaret.	变成一个尖塔。
445	And yes, this defines it as a non, it is definitely a non-Chinese	是的,它被定义为非中国人,它绝对是非中国人
446	structure.	结构。
447	It's tall.	其身高贵.
448	Some people think one of its functions was a lighthouse and that that's the	有些人认为它的功能之一是灯塔,这就是
449	reason that it was called Guang.	故名为广.
450	Others say this is just the brightness of the faith.	其他人说这只是信仰的光明。
451	Now I don't	现在我没有了
452	have a label.	有个标签。
453	So take a moment to look at these plans.	所以,花点时间看看这些计划。
454	Which is the mosque?	哪个是清真寺?
455	Well, you saw that	你看见了
456	minaret.	摩纳瑞特。
457	This, of course, is the minaret in the mosque.	当然,这是清真寺的尖塔。
458	But other than that, you have a gate.	但除此之外,你还有门
459	You have a T-shaped approach.	你有一个T形的方法。
460	Think about Beijing.	考虑北京.
461	Daidu had a T-shaped approach.	戴都有T形的方法.
462	Also,	还有,
463	you have a large yuatai, large platform, and you have a building.	你有一个大型的yuatai, 大型的平台, 你有一个建筑。
464	This is a building from	这是一栋从
465	the Liao Jin period in Datong, Shanhuazhou.	辽金时期在香花州大通.
466	And so you have buildings with yuatai and you have,	所以你有建筑与优泰,你有,
467	of course, the courtyard.	当然,庭院。
468	This is the second feature that tells you it's a mosque.	这是第二个告诉你这是一座清真寺。
469	This is	这是
470	the mikhrab that points to Mecca in the west.	指向西面麦加的密克拉布
471	So to enter a person has to walk along the corridor	所以,进入一个人必须沿着走廊走
472	or walk outside and then come inside.	或者走出去然后进来
473	But this plan is a Chinese plan.	但这个计划是中国的计划.
474	It's not to conceal the	这不是隐藏
475	fact that this is a mosque.	这是一座清真寺
476	The Guangta projected 37 meters high above the low built environment.	广田号预计高37米,高于低建筑环境.
477	It is because to be constructed in China, it has to become part of the Chinese system.	正是因为要在中国建设,它必须成为中国制度的一部分.
478	So part of the Chinese system.	因此是中国制度的一部分.
479	This is what it looks like today.	这就是今天的样子
480	And this is rebuilding.	这是重建。
481	A lot of rebuilding occurred in the 1930s.	大量重建发生在1930年代.
482	The second mosque that I showed this morning,	我今天早上展示的第二座清真寺
483	Fenghuangsu, in the city of Hangzhou.	凤焕苏,位于杭州市.
484	凤凰 Phoenix(学名:Phycho phonix)为 with科 bird属的鸟类,与 city城有关.
485	You note here three domes.	你在这里记着三个圆顶。
486	Yes, three domes.	是的,三个圆顶。
487	This is a picture from a book.	这是一本书上的照片
488	I couldn't have taken this one myself.	我不可能亲自拿走这个
489	Large central dome and two smaller ones,	大中央穹顶和两个较小的穹顶,
490	and perhaps shaped like a phoenix.	也许形状像凤凰
491	Right here, behind this building, right here, right here	这儿,这栋楼后面,这里,这里
492	would be the mikhrab, the indicator of Mecca.	将会是麦加的标志
493	What do we have inside?	我们里面有什么?
494	Well, we have the honeycomb	我们有蜂窝
495	squinches that are associated with Islamic architecture.	与伊斯兰建筑相关的立柱.
496	If they look to you like bracket	如果他们看你像括号
497	sets, yes, there's definitely, they don't derive from bracket sets, but a builder knew how to make	套装,是的,肯定有, 它们不是来源于括号套装,
498	this kind of cornice.	这种玉米片。
499	This is what it looks like inside today.	这就是今天里面的样子。
500	So here is how the builders,	所以这里是建造者如何,
501	craftsmen who are Chinese are imitating mukharnas.	工匠都是中国人模仿穆哈纳人
502	But the three domes, there are famous three dome	但三个圆顶,有著名的三个圆顶
503	buildings that were constructed before this mosque.	在这座清真寺之前建造的建筑物。
504	One is the Daxiongbao Dian at Baoguose,	其中一个是宝玉山大宗宝鼎
505	and one is Yonggogong Sanqing Dian, the central dome being the most important.	其中一个是龙冈三清中央穹顶是最重要的
506	As for the name Phoenix, there was at least one other Phoenix hall in East Asia.	至于凤凰城的名称,东亚至少有另外一座凤凰城厅.
507	In Japan,	在日本的时候
508	the famous Phoenix hall in Uji built earlier than the Phoenix mosque, but it takes on the	乌吉的著名凤凰厅比凤凰清真寺建得更早但是它要紧
509	shape of a phoenix, and perhaps this was intended to imitate a phoenix building.	这也许是为了模仿凤凰大楼
510	This is the most interesting, I think, of the Yuan dynasty mosques.	我认为,这是元朝清真寺中最有意思的.
511	It's had a lot of rebuilding.	它经历了许多重建。
512	The entry gate is dated 1799.	入门日期为1799年.
513	The mosque has been moved.	清真寺已经搬走了。
514	It's not considered one of the four oldest,	它不被认为是四个最古老的,
515	but what I'm about to show you dates from the 14th century, before the fall of the Mongols.	但我要给你们看的是14世纪蒙古人倒台之前
516	It's in Qinyang, in Henan.	位于秦阳,河南.
517	These roof tiles, well, here we have Persian, but the roof tiles	这些屋顶瓦片,我们这里有波斯,但屋顶瓦片
518	are Chinese technique, and amid Chinese roof tiles, and now we're inside the mosque.	是中国的技法, 在中国的屋顶瓦片, 现在我们在清真寺里。
519	There's nothing here that says to you anything except the interior of a Chinese building.	这里除了中国建筑的内部外,没有什么能告诉你的.
520	It is a very, very long building.	这是一个非常,非常长的建筑。
521	You can see that from the side and in plan, and you can also see	你可以从侧面和计划中看到, 你也可以看到
522	that pillars are eliminated.	柱子被消除。
523	This is standard for the Yuan dynasty, so that if someone wants	这是元朝的标准如果有人愿意
524	to open space so that there's enough room for people to worship on the floor,	打开空间以便有足够的空间人们在地板上崇拜,
525	this is Chinese building practice.	这是中国的建筑实践
526	Again, this is the interior.	再说一遍,这是内部
527	These are five putsoa bracket sets,	这些是5个插座
528	but this is the reason that it's so interesting.	但这就是为什么它是如此有趣。
529	I'm looking at this feature here.	我在看这个
530	This is a fan,	这是一个粉丝,
531	of course.	当然
532	I'm looking at this feature.	我看着这个特色。
533	I'm calling it cicada belly.	我把它叫做Cicada肚皮。
534	If that's not familiar	如果这不熟悉
535	to you, here's the Chinese.	敬你这是中国人
536	This is chandu, and before this, chandu exists at Baoguose.	这是香杜,在这之前,香杜就存在于宝雁.
537	Chandu is explained in Yingshao Fasher, and one of the very few early wooden buildings	香都在英绍法希尔被解释也是为数不多的早期木制建筑之一
538	where it survives anywhere in China is at the mosque I just showed you.	它在中国任何地方生存的地方就是我刚才告诉你的清真寺
539	How about the famous white pagoda?	名白宝塔如何.
540	How does that become part of the Chinese building system?	这如何成为中国建筑体系的一部分?.
541	Yes, it stands very tall, something like 50 meters.	是的,它非常高,大概50米。
542	It is definitely the kind of pagoda	这绝对是宝塔
543	that was used in Tibet before the Mongols came to China.	蒙古人来中国之前,在西藏使用过
544	As the story goes, Kublai asked his advisor	忽必烈问了他的顾问
545	Pogspa to give him some guidance in building a temple for the practice of Tibetan Buddhism	波格斯帕在兴建藏传佛教寺庙方面给他一些指导
546	in his capital, and Pogspa introduced him to Aniga, born in Nepal, who had already built a	波格斯帕将他介绍给在尼泊尔出生的阿尼加,他已经建造了一个
547	monastery, had already built monasteries for Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet, and Kublai meets Aniga	寺院已经为西藏的藏传佛教建造寺院忽必烈与阿尼加相遇
548	already in 1262.	已经是在1262年。
549	He meets him in Changdu, but construction doesn't begin that early.	他在昌都与他相遇,但建设并没有那么早开始.
550	It's only in the year 1270, after Kublai is already in Daidu, the construction begins in a	1270年,忽必烈在大都之后才开始兴建
551	large way in 1267.	在1267号公路上
552	Kublai is already doing some building in 1263.	忽必烈在1263年已经做了一些建筑.
553	He tells Aniga he wants to build	他告诉Aniga他想建
554	this building.	这栋楼
555	What does Kublai do before he builds?	忽必烈在建馆前做什么?
556	And by the way, the technique of using plaster	顺便说一句,使用石膏的技术
557	to cover a building and to make it circular, that's in place.	盖住一栋大楼,并把它变成圆形,即已到位。
558	Builders in China know how to do this.	中国的建设者知道如何做到这一点。
559	When Kublai chooses his site, he determines the extent of the site by a practice known as	当忽必烈选址时,他通过一种称为" Kub"的实践来确定遗址的范围.
560	siding by bow shot.	以弓射为边.
561	This was used in Mongolia, both inner and outer Mongolia, to determine how	这在蒙古,内蒙古和外蒙古都被用来确定
562	much land a certain lord might get.	很多土地某位领主可能得到。
563	So Kublai himself stands there and shoots in one direction	所以忽必烈自己站在那里朝一个方向开枪
564	and shoots in the other.	并射击在另一个。
565	That's how the extent of the White Pagoda monastery is determined,	白塔寺院的修行范围是这样确定的,
566	but it has to be put in a Chinese building plan.	但必须放进中国建筑计划
567	This isn't Tibet, this is China.	这不是西藏,这是中国。
568	And so a hall is	所以一个大厅
569	built in front of it, and it becomes part of a configuration that traces to the sixth century	在它前方建造的, 它成为一个结构的一部分追溯到6世纪
570	in China.	在中国。
571	517, Yongning Si, Gate, Pagoda, Buddha Hall, Korea, Nongsa, sixth century, Gate, Pagoda,	517年,永宁西,城门,宝塔,佛堂,朝鲜,农萨,六世纪,城门,宝塔,
572	Buddha Hall, Lecture Hall, Japan, Shitennoji, 593, Gate, Pagoda, Buddha Hall.	佛堂,日本讲堂,什滕诺吉,593号门,佛塔,佛堂.
573	Here the Pagoda is	宝塔在这里
574	behind the gate, but by the Ming dynasty, these buildings are even post-Ming, they didn't stand	门后,但到了明朝,这些建筑连明后都站不住脚
575	in the Yuan dynasty.	元朝时.
576	I can't confirm that this is what it looked like in the Yuan dynasty.	我无法证实这是元朝时的样子.
577	By the	依据
578	Ming dynasty, it becomes the pagoda that's enclosed in Chinese architectural space.	明朝,它成为中国建筑空间所包围的佛塔.
579	The system is somewhat comparable to what happens to the Guangta inside of a mosque.	该体系与一座清真寺内部的广塔事件有些相似.
580	So until today, the pagoda is within a Chinese courtyard setting, but this perhaps is the more	所以直到今天,宝塔还在中国的庭院里, 但也许这更多
581	interesting comparison.	有趣的比较。
582	This is Yongwe Gong.	这是永威贡
583	Here you can see the three halls, the most important	在这里,你可以看到三个大厅,最重要的
584	one with the hip roof.	一个有臀部的屋顶。
585	Here's a plan from a Difangzhi.	这是迪方志的计划
586	这个Difangzhi发生在1812年,
587	but the main hall, whether it's a Diantang or whether it's a Ta, is enclosed in courtyard space	但主厅,无论是Diantang还是Ta, 被围在庭院空间
588	inside a large built environment, and the same system is in practice for other foreign architecture.	在大型建筑环境中,其他外国建筑实际上也有同样的系统。
589	So this is the Beitang, built in the 18th century, rebuilt more recently with two	所以这是18世纪建造的贝当, 最近重建了两个
590	steely pavilion in the front, enclosed in the architectural space of Chinese courtyards.	正面为钢筋混凝土陈列馆,内嵌中国庭院建筑空间.
591	So yes, I'm showing you buildings that confirm that the Mongols built in China,	所以是的,我给你们看看那些能证实蒙古人在中国建造的建筑,
592	but that construction is always encompassed by Chinese architectural space, and there are a few	但建筑总是被中国建筑空间所覆盖, 并且有少数
593	other white pagodas in China.	中国其他白塔.
594	I talk about them in the book, and sometimes the Mongols return	我在书里提到过,有时候蒙古人会回来
595	and make their mark in very early sites.	并在早期的地方做标记。
596	So this is Gansu Binglingse,	这是甘肃宾格林斯
597	where there's architecture that dates to the fifth century, and this pagoda is carved during	这里有建筑可以追溯到五世纪这座塔建于五世纪
598	the Yuan dynasty at the Binglingse.	元朝在宾林塞.
599	How about the observatory?	天文台怎么样?
600	This is a building that scholars have	这栋建筑是学者们拥有的
601	been interested in for a very long time because we know that Muslim craftsmen came from Persia	很久以来,我们一直很感兴趣因为我们知道穆斯林工匠来自波斯
602	to build here.	在这里建造。
603	We are in Henan Dengfeng, near the sacred central peak.	我们在河南登峰靠近神圣的中央峰
604	The site surely is chosen	地点肯定是被选中的
605	because of the sacred central peak.	因为神圣的中央峰。
606	Well, the privilege of building an observatory	建造天文台的特权
607	is a privilege of Chinese kingship, rulership.	是中国国王的特权,统治者
608	The ruler, we're told, in the Zhou dynasty,	统治者,我们被告知,在周朝,
609	has the privilege of setting the calendar.	拥有确定日历的特权。
610	That's why he needs an observatory.	这就是为什么他需要一个天文台。
611	There are remains	有遗骨
612	of spirit altars that were climbed to look at the stars and make predictions from the Han dynasty.	以及汉朝的预言
613	So now we come to Kublai's time, and again there's a text that talks about the process	现在我们来到忽必烈的时间, 和再次有一个文本谈论过程
614	of building this observatory.	建造这个天文台。
615	I translate this as the text for granting the seasons,	我把这译作"季刊"的文字
616	or how to set the calendar.	或如何设置日历。
617	So the text is written 1280, but 1279 is when the observatory in	因此,文本是写1280, 但1279是当天文台在
618	Dengfeng first is constructed.	邓丰先建.
619	And these two men are very influential, Liu Bingzhong.	而这两人影响很大,刘炳忠.
620	I didn't	我没有
621	talk about it this morning, but Liu Bingzhong, Kublai's advisor, is the man who gave him the	但忽必烈的顾问刘炳忠是他给他的
622	designs for his capitals Daidu and Xiangdu.	设计他的首都大都和X都
623	The famous engineer, Guo Shoujing, was involved in	著名工程师郭寿京参与
624	construction of his observatory, certainly in Beijing, but probably the one in Dengfeng also.	建造他的天文台,当然是在北京, 但可能是邓丰的天文台。
625	In fact, Shousha Li tells us the names of the builders in the observatory, and we can find out	事实上,Shousha Li告诉我们天文台的建筑工的名字,我们可以发现
626	about them.	关于他们。
627	Wang Xun had mathematical ability.	王玄有数学能力.
628	Zhang Yi was a diviner, and he's implicated	张仪是神仙,他被牵连
629	in a murder, and he's eventually executed.	他最终被处死
630	Xu Hong is a scholar.	徐宏为学者.
631	He's a Confucian scholar,	他是一位儒家学者,
632	but he retools in order to have a place in the government rather than a worse outcome that could	但是他为了在政府中占有一席之地而不是为了更糟糕的结果
633	have happened to a scholar in the Yuan dynasty.	发生在元朝的一位学者身上
634	Zhang Wenqian had served Kublai since the 1240s.	张文q自1240年代起就为忽必烈服务.
635	We don't know much about him.	我们不太了解他
636	Yang Gongyi met Kublai in the 1270s at Xiangdu, and he was involved	杨贡义在1270年代在X都结识忽必烈,参与其中.
637	in the use of astronomical instruments, and Chen Ding was an official who had participated	在天文仪器的使用中,陈鼎是一位曾参与过天文仪器工作的官员.
638	in calendar reform for the southern Song dynasty.	在南宋王朝的历法改革中.
639	Now I bring in these names.	现在我带来了这些名字。
640	These names continue to come up in literature about the Yuan dynasty by people who are seeking	这些名字在文献中不断涌现出来有关元朝的人物
641	to show that foreign influences came into China.	来证明外国势力进入中国
642	Foreigners came to China.	外国人来中国.
643	These are people with	这些人...
644	foreign names, but I can find you, and you can find people who say Yehei Dier was the architect	外国名字,但我可以找到你, 你可以找到的人谁说叶平戴尔是建筑师
645	of Daidu.	戴都的遗迹
646	He was not the architect of Daidu.	他不是大都的建筑师.
647	Liu Bingzhong designed Daidu.	刘炳忠设计了戴都.
648	Daidu is a Chinese	大都是中国人
649	palace inside a Chinese city, the palace inside the city, but Yehei Dier worked on	{\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}一座中国城市的宫殿 {\fn华文楷体\fs16\1cHE0E0E0}但是叶平·迪尔在工作
650	the design under the direction of other people, and each of these people worked on building	设计在其他人的指导下, 这些人每个人都在建造
651	projects in China.	中国的项目。
652	Names can be foreign.	名字可以是外来的.
653	People can be foreign.	人能异类.
654	That doesn't mean that foreign	这不代表外国
655	building is occurring.	正在建造中。
656	These are the two people who were most involved in the observatory in Daidu,	这两位是台都天文台最活跃的
657	the two who came from the west.	二从西来者.
658	One is Nasser al-Din.	一个是纳赛尔·丁
659	He worked for Manka, Kublai's older brother,	他为忽必烈的哥哥曼卡工作
660	and he also worked for Kublai's younger brother, Hulegu, who moves west and sets up the Mongol	他还为忽必烈的弟弟胡列古工作,胡列古向西移动,建立蒙古国.
661	dynasty in Iran, the Ilkhanate.	伊朗王朝,伊尔汗国.
662	He has biographies only in western sources, but Jamal al-Din,	他的传记只在西方来源, 但贾迈勒丁,
663	who also had been an astronomer at Maraga, has a biography in Yuanxia.	他也是马拉加的天文学家在元夏有传记
664	His name in Yuanxia is	他在元霞的名号
665	Jamal al-Din, and he brought astronomical instruments to China from the west, not these,	Jamal al-Din 他从西方带给中国的天文仪器不是这些
666	but these are examples of the kinds of instruments that he brought, and two other names are mentioned.	这些都是他带来的工具的例子, 并提到另外两个名字。
667	I haven't seen pictures of them.	我没有看到他们的照片。
668	I just put in this picture.	我刚放进这张照片里
669	One man, Shams al-Din, dies in 1322.	1322年,沙姆斯丁一人去世.
670	He came with training in math and astronomy, and Mir Muhammad also came with training from	他接受了数学和天文学培训,Mir Muhammad也接受了来自
671	the observatory in Iran.	在伊朗的天文台。
672	The question, of course, that people want to answer is did the Mongols	当然,人们想要回答的问题是蒙古人是否
673	themselves contribute to setting the calendar or to astronomical observations?	本身有助于设定日历或天文观测?
674	Well, the Mongols	额,蒙古人
675	did use the 12-animal cycle.	用了十二动物循环
676	The Mongols did have folk cosmology already in the 12th century.	蒙古人早在12世纪就有民间宇宙学.
677	Probably it was learned from China.	可能是从中国学来的
678	That actually can't be proved, but what can be proved is that	这实际上无法证明但可以证明的是
679	this man, Yeluch Yutsai, who had served the gene and then later served Genghis and later served	这个人,Yeluch Yutsai, 他曾经为基因服务,后来为成吉思服务,后来服务
680	Genghis's son and successor Ugedei, had predicted a lunar eclipse in the city of Samarkand,	成吉思的儿子和继任者乌盖代在撒马尔罕市预言了月食
681	and he met Genghis at around this time.	这时候他遇到了成吉思
682	Genghis knew that he was an astronomer.	成吉思知道自己是天文学家.
683	He took him	他带走了他
684	to be part of his entourage.	成为他的随从
685	Samarkand did not look like this in the 13th century,	撒马尔罕在13世纪时不是这样的
686	but you can recognize it as what Samarkand looked like today.	但你可以认出来撒马尔罕今天的样子
687	The observatory is not built until	观测台要到
688	the time of Kublai, and it's again Liu Bingzhong, the person who has instructed Kublai in so many	忽必烈时代,又是刘炳忠, 曾指示忽必烈如此之多的人
689	other practices, who comes to him and says, you're the emperor.	其他练习,谁来到他并说,你是皇帝。
690	It's your obligation,	这是你的义务,
691	but also your privilege to build an observatory and to set the calendar, and Liu dies in 1274,	也是你建立天文台和制定日历的特权刘在1274年去世
692	but the project nevertheless continues.	但该项目仍在继续。
693	In Yuanxia and in Xuxiuli, observatory is called	在元夏和徐西里,天文台被称为
694	Gaobiao, and that's very important, tall nomen.	高彪,这很重要,高大的诺曼人。
695	I'll show you the nomen in just a second.	我一会儿就给你看那些无名小卒
696	This is what the observatory in Dongfeng looks like.	东风的天文台就是这样
697	It has three crucial features.	它有三个关键特征。
698	One is this	一个是这个
699	crossbar.	交叉栏。
700	The purpose of the crossbar is only to put up the biao, or the nomen.	十字栏的目的只是把biao,或Nomen挂起来.
701	It has to be	一定要这样
702	perpendicular, and the reason it has to be perpendicular is that the rays of the sun	直立的, 和原因它必须是直立的是太阳的射线
703	come and cross this bar and then shine somewhere on the third part, part one, the bar, part two,	穿过这个酒吧,然后在第三部分,第一部分,第二部分,
704	the nomen, shine on the projection, and the place where the sun's rays are cast is recorded,	诺曼人,闪耀在投影上, 以及太阳射线被记录的地方,
705	and that's how the calendar is set.	日历就是这样设定的。
706	Where did this Gaobiao stand?	这个高彪站在哪里?
707	Well, here is the Gaobiao.	这是高彪号
708	So here's one of the buildings of the observatory.	因此这里是天文台的一座建筑.
709	Here's the Gaobiao.	此是高宝.
710	The Gaobiao	高彪号
711	is one, and on the other side is one of the astronomical instruments that had come	是其中之一在另一边是天文仪器
712	originally from Iran, but it's put into Chinese architectural complex.	原产于伊朗,但被投入中国建筑群.
713	It's very similar to the	和那个...
714	large building and two-side pavilions.	大型建筑和两侧展厅。
715	This is the famous pavilion of the revolving sutra cabinet,	这是著名的展厅旋转的苏特拉柜,
716	and not so different from a generic kind of structure.	和一般的结构没什么不同
717	This is Shanhua-se that I compared	这是我比较的香华诗
718	the Huaxiang-se to.	华夏人
719	So here's the structure, and here, as I said, we have our Gaobiao,	所以,这里的结构, 在这里,正如我说的, 我们有我们的高比奥,
720	and we have our other instrument.	我们有我们的另一个工具。
721	So look at Longxing-se, large pavilion at the back,	所以看看后面的大亭子龙兴
722	亭,a.
723	This is the plan where we have this structure.	这就是我们这个结构的计划。
724	Nothing about it,	没什么
725	unusual as it looks, was beyond the ability of Chinese builders for a full thousand years,	超乎寻常的,在一千年里,中国的建筑商都无法胜任
726	more than that, before the Gaobiao was constructed.	不仅如此,在高彪建造之前
727	People knew how to build in brick and build	人们知道如何用砖块建造
728	ceilings like this in the Western Han dynasty, and they knew how to build pagodas and they knew	这样的天花板在西汉王朝, 他们知道如何建造佛塔,他们知道
729	how to build arches and would continue to after the Mongols fell in the 14th century.	如何建造拱门,并在14世纪蒙古人沦陷后继续建造.
730	So what about the observatory in Iran?	那伊朗的观测站呢?
731	It's right here at Maraga.	就在马拉加
732	It is in western Iran,	它位于伊朗西部,
733	northwestern Iran.	伊朗西北部.
734	Well, Nasser al-Din, when he was here, before he came to Daidu,	纳赛尔・丁,他来戴都之前
735	brought this man, Bar-Hebreus, to build a library at the observatory.	带了这个男人,巴 -希布鲁斯, 在天文台建造一个图书馆。
736	This is the first very	这是第一次
737	important fact.	重要事实。
738	Hulagu Khan, Kublai's younger brother, the man who becomes in charge of the	呼拉固汗,忽必烈的弟弟,开始掌管
739	Muslim rulers in Iran, the man who is in charge of building Maraga, this man is his advisor,	伊朗的穆斯林统治者负责建造马拉加的人这个人是他的顾问
740	and once he's in Maraga and begins to build an observatory, he has a library which comes from	一旦他在马拉加开始建造天文台他有一个图书馆来自
741	another city in Iran, and then he builds a school.	在伊朗的另一个城市, 然后他建造了学校。
742	Now, the observatory in Dongfeng included a school	现在,东风的天文台包括一所学校
743	for education in math and science, and it also included a large library, especially a library	包括一个大型图书馆,特别是图书馆
744	of math and science.	数学和科学
745	The observatory in Maraga included a school.	马拉加的天文台包括一所学校.
746	China has had schools,	中国有学校
747	whether therefore the Shaolin monks, and I put in this picture because it's near Dongfeng,	少林僧侣,我放进这张照片因为它靠近东风
748	or a school where during recess children come outside and have art class.	或学校,在休学期间,孩子会外出上艺术课。
749	Schools have been	学校一直
750	parts of large building complexes, not just monasteries, but observatories in China for	大型建筑群的一部分,不只是修道院,还有中国的天文台
751	centuries.	几个世纪了
752	Before the Mongols came to Iran and built the observatory, schools were separate.	在蒙古人来到伊朗并建造天文台之前,学校是分开的.
753	Schools of higher learning were called madrasah.	高等学府被称为伊斯兰学校。
754	They were associated with mosques,	他们与清真寺有关,
755	but not with other functions, but once Maraga was built, the observatory had a hospital,	但不是其他功能, 但一旦马拉加建成, 天文台有一个医院,
756	a library, two madrasah, and a mausoleum.	一个图书馆,两个伊斯兰学校,和一个陵墓。
757	In fact, higher education was part of this building	事实上,高等教育是这座建筑的一部分
758	complex.	复杂。
759	In 1970, or in the 70s, the site was first excavated, and this plan was drawn by	1970年,或70年代,该遗址首次出土,这个计划由L.
760	an archaeologist in Iran, and the building that we're most interested in is this circular	一个伊朗的考古学家, 我们最感兴趣的建筑是这个循环
761	structure.	结构。
762	This is an air view.	这是空中风景
763	I haven't been here.	我没有来过这里
764	I took it off the web.	我把它从网上。
765	This is the	这是
766	observatory, and this is what I know from the site.	观测台,这是我从现场知道的。
767	So in 1950, an American who was studying	所以在1950年一个正在学习的美国人
768	in Iran came here, and he writes that there was a crack in the dome, intentional, an opening so	他写道穹顶有裂缝有意的开口
769	that the sun's rays could come inside, but these are newer pictures.	太阳的射线可以进来, 但这些是新的图片。
770	This is from a colleague of	这是来自一位同事
771	mine who was here in the 1970s, and it did have the structure in front, so there's no gaobiao.	20世纪70年代我在这里, 而且它确实有结构在前面,所以没有gaobiao。
772	There's no metal crossbar.	没有金属横杠.
773	In all likelihood, the system of making an observatory,	极有可能, 制作一个观测台的系统,
774	the architecture of the observatory, probably came from China.	天文台的建筑可能来自中国
775	It can't be proved,	无法证明
776	but as to the question of influence of Iran and Iranian astronomy in China in the Yuan dynasty,	但关于伊朗和伊朗天文学在中国元朝的影响问题,
777	at least two scholars of Islamic science, Willie Hartner and Aidan Sa'ili,	至少两位伊斯兰学学者,威利·哈特纳和艾丹·萨伊利,
778	argue that Jamaluddin was neither a great astronomer nor erudite, and Hartner says	哈特纳说
779	Chinese astronomy did not undergo any essential change through its contact with Islamic	中国的天文学没有通过与伊斯兰教的联系而发生任何根本的变化
780	science.	科学。
781	Now, the Chinese calendar is transmitted to Iran, and there is a text in Persian called	现在,中国历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代历代
782	which explains how to use it, which explains how to use it.	它解释了如何使用, 它解释了如何使用。
783	Instruments for observing the heavens definitely came from Iran to China,	观察天空的仪器肯定是从伊朗到中国的
784	but these are objects and I've mentioned people who traveled.	但这些是物品我提到过旅行的人
785	Changes in the system for observing the heavens probably did not take place.	观察天的系统可能没有改变。
786	It's much more likely that under Mongol rule,	在蒙古人的统治下
787	the Chinese system for observation and the construction of the observatory went to Iran.	中国的观测和天文台的建造系统也去了伊朗。
788	So here you see what seems to be a similarity, but of course,	所以,你在这里看到什么似乎是一个相似的, 但当然,
789	we don't have the Gaobiao or the metal crossbar.	我们没有高彪和金属横杠
790	Now this building, I think some of you know that I've been interested in this building for a very	我想你们中有些人知道我对这栋建筑很感兴趣
791	long time in Jiangbei, Guiyuan.	长于江北,桂uan.
792	There are various interpretations of it.	对它有各种解释。
793	I believe it is a Muslim mausoleum.	我相信这是一座穆斯林陵墓
794	You're about to see why.	你即将看到原因。
795	It is of the architectural type that's nicknamed Dome on Square.	它属于建筑类型,在广场上被昵称为穹顶.
796	These are two buildings from a distance.	这是两座远处的建筑
797	It was photographed and studied by at least one American in the first decade of the 20th century.	它在20世纪前十年中被至少一位美国人拍摄和研究.
798	He took this picture so you can see that this all has been restored,	他拍下这张照片是为了让你看到这一切已经恢复了
799	but this part was their imitation bracket set or pure ornament for a long time.	这部分是他们长期模仿的装饰品
800	To make a point that I've made earlier about other buildings,	说出我之前关于其他建筑的看法
801	but here I make it.	但在这里,我做到了。
802	Nothing that you see here was beyond the capability of Chinese builders.	你在这里看到的一切都超出了中国建筑商的能力。
803	I am not suggesting that Xioding Sita was an influence.	我不是说西塔是影响
804	I'm just making the point that a four-sided building with decoration on the outside and a dome	我只是说一个四边形的建筑外立面有装饰和穹顶
805	is something Chinese builders could make.	这是中国建筑商能做的
806	Again, we have a text.	同样,我们有一个文本。
807	This is an 18th century text.	这是一个18世纪的文本。
808	The Kobe Santinger talks about this building.	神户桑廷格谈这栋建筑.
809	It gives dimensions that are the same.	它赋予了相同的维度。
810	It says that it is brick-faced, cubicle, and 13 meters high, 10 meters square at the base,	上面写着是砖面,平面,高13米,底部10米
811	with the semi-circular dome rising from the center of a flat roof.	半圆形穹顶从一个平坦的屋顶中央升起.
812	It calls it several names in this text.	它在这个文本中称之为几个名字。
813	One is Xu Zhuangluo, comb, and makeup tower.	一是许崇露,梳,妆楼.
814	Well, that's a reference to a Liao dynasty empress dowager	这是辽朝的女祭司
815	who had these lands after she became a widow.	她成为寡妇后拥有这些土地
816	This is not a Liao building.	这里不是辽楼.
817	The same text calls it Xiliang Ting, West Kuo Pavilion.	同文称西梁亭,西郭亭.
818	This is an example of what we've already seen.	这是我们已经看到的例子。
819	Unusual building with a dome.	不寻常的建筑与穹顶。
820	Chinese have to give it a name to make it part of the Chinese system.	中国人必须给它起个名字才能使它成为中国制度的一部分.
821	Well, Luo and Ting are what are used.	好吧,罗和丁是用来。
822	This is the front.	这是前面。
823	This is the back.	这是后面。
824	The inside is four-sided, then it becomes eight-sided, and then there's a dome.	内部为四面体,然后变成八面体,然后有圆顶.
825	These almost certainly are imitation bracket sets, but I've shown you this already.	这些几乎肯定都是模仿的套装但我已经给你们看过了
826	There's this convergence of the bracket set and mukarnas in building corners.	建筑角落的括号和木卡纳的交汇处
827	People did not know what this was until it was excavated.	人们直到挖掘出来才知道这是什么。
828	It was excavated very early in the 21st century.	它在21世纪早期就被发掘出来.
829	One male and two females are buried there.	一雄二雌葬于此.
830	The male had silk garments there in a museum on site.	那男的在现场的博物馆里有丝绸服装
831	Muslims are not buried in silk garments.	穆斯林不葬于丝绸服装中.
832	They accept royal Muslims, but they would not be buried in silk garments.	他们接受皇家穆斯林,但不会被埋葬在丝绸服装中.
833	They would have this kind of mausoleum above them.	他们上面有这种陵墓
834	Other dome-on-square structures built probably during the Mongol period, one in Karakoto,	其他圆顶平面结构可能建于蒙古时期卡拉科托
835	and this one in Amali or Huaqiang in Xinjiang built in 1363 for a descendant of Genghis Khan	而这个在新疆的阿玛利或华强,建于1363年,是为成吉思汗的后裔.
836	who does convert to Islam.	他确实皈依了伊斯兰教。
837	So 1356, 1363, this one in Bukhara, this one in Xinjiang.	于是1356年,1363年,这个在布哈拉,这个在新疆.
838	There's no question that this is the mausoleum of a Muslim.	这无疑是穆斯林的陵墓.
839	Architecturally, the building tells us this is what it is,	从建筑角度来说,这座建筑告诉我们它是什么,
840	but whose it is and why it's built here need to be explained, and so there is an explanation.	但是它是谁,为什么在这里建造需要解释,所以有解释。
841	The building type traces actually even one century earlier than the tomb of the Samanid,	建筑类型实际上比萨马尼德人的坟墓早一个世纪
842	but this structure is the archetypical dome-on-square.	但是这个结构是典型的圆顶在平方
843	By the way, roofed ceramic tile decoration has been found in Guiyuan.	顺便说一句,在桂园发现了屋顶陶瓷瓷砖装饰.
844	It's not as many colors as the decoration used in Xinjiang or in Bukhara,	不像新疆或布哈拉使用的装饰
845	but it was decorated on the front,	但它在前面装饰,
846	and this is the mausoleum of another one of Genghis's sons.	这是成吉思的另一个儿子的陵墓
847	This is in Kazakhstan, and he also was a Muslim, so these are the three Chinese buildings.	这是在哈萨克斯坦,他也是一个穆斯林, 所以这些是中国的三座建筑。
848	Whose mausoleum is it?	是谁的陵墓?
849	The best interpretation, not my own but one I believe,	最好的解释,不是我自己的,而是我相信的
850	is that it belonged to a man named Ananda.	是属于一个叫阿南达的人的
851	Ananda is Kublai Khan's grandson.	阿南达是忽必烈汗的孙子.
852	Kublai's son Timur is his successor.	忽必烈的儿子帖木儿是他的继任者.
853	Timur dies without a son who can take on the throne.	帖木儿死后,没有儿子能够登基.
854	Timur's sons, Timur's grandsons would like to take the throne.	帖木儿的儿子帖木儿的孙子帖木儿想登基.
855	Haishan, who will rule, and his younger brother Ayur Bawarda, who will begin ruling after him.	将统治的海山,以及他的弟弟阿尤尔·巴瓦达(Ayur Bawarda),他之后将开始统治.
856	Mangala is a grandson of Kublai.	曼伽拉是忽必烈的孙子.
857	Mangala is a son of Kublai.	曼伽拉是忽必烈的儿子.
858	Mangala's son is Ananda.	曼伽罗的儿子是阿南达.
859	I have no pictures of them.	我没有他们的照片。
860	Their apanage was on Xihuangfu,	他们在西汉福上
861	and actually an Arabic magic square was excavated in on Xihuangfu.	并且实际上一个阿拉伯魔法广场在西汉福上被挖掘出来。
862	But Ananda, although he had a Buddhist name, was a Muslim.	但阿南达虽然有佛教名字,却是一个穆斯林.
863	He converted, and for perhaps because he was Muslim,	他皈依了也许因为他是穆斯林
864	perhaps because it was possible to execute him,	也许因为有可能处死他
865	Haishan executes Ananda and becomes the next Khan of China.	海山处决阿南达,成为中国的下一个汗国.
866	So it goes Kublai and then Timur and then Kublai's great-grandson Haishan.	于是忽必烈继位,帖木儿继位为忽必烈的曾孙海山.
867	Now, where is this Guiyuan?	这个桂园在哪里?
868	Guiyuan is right around here near Zhongdu.	桂园就在钟都附近
869	We had Helin, we had Xiangdu, we have Daidu.	我们拥有赫林,我们拥有仙都,我们拥有大都.
870	In 1307, when Haishan becomes the emperor,	1307年,当海山成为皇帝时,
871	he decides that he needs another capital,	他决定他需要另一个资本,
872	a place where he can stop on his journey between Xiangdu and Daidu.	在那里,他可以停止他的旅程在X度和代都。
873	He begins to build this city, the fourth capital,	他开始建造这座城市,第四座首都,
874	and then he dies in 1311 and there's no more construction there.	1311年他死了在那里已经没有建筑了
875	But by placing himself here,	但通过把自己安置在这里,
876	he asserts his power in this place,	他在这里坚持他的力量,
877	and he then kind of deflects power from this man, Ananda,	然后,他使这个叫阿南达的人失去权力,
878	who has the mausoleum, this is what it looks like today,	谁有陵墓, 这是今天的样子,
879	open tourist site in this area.	该地区开放旅游景点。
880	So where are the Mongols?	那么蒙古人呢?
881	There are a few places where probably Mongols were present and built.	有几个地方可能存在和建造蒙古人.
882	This is a contender, but maybe not.	这是一个竞争者,但也许不是。
883	This is in Zhenglanqi, Yangxun Miao,	这是郑兰琪,杨松苗
884	where there were four mounds with statues of stone men.	那里有四座山丘上面有石人雕像
885	They've all been taken down.	他们都被打倒了
886	The statues at one time were at Xiangdu.	雕像一度位于都.
887	And they are part of a lineage of what are called stone men or shuran	他们属于石人或须兰的家族
888	that are built across Mongolia long before the period of Mongol rule.	早在蒙古统治时期之前就已建成
889	This is one from Mongolia.	这是来自蒙古的一个。
890	It doesn't have as much deep sculpture on it	上面没有那么深的雕塑
891	as the ones that are from the Xiangdu area.	作为来自都地区的
892	There are also some of them that have been found in Russia.	也有部分在俄罗斯被发现.
893	But the ones that were built,	但那些建造,
894	the ones that were moved from Yangxun Miao	从阳松苗迁来的
895	have very deep relief sculpture,	有很深的解脱雕塑,
896	very much in the manner of Chinese marble sculpture	非常喜欢中国大理石雕塑
897	of the kind that was used at Daidu.	那种在大都用过的
898	People have wondered if these were statues of the Khans.	人们怀疑这些是不是可汗的雕像.
899	That raises a question that I turn to.	这就提出了一个问题。
900	I will try to finish quickly.	我会试着快点完成
901	I think I'm out of time,	我想我没时间了,
902	but I'll try to finish in about five minutes.	但我会在五分钟内完成
903	This raises the question of whether or not	这提出了是否
904	the Khans portrayed themselves.	可汗们描绘了自己
905	And it's believed they did not.	相信他们没有
906	This Yangxun Miao, at least part of it,	这个杨松苗,至少其中一部分
907	is believed to be a shrine to a Kipchak,	被认为是基普查克的神社,
908	whose name was El Tamur.	他叫艾尔·塔穆尔
909	You see the statues in a museum at Xiangdu.	在都的博物馆里看到雕像.
910	Another site where the Mongols may have had an impact	蒙古人可能产生影响的另一个地点
911	is Arjai,	是阿尔杰,
912	Mongol name are known also as Baiyan Miao,	蒙古语名也称白彦苗,.
913	in Namong, a site with about 100 caves	在南宫,一个有100个洞穴的地方
914	and 26 sculptures of pagodas on the outside,	和外面的26个佛塔雕塑,
915	25 of them Tibetan style.	其中藏文风格25种.
916	And this cave 28 is a central pillar cave	这个洞穴28是中心柱洞
917	with the murals that you see here.	这里的壁画
918	Those murals should remind you of murals	这些壁画应该能让你想起壁画
919	from the period of Mongolian rule	蒙古统治时期
920	or relief sculpture, Zhu Yongguan, Fei Lai Feng.	或救济雕塑,朱永宽,飞来凤.
921	Inside this cave is this painting.	洞穴里有这幅画
922	This addresses the question of	这涉及到:
923	did the Mongols ever portray themselves?	蒙古人有没有画过自己?
924	And in particular,	特别是,
925	did Genghis ever allow himself to be painted?	成吉思曾经允许自己被画过吗?
926	One interpretation is that this is Genghis,	一种解释是这是成吉思
927	and this is wife and two daughters	这是妻子和两个女儿,
928	and his four sons and his followers	他的四个儿子和顺从者,
929	and Buddhist priests,	和佛教徒,
930	and that this is a shrine to Genghis.	这是成吉思的神迹
931	But paintings like this are also at Arjai.	但是这样的画也出现在Arjai.
932	This painting is believed to be later,	这幅画被认为是后来,
933	and some people think,	有些人以为,
934	and I think it's a convincing idea,	我认为这是一个令人信服的想法,
935	that it was actually during the Ming dynasty	其实是在明朝时期
936	at the time of Altankhan	在阿尔坦坎时期
937	that this and this was painted,	这个和这个是画的,
938	that Genghis himself would not have been painted	成吉思本人不会被画
939	during his lifetime.	在他的一生中,
940	But yes, we have this site	但是是的,我们有这个网站
941	that does show a presence of the Mongols.	这确实表明蒙古人的存在。
942	Genghis, in fact, dies fairly close to this site.	事实上,成吉思离这个地点很近
943	I end in Iran, so this is now my last site.	我到伊朗了,所以这是我最后的地点。
944	And I am back in Maraga.	我又回到马拉加了
945	I will show it to you on the map.	我会在地图上给你看的
946	So the observatory is on flat ground	所以观测台在平地上
947	at the top of a hill,	在山顶上,
948	and below it are caves.	它下面是山洞。
949	So I'm up here in Maraga,	所以我在马拉加
950	and I'm about to be in Zanjan.	我即将在赞詹。
951	That's my final site.	这是我的最后网站。
952	The Maraga caves were studied by a Frenchman in 1934	1934年法国人研究了马拉加洞穴
953	who drew this plan.	谁画了这个计划。
954	This is later excavation.	这是后来的挖掘。
955	This shows what the one cave site looks like,	这显示了一个洞穴遗址是什么样子的,
956	the cave site at Maraga.	在马拉加的洞穴遗址。
957	There is a second cave site,	还有第二个洞穴
958	also in the vicinity,	在附近的时候,
959	called the Mihri cave temples are Imamzada Masum.	被称为米赫里洞穴的神庙是伊曼扎达马苏姆.
960	And you're noticing the number of domes.	你注意到穹顶的数量了
961	So we have the two cave sites.	所以有两个洞穴
962	And this is what they look like inside.	这就是他们内心的样子。
963	There are strong arguments that Buddhists were in Iran	有强烈的论点认为佛教徒在伊朗
964	and were building Buddhist caves	建造了佛教洞穴,
965	up to the time of Mongols	直至蒙古时代
966	and then the conversion to Islam.	然后是皈依伊斯兰教。
967	Some people believe these caves were used for mythorism,	有些人认为这些洞穴被用于神话
968	that is, for the ancient Roman religion.	也就是古罗马的宗教
969	To me, they have many of the features of Buddhist caves.	对我来说,它们有许多佛教洞穴的特点.
970	These are right below the observatory.	这些就在天文台下面
971	But this is where I end.	但我到此为止
972	In Zanjan, at a site called the R,	在Zanjan, 一个叫做R的遗址,
973	that's been known, again, known, studied,	众所周知,再次,已知,研究,
974	and published by Europeans since the early 20th century.	并自20世纪初由欧洲人出版.
975	And this relief has been published	而这个解脱已经发表
976	since the 1950s at least.	至少从1950年代开始
977	And it's nicknamed the VR dragon.	并被昵称为VR龙.
978	There was a landslide.	发生山体滑坡.
979	This area opened up.	这片区域开辟了。
980	And here's the dragon.	则此龙.
981	And I'll show you the same picture again.	我再给你看一张同样的图片。
982	This side has never been published.	这个方面从未出版过.
983	But we're told that there are two sculptures of dragons at this site.	但是我们被告知,这个地点有两个雕塑的龙.
984	This is a reconstruction.	这是一个重建。
985	Some people think it was an outdoor mosque.	有些人认为这是户外清真寺.
986	That's kind of unusual, but it does have a niche here.	这是一种不寻常的,但它确实有一个特殊的地方在这里。
987	And so the dragon would be here and here.	所以龙会在这里和这里。
988	So here is one.	因此这里有一个。
989	And here, again, is my picture.	这里,再次是我的照片。
990	Here's the other one.	这是另一个。
991	Why would there be two dragons	怎么会有两条龙
992	on either side of an approach to the end of this site?	在两边接近这个网站的尽头?
993	So this is the only pictures I can find.	我只能找到这些照片。
994	This is later, earlier.	这是后来,更早。
995	It's the same dragon.	同为龙.
996	I wonder if someone who has now come into Iran	不知道现在进入伊朗的人
997	at the time of Mongol rule is building a cave site	在蒙古统治时期正在建造一个洞穴遗址
998	and is aware that there are supposed to be a dragon and a tiger,	并意识到有应该是龙和老虎,
999	one on the east and one on the west,	一个在东方,一个在西方,
1000	and maybe mixes them up or maybe thinks they're both dragons.	也许把他们混在一起也可能认为他们都是龙
1001	I, of course, can't prove this.	我当然不能证明这一点。
1002	But Iran does come into this book at the end	但伊朗确实在这本书的结尾
1003	because the Mongols were in Iran	因为蒙古人在伊朗
1004	and the Mongols from China surely had an impact on the observatory.	和来自中国的蒙古人肯定对天文台产生了影响。
1005	So the history of Yuan architecture in the year 2024,	至此,元建元元年(2024年)的建元历史,......
1006	the history that I've tried to narrate,	我试图叙述的历史,
1007	was very different from the history	和历史大不相同
1008	that someone could have written 20 or perhaps even 10 years ago.	可能有人写在20年甚至10年前
1009	Field work in every province of China as well as in Mongolia continues.	中国各省以及蒙古的实地工作仍在继续。
1010	And it's that field work that's made it possible to write this book.	而正是这个实地的工作才得以写出这本书.
1011	I anticipate that the extraordinary buildings,	我预计这些非凡的建筑,
1012	Dunningdian, the observatory, the white pagoda,	邓宁甸,天文台,白塔,
1013	will remain important even in 2050.	即使在2050年,仍将是重要的。
1014	I think it's unlikely that that kind of grand architecture	我觉得这种宏伟的建筑不太可能
1015	is yet to be uncovered.	尚未发现。
1016	It's possible that there will be more white pagodas in Tibetan style.	藏族风格的白塔可能还会有更多的白塔.
1017	It's possible there will be more rock-carved cave chapels.	可能还会有更多的石刻洞穴小堂.
1018	It's possible there will be another stage.	可能还有另一个阶段
1019	But I think it's unlikely that those kinds of discoveries	但我认为这些发现不太可能
1020	will change the history that I've tried to…	将改变我曾经试图...
1021	I've talked about this morning and that I talk about in the book.	今早我讲过书里讲过的
1022	Deeper studies certainly may reveal some stele and may change some dates.	更深入的研究当然会揭示一些板块,并可能改变一些日期。
1023	Research in Korea may identify additional 13th or 14th century buildings.	韩国的研究可能会发现更多13或14世纪的建筑.
1024	A Yuan tomb might tell us new things.	一个袁公墓可能告诉我们新的东西。
1025	If another ritual site like Yangchun Miao is found,	如果找到另一个像杨春苗这样的祭祀场所
1026	that will require an addition to a book like this.	这需要增加一本这样的书。
1027	And if the tombs of the Khans are ever found in Mongolia,	如果在蒙古发现了可汗的墓穴
1028	that will require a change also.	这还需要改变。
1029	Some of the questions posed about Yuan architecture 40 or 50 years ago	元代四五十年前提出的一些问题
1030	were, did the Yehe-Diar build the Daidu?	是耶和华建造大都吗?
1031	Those thoughts can be laid to rest.	这些想法可以安息。
1032	We know that Chinese craftsmen or Chinese ideas of architecture dominated.	我们知道中国工匠或中国建筑思想占主导地位.
1033	We know that the architecture that the Mongols patronized	我们知道,蒙古人支持的建筑
1034	during the Yuan dynasty, with only a very few exceptions,	元朝时期,除了极少数例外,
1035	was Chinese architecture and it is the physical evidence that proves it.	是中国的建筑,是实物证据证明它。
1036	Thank you for listening.	谢谢你的聆听
1037	I'm sorry that I went over time.	对不起,我过去的时间。
1038	Thank you so much, Professor Sterner.	非常感谢,斯特纳教授
1039	It's truly fascinating.	这真的很有趣。
1040	Now let's invite Professor Wei to provide his comments and insights.	现在请魏教授提出自己的意见和见解.
1041	Thank you very much, Professor Sterner, for this very interesting lecture.	非常感谢你,斯特纳教授, 这次非常有趣的演讲。
1042	Because in China,	因为在中国
1043	there is a lot of research on Liao Jingyuan archaeology,	辽金银川考古研究很多
1044	especially on the architecture of the Yuan dynasty,	特别是元朝的建筑,
1045	and the research on architecture.	和关于建筑的研究。
1046	At present, we don't have such a detailed book	目前我们没有这么详细的书
1047	and a comprehensive introduction.	和全面介绍。
1048	I think Professor Sterner's 300 pages of this academic book	我觉得斯特纳教授的300页这本学术著作
1049	was sent to me a few days ago.	几天前被送来给我的
1050	I don't understand English.	我不懂英语
1051	My students will understand later.	我的学生以后会明白的
1052	But I understand the pictures there.	但我了解那边的照片
1053	Because most of the things in it,	因为里面的大部分东西
1054	about 90% or more, I should be able to understand.	大约90%或更多, 我应该能够理解。
1055	Some of them are made by myself, made by myself.	有些是我自己做的,有些是我自己做的。
1056	Some of them I have seen before.	其中一些我以前见过。
1057	For example, the Harahering in Mongolia,	例如,蒙古的哈拉哈林人,
1058	the Shu Zhanglou in Zhangbei that I just mentioned,	我刚刚提到的张北的舒章卢
1059	the place where I worked in the Second World War,	在第二次世界大战中我工作的地方,
1060	and the Yuan Shaodong, which I have been doing for 20 years.	和袁绍东,我做了20年。
1061	Now it is a world heritage.	现在,它是世界遗产。
1062	I am very familiar with these things,	我非常熟悉这些东西,
1063	and I am very fortunate to have an academic progress.	我很幸运能有学术进步
1064	So I think Professor Sterner's book,	所以我认为斯特纳教授的书
1065	or today's lecture,	或者今天的演讲,
1066	I think it is the first research on architecture,	我想这是关于建筑的首次研究,
1067	the architecture of the Yuan dynasty and the history of architecture.	元朝建筑与建筑史.
1068	Research, from a research perspective,	从研究角度看,
1069	we have to explore the types of architecture,	我们必须探索建筑的类型,
1070	and its characteristics,	及其特点,
1071	and the relationship between them.	他们之间的关系。
1072	This is amazing.	这是惊人的。
1073	You know, in terms of types,	你知道,在类型方面,
1074	there are so many,	有这么多,
1075	you know, ancient cities,	你知道,古老的城市,
1076	the capital of the Yuan dynasty,	元朝的都城(今河北省县),,元朝时设置的府.
1077	the city of Luzhou,	卢州市,
1078	a little smaller,	有点小,
1079	temples,	诸寺,
1080	and the sacrifice of the dead.	和牺牲死者。
1081	Like the Yangqu Temple I just mentioned,	就像我刚才提到的杨库寺
1082	I discovered it in 1992.	我在1992年发现的.
1083	Those statues are so beautiful.	这些雕像真美
1084	That is a very high place.	这是一个非常高的地方。
1085	I have been to most museums in the United States.	我去过美国大多数博物馆
1086	Including the murals of the Yuan dynasty,	包括元朝的壁画,......
1087	including the mazhar in Huocheng, Xinjiang.	包括新疆呼和浩特的马扎尔.
1088	I have been there too.	我也去过那里
1089	I have been there.	我去过那里。
1090	It is very impressive.	令人印象深刻。
1091	The text on the top,	上面的文字,
1092	at that time we thought it was Arabic,	当时我们以为是阿拉伯语
1093	but it was actually Iranian.	但它实际上是伊朗人。
1094	So a lot of things are our,	所以很多事情是我们的,
1095	today our Chinese scholars,	今天我们的中国学者
1096	there are still some places that have not been studied deeply.	还有一些地方尚未深入研究。
1097	And Professor Xia	还有夏教授
1098	has done such a deep study.	已经做了如此深入的研究。
1099	I know him very well,	我对他很了解
1100	because in the past,	因为在过去,
1101	we often read some,	我们经常读一些,
1102	I actually used to be a sweeper,	我曾经是个扫荡者
1103	a merchant,	一个商人,
1104	and later I did it later,	后来我做了它,
1105	because I ran into something and did something.	因为我遇到了一些事情,做了一些事情。
1106	The more I did it, the later I did it.	我越做,我越晚做。
1107	Especially in the Yuan Dynasty,	尤其在元朝,
1108	for the past few decades,	过去几十年,
1109	you have to take a look at the things in the Liaojing.	你得看看辽京城内的东西
1110	So in the school,	所以在学校里
1111	what the student wants to do,	学生想做什么
1112	you have to do with him.	你和他有关
1113	It is not that I want to set up what he wants to do.	这不是我想安排他想要做的事。
1114	Look at what they are interested in.	看看他们感兴趣的是什么
1115	This way,	这边
1116	you can find a lot of things about the Liaojing Yuan.	你能找到很多关于辽京袁世凯的事
1117	And as far as the Liaojing Yuan is concerned,	而至辽京元人.
1118	it is also our current China,	也是我们的中国
1119	this late period,	这晚期,
1120	the late period of Chinese history,	中国历史晚期,
1121	to China's history,	对中国的历史,
1122	to China's so-called multi-ethnic state formation today,	对今天中国所谓的多民族国家建制,
1123	we are talking about the common sense today.	我们今天谈论的是常识。
1124	From this point of view,	从这个角度看
1125	I think it is very, very important.	我认为这是非常重要的。
1126	Professor Xia Nanxi did a very good job in this area.	霞南西教授在这方面表现很好.
1127	He is very familiar with our materials,	他对我们的材料很熟悉
1128	very deep in his research.	他的研究非常深入
1129	And he has a lot of interesting views.	他有很多有趣的观点。
1130	So I think in this regard,	因此我认为,在这方面,
1131	we as Chinese scholars,	作为中国学者,
1132	the academic world of China,	中国的学术界,
1133	should express our deep gratitude to Professor Xia Nanxi.	应该对夏南西教授深表感谢
1134	In this regard,	在这方面,
1135	we should be very serious about his academic achievements.	我们应该认真对待他的学术成就
1136	There is no high or low academic level.	没有高低的学术水平。
1137	We can discuss it.	我们可以讨论一下
1138	In some places,	在一些地方,
1139	what is right is right.	正确是对的。
1140	What is wrong,	发生什么事了?
1141	with the progress of the situation,	随着局势的发展,
1142	with the constant discovery of new information,	随着不断发现新的信息,
1143	there may be some new things.	可能会有一些新的东西。
1144	Professor Xia Nanxi has been self-sufficient for so many years,	霞南西教授这么多年已经自给自足了
1145	and has been progressing.	并一直在取得进展。
1146	A while before the epidemic came in 2019,	2019年疫情来袭前一段时间,
1147	I was holding a very large international academic conference at the People's University.	当时我在人民大学召开非常大规模的国际学术会议.
1148	The next day after the conference,	会后第二天
1149	I went to Pennsylvania	我去宾夕法尼亚州
1150	to attend the new production of the Mongolian High School,	参加蒙古中学的新制作,
1151	Zhongshiji Archaeological Museum.	钟石寺考古博物馆.
1152	I went there on behalf of China.	我代表中国去了那里。
1153	There was also a professor at the Yandong Institute,	燕东学院也有教授
1154	and a Mongolian professor.	和一个蒙古教授
1155	We are all very familiar with each other.	我们都非常熟悉对方。
1156	We went together to attend his conference.	我们一起去参加他的会议
1157	I think he is constantly advancing these aspects,	我认为他一直在推动这些方面,
1158	these aspects of research.	研究的这些方面。
1159	And if we look at the history of China,	如果我们看看中国的历史
1160	we are in the 20th and 40th centuries.	我们在20世纪和40世纪。
1161	We all know that China is in the 20th and 40th centuries.	我们都知道,中国是在20世纪和40世纪。
1162	Very good.	很不错。
1163	But can the 20th and 40th centuries	但20世纪和40世纪可以
1164	record all the Chinese history?	记录所有中国历史?
1165	It can't.	无法.
1166	In the early days of history,	在历史的早期,
1167	I guess you can't say that.	我想你不能这么说
1168	You definitely can't do it.	你绝对不能这样做。
1169	In the past, in the history of history,	历代进士名录.
1170	it was called the three generations of Gu Bakao,	是古巴考三代的后裔,
1171	that is, the things after Xia Shangzhou were not done.	也就是说,夏翔州之后的事情没有完成.
1172	Because there was a text	因为有条短信
1173	that was recorded in the Simaqian,	那本经是记载在西马迦人中的,
1174	and it was written clearly.	写得很清楚
1175	Otherwise,	否则
1176	many things in the 20th and 40th centuries,	许多东西在20世纪和40世纪,
1177	which we found in the archaeological world,	我们在考古界发现的
1178	were not there in the 20th and 40th centuries.	在20世纪和40世纪都不存在
1179	I once asked a very famous historian,	我曾经问过一个非常有名的历史学家
1180	I said,	我说,
1181	why is there so many things in China's literature?	中国的文学为什么有这么多东西?.
1182	We want to know that they are not there.	我们想知道他们不在那里。
1183	For example,	举例来说,
1184	you say the chest,	你说胸口,
1185	what does the chest look like?	胸部长什么样?
1186	No.	没有
1187	What does Elushan look like?	埃卢山长什么样?
1188	No, Elushan is fat.	不埃卢山很胖
1189	He can do the red dance.	他能跳红舞
1190	What does he look like?	他长什么样子?
1191	What kind of hair?	什么样的头发?
1192	What kind of eyes?	什么样的眼睛?
1193	Color, right?	颜色,对不对?
1194	Then I said, why?	我说,为什么?
1195	This historian was very proud to tell me,	这个历史学家非常自豪地告诉我,
1196	that history book is called the Chang's Book.	那本史书叫做"昌书"
1197	The Chang's Book is not necessary to say,	张氏之书不必说,
1198	but if you want to read it,	但如果你想读它,
1199	you will find that it is indeed like this.	你会发现,它确实是这样的。
1200	Changes in dynasty,	朝政之变,
1201	war,	战争,
1202	long-lasting city,	长城,
1203	war,	战争,
1204	rebellion,	叛乱,
1205	all these things.	这一切
1206	Then how did the harem grow?	那后宫怎么长的?
1207	Who jumped into the well?	谁跳井?
1208	These things are recorded.	这些东西被记录下来。
1209	So,	这么说
1210	it is possible that this kind of Chang's Book	这种张氏的书,有可能
1211	also created the development of archaeology later.	也创造了后来考古学的发展.
1212	Because we have left some survival opportunities,	因为我们留下了一些生存的机会
1213	we have the opportunity to	我们有机会
1214	look for things that are not in the history history books.	寻找史书上没有的东西
1215	So I said,	所以我说,
1216	archaeology has countless potentials.	考古学有无数的潜力.
1217	Especially like Professor Xia Nanxi,	特别是夏南西教授
1218	building archaeology is too difficult.	建筑考古学太难了
1219	You know Liang Shicheng, right?	你认识梁世诚吧?
1220	You know that now in Beijing University,	你知道现在在北京大学
1221	there is an archaeology department,	有一个考古部门,
1222	there is also an archaeology department,	还有一个考古部门
1223	which does ancient building research.	它做古建筑研究。
1224	There is one in Nanjing University.	南京大学设有一所.
1225	Many universities have no archaeology major.	许多大学没有考古学专业.
1226	It's too difficult.	太难了
1227	You can't draw if you know how to draw.	如果你知道如何画画,就无法画画.
1228	It's very difficult.	这很困难
1229	Of course, building structures,	当然,建筑结构,
1230	construction works,	建筑工程,
1231	these things make you very difficult.	这些事让你很难受
1232	But what Wu Yunhui said is,	但吴云辉说:
1233	building this thing	建造这个东西
1234	in the process of similar development,	在类似发展进程中,
1235	can leave us exactly these things.	可以离开这些东西
1236	Ancient village,	古老的村庄,
1237	isn't ancient history a building?	古代历史不是建筑吗?
1238	Right?	对吧?
1239	You have the world's five eight,	你有世界的五八个,
1240	the country's seven brothers,	全国七兄弟
1241	all these things,	所有这些事情,
1242	aren't they all buildings?	他们不都是建筑吗?
1243	Isn't the Great Wall a building?	长城不是建筑吗?
1244	Including the temple we talked about today,	包括我们今天说的神庙
1245	the hall, the building, the palace,	大厅大楼宫殿
1246	all of them are buildings.	他们都是建筑
1247	So I think these things,	所以我认为这些东西,
1248	from this,	从这里,
1249	to make a book,	做一本书,
1250	to discuss the origin and development	讨论起源和发展
1251	is very important to our academic research today.	对我们今天的学术研究非常重要
1252	We are going to talk about a lot of things today,	我们今天要谈很多事情
1253	talk about democratization,	谈论民主化,
1254	talk about characteristics,	说到特征,
1255	talk about common groups.	谈论共同群体。
1256	You don't have these materials,	你没有这些材料,
1257	you can't explain the problem.	你无法解释问题
1258	So a lot of times,	所以很多时候,
1259	we will see a lot of people on the Internet,	我们会看到很多人在互联网上,
1260	some people say this,	有人说,
1261	say that, for example,	比如说,
1262	simply put,	随便说说
1263	this is very popular in Sanxingdui, right?	这在三星都很受欢迎吧?
1264	When Sanxingdui was established in 1985,	1985年三兴都伊成立时.
1265	Sanxingdui was responsible for Sanxingdui's work.	三兴杜鹃负责三兴杜鹃的工作.
1266	A business leader told me,	一个商业领袖告诉我,
1267	we are going to name a new archaeological culture.	我们要命名一个新的考古文化。
1268	What is it called?	叫什么来着?
1269	Sanxing Zhenwu Culture.	三兴振武文化.
1270	What is it?	这是什么?
1271	He said,	他说,
1272	Sanxing means Sanxingdui,	桑辛是指桑辛杜伊语
1273	Zhenwu means Zhenwu year.	禅武是指禅武年号.
1274	These two things are almost the same age.	这两件事几乎是同年龄的.
1275	We want to make them an archaeological discovery,	我们要让他们成为考古发现
1276	and then name an archaeological culture.	然后命名一个考古文化。
1277	Now, in 1985,	现在,在1985年,
1278	I participated in the National Archaeological Command.	我参加了国家考古指挥部.
1279	The command knew two students from Chengdu,	司令部认识两个来自成都的学生
1280	who were a little older than me.	比我大一点。
1281	After they went back, in 1986,	他们回去后,在1986年。
1282	they dug Sanxingdui,	他们挖了三星斗,
1283	dug the first pit and the second pit.	挖了第一个坑和第二个坑。
1284	It was published in 1987.	1987年出版.
1285	After it was published,	出版之后,
1286	because these two people,	因为这两个人,
1287	I guess it's hard to count their names,	我猜很难算出他们的名字
1288	for this,	为此,
1289	to create a nameplate,	以创造名牌,
1290	the nameplate is Ba Shu Er Chen.	名牌是巴舒二陈
1291	Both of them are called Chen, Ba Shu Er Chen.	两人被称为陈,巴舒二陈.
1292	But later,	但后来,
1293	that was because of the basic construction.	那是因为基本建筑。
1294	After all eight pits were discovered,	发现八座坑后
1295	the six pits were added,	增加了六个坑,
1296	and Sanxingdui looked like a fool.	桑辛杜伊看起来像个傻瓜
1297	But there are many people who say other things.	但有许多人会说别的事情。
1298	Like the people of Aiji,	像爱治的人一样
1299	how did they grow up?	他们是怎么长大的?
1300	Short-sighted.	短视.
1301	You only see that	你只看到这个
1302	something special represents its local culture.	一些特殊的东西代表着当地的文化
1303	Did you see the other things in there?	你看到里面的其他东西了吗?
1304	There are a lot of things	有很多东西
1305	that are almost the same as An Yang's little head.	和安杨的小脑袋差不多
1306	This is the charm of考古学.	这是QQ的魅力。
1307	It needs to be a combination.	它需要是一个组合。
1308	It needs to see the basic situation,	它需要看到基本情况,
1309	including the things related to the building.	包括与大楼有关的东西
1310	It's all about Sanxingdui,	都是为了三星斗
1311	and the thing in Jin Sha's hand.	还有金沙手中的东西
1312	What is it holding?	它是什么东西?
1313	You can't see it, can you?	你看不见,是吗?
1314	I said, is it holding an elephant tooth?	我说,它握着象牙吗?
1315	Jin Sha discovered a few tons of elephant teeth.	金沙发现几吨大象牙齿.
1316	Where does the elephant tooth come from?	大象牙从何处来.
1317	It doesn't look like anything.	外观无相.
1318	Trade or war?	贸易还是战争?
1319	These things left us	这些东西离开了我们
1320	an infinite imagination.	无限的想象力
1321	It needs to be opened little by little.	它需要一点点的打开。
1322	It's not like the British invented the English language.	不像英国人发明了英语.
1323	It's all nonsense.	胡说八道.
1324	There are too many nonsense things.	有太多的废话。
1325	And there are a lot of nonsense professors.	并且有许多无稽之谈的教授.
1326	But what kind of professor are these professors?	但是这些教授是什么样的教授?
1327	I don't know what kind of professor they are.	我不知道他们是什么样的教授。
1328	They say whatever they want to say.	随所欲说.
1329	But based on the basic information,	但根据基本信息,
1330	there are too many nonsense things.	太多废话了
1331	I think below,	我觉得下面,
1332	I really like the professor Danaiji.	我真的很喜欢达奈吉教授
1333	I really want to praise him.	我真的想称赞他
1334	He's really amazing.	他真的很厉害
1335	A lot of Chinese people can't do it, but he can.	不少中国人办不到,但他能办到.
1336	I went to visit his museum, and it was really great.	我去参观他的博物馆, 这真的很棒。
1337	The meeting was also very good.	这次会议也非常好。
1338	The epidemic has been going on for three years, and I can't get out of the door.	疫情持续三年,我无法走出大门.
1339	I haven't been able to do a lot of things.	亦无量劫.
1340	To organize such an event	组织这样的活动
1341	for the Chinese general public,	为中国公众,
1342	everyone can see it in other places in the world.	每个人都可以在世界上其他地方看到它。
1343	I think it's a very good thing.	我觉得这是件好事
1344	Don't open your life.	不要打开你的生活。
1345	And it solves the problem.	亦能解诸烦恼.
1346	I sent it to me yesterday.	我昨天寄给我的
1347	I sent this link to some of my students.	我把这个链接发给我的一些学生。
1348	I'll show you.	我给你看
1349	I also want to talk about a few questions.	我还要谈谈几个问题。
1350	I want to talk about the problems in today's lecture.	我想谈谈今天讲座中的问题。
1351	I want to talk about my views.	我想谈谈我的观点。
1352	For example,	举例来说,
1353	today we talked about the capital.	今天我们谈的是首都
1354	You can see the original four capitals.	汝能见最初四大都城.
1355	In the early 1235,	在1235年初,我们...
1356	Wok Tai, the son of Cheng Qishan,	吴泰,程Q山之子,
1357	took over the city of Harahuling in Mongolia.	治所在今蒙古哈拉胡林市.
1358	In 1924,	1924年(民国16年),任,州刺史.
1359	the Soviet Union was established.	苏联成立.
1360	That city was published later.	那座城市后来出版.
1361	A few years later,	数年后,
1362	I sent it to a student of mine.	我寄给一个学生
1363	I think that city is an incomplete city.	我认为那座城市是一个不完整的城市.
1364	I can't say more.	不可多说.
1365	Simply put,	简而言之,
1366	later in 1256,	后来在1256年,
1367	when the Mongolian army was in the south,	当蒙古军队在南方的时候,
1368	in the southern part of the Mongolian grasslands,	在蒙古草原南部,
1369	the Mongolian highlands,	蒙古高原,
1370	in the present-day Inner Mongolia,	在当今内蒙古,
1371	the正蓝旗 of the West Leningrad Alliance,	西列宁格勒联盟
1372	the opening was built.	开工了
1373	Why do I say that?	我为什么这么说?
1374	It was later the capital.	当时是后来的首都.
1375	Because at the beginning,	因为一开始
1376	they didn't take it as a capital.	他们不把它当作首都。
1377	Because Hu Bilie was still a king.	因为胡比莉还是个国王.
1378	He was not the emperor.	他不是那个皇帝
1379	He didn't dare to build a capital.	他不敢建都城.
1380	He didn't think of building a capital.	他没有想到要建一座首都.
1381	In 1250, Liu Bingzhong,	1250年,刘炳忠.
1382	the famous Liu Bingzhong,	著名的刘炳忠,
1383	designed the capital and the capital.	设计了首都和首都。
1384	He built the city of Xuandi in three years.	咸丰三年(1860年)建X迪城.
1385	三年建 city城.
1386	The capital was named Kaiping.	首都被命名为开平.
1387	Kaiping was built there.	开平建于此.
1388	In 1260,	1260年,进士出身.
1389	after Hu Bilie ascended the throne,	在胡比莉登上宝座之后
1390	Hu Bilie was a great man.	胡比莉是个好人
1391	He had a very powerful strategy.	他有一个非常强大的策略。
1392	He said, you can't just be a Mongolian Khan.	他说,你不能只做一个蒙古汗.
1393	You have to be the emperor of the traditional Chinese dynasty.	要成为中国传统王朝的皇帝.
1394	So he set up a year called the Central Plain.	于是他设立一年,称为"中央平原".
1395	The first year of the Yuan Dynasty was called the Central Plain.	元朝初年称中原.
1396	In 1260, the Central Plain was unified.	1260年,中原统一.
1397	It was very powerful and very political.	它非常强大,非常具有政治性。
1398	After 11 years,	过了11年
1399	it was only in 127 that the Yuan Dynasty was established.	至127年,元朝才建立.
1400	It lasted for 8 years.	它持续了8年。
1401	The Central Plain lasted for 4 years.	中央平原持续了4年.
1402	Then the Central Plain lasted for 7 years.	随后中央平原持续了7年.
1403	In the fifth year, the Central Plain was changed to Zhiyuan.	贞观五年,中原改为知州.
1404	Zhiyuan lasted for 8 years.	知y延八年.
1405	In 127, it was extended.	127年,扩建.
1406	Then in 1311,	后来在1311年,
1407	the Central Plain was built in Yuan Wu.	中央平原始建于元武.
1408	During this period,	在此期间,
1409	the Central Plain was built in Dazhu.	中部平原建于达兹胡.
1410	I don't mean Dazhu.	不指达须.
1411	It lasted for a long time.	它持续了很长一段时间。
1412	It lasted for more than 10 years.	它持续了10多年.
1413	It was built on the basis of Jingzhongdu.	建于静中道的基础上.
1414	Today, we've talked about the capital of the capital.	今讲京城府.
1415	The capital of Dazhu was put up.	达兹胡首府被立.
1416	In this process,	在这个过程中,
1417	it was explained that the northern ethnic group	据解释,北部族裔群体
1418	continued to the south.	继续南下。
1419	After entering the Central Plain,	进入中央平原后,
1420	they had to learn the etiquette of the Central Plain.	他们必须学习中原的礼仪
1421	Including the buildings of the capital, Dazhu,	包括首都达须的建筑,
1422	they were built according to the construction	这些建筑是按建筑建造的
1423	of the palace since the Song Dynasty.	自宋朝以来的宫殿
1424	But I mean,	但我想说,
1425	the construction of the palace since the Song Dynasty	自宋朝以来宫殿的建造
1426	was really applied to the architecture.	被真正应用于建筑。
1427	It was applied to the capital and the big city.	它被应用于首都和大城市.
1428	It was the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty.	当时是元朝初期.
1429	I didn't do a lot of research.	我没有做很多研究。
1430	But I saw a lot of things	但我看到很多东西
1431	that the Song Dynasty couldn't do.	宋朝无法做到
1432	And the Yuan Dynasty did exactly that.	而元朝正是这样做的.
1433	And the Yuan Dynasty	还有元朝
1434	was connected to the wall of the Central Plain.	与中原的城墙相连
1435	The roads were connected.	道路相连。
1436	So the technology of the Yuan Dynasty was the most developed.	因此元朝的技术最发达.
1437	Don't just see the Mongolian soldiers of the Yuan Dynasty	别只见元朝的蒙古兵
1438	fighting,	战斗,
1439	the construction of the Yuan Dynasty,	建元朝时,,
1440	just see the killing of the road.	只见路被害.
1441	And don't see the communication and the development of this technology	也不要看到通讯和科技的发展
1442	You see, the original city is the north-south.	你看,原来的城市是南北朝的.
1443	Do you know that?	你知道吗?
1444	The previous cities are all to the northwest.	前诸城皆西北.
1445	Because the ancient north is the northwest.	因古北为西北.
1446	You have to look at the history records.	要看历史记录.
1447	From the north to the south,	从北到南
1448	in fact, from the west to the east.	事实上从西到东
1449	Because its defense	因为它的辩护
1450	is not the same as our defense today.	和我们今天的防御不同
1451	There are a lot of things like that.	众生种种如来.
1452	What I want to say is	我想说的是
1453	the four capital cities built by the Yuan Dynasty	元朝修建的四大都城
1454	to the capital of the Yuan Dynasty is an excessive capital.	至元朝的都城为过度都城.
1455	Later, the capital of the Song Dynasty was added to the outside city.	后来,又将宋朝的都城增设为外城.
1456	It is an incomplete capital city.	这是一个不完整的首都。
1457	And the capital city is the most complete capital city.	而都城则是最完整的都城.
1458	That is Ganzao,	这是甘佐,
1459	Yinzhao, and Fashi.	殷绍,与费希.
1460	And the upper capital city is a kind of	而上首府城市是一种
1461	combination of Mongolian culture and Han culture.	蒙古文化与汉文化的结合.
1462	To Shangjing, to Karakorin,	去翔京去卡拉科林
1463	it is even more a grassland capital city.	它更是一个草原首都。
1464	It was built on the base of the Huihu Battalion.	建于惠溪营基地.
1465	When we built the capital city,	当我们建造首都时,
1466	in the last year of 1311,	在1311年的最后一年,
1467	Yuan Wuzhong built it for three years.	元武宗建安三年(548年),改 it州置.
1468	If it didn't work,	如果没用的话
1469	the capital city would be destroyed.	将摧毁首都
1470	The capital city didn't work.	府城不通.
1471	At that time,	当时,
1472	the business had to be done together.	生意必须一起做
1473	I said, no,	我说,不,
1474	it would affect the upper capital city.	这会影响上首府
1475	It would be troublesome if there was only one wall left in the capital city.	如果在首都只剩下一堵墙,那就麻烦了。
1476	So I think	所以我觉得
1477	for a capital city,	为了一个首都,
1478	for a kind of construction,	一种建筑,
1479	it would be possible for the development of our country's system	发展我国的制度是可能的
1480	to gradually be complete,	逐渐完成,
1481	otherwise we wouldn't be able to do anything.	否则我们什么都做不了
1482	Some people say,	有人说,
1483	the upper capital city and the capital city are on the same line.	上首府城与上首府城同线.
1484	It's impossible.	这是不可能的。
1485	If you look at the map,	如果你看地图,
1486	if you look at the map,	如果你看地图,
1487	it's on the same line.	这是在同一条线上。
1488	If you want to say something, say something.	如果你想说点什么,就说点什么。
1489	If you look at the map,	如果你看地图,
1490	what I want to say is,	我想说的是,
1491	when the capital city system was implemented in the Yuan Dynasty,	当元朝实行都城制时,
1492	it was different from the previous Liao state.	与前辽国不同.
1493	Although they were all from the north,	虽然他们都来自北方
1494	they were mainly from Yongwu.	他们主要来自永武
1495	Liao Dynasty, the Wujing,	辽朝,武则天,
1496	Liao Dynasty, the Wujing was in Beijing.	辽朝,武则天在京.
1497	When Liao Dynasty, the Wujing was in Beijing,	辽朝时,武则天在北京,
1498	Beijing was in Nanjing.	北京当时在南京.
1499	But it was not the main capital city.	但不是主要首都。
1500	Nanjing, Xijing,	南京,西京,
1501	Xijing is a commercial city.	西京为商城.
1502	It was not a capital city.	这不是一个首都。
1503	So until today,	所以,直到今天,
1504	the time when Beijing was built,	北京建城的时候
1505	it was not set in Nanjing.	在南京没有设置
1506	Liao Dynasty was set in Nanjing,	辽朝时设置于南京,
1507	but it was not the beginning of the construction of Beijing.	但这不是北京建设的开始
1508	It was set in the capital city of Beijing.	设于北京市.
1509	The Hailing dynasty, Ashihhe,	海灵王朝,阿希希
1510	went to the Heilongjiang Harbin,	去黑龙江哈尔滨
1511	moved its capital city to Beijing,	将首都迁往北京
1512	called the capital city,	被称为首都,
1513	in 1153.	在1153年时
1514	Until today, it is 870 billion.	到今天为止,是8 700亿。
1515	At that time, Beijing was the beginning of the capital city.	当时北京是京城的起点.
1516	Otherwise, Xi'an, Luoyang,	否则,西安,洛阳,
1517	it would have been thousands of years.	这将是几千年。
1518	Beijing was about 870 years old.	北京时年约870岁.
1519	It was early enough.	已经很早了
1520	But I think this is a very appropriate perception.	但我认为这是一个非常恰当的认识。
1521	In 870 years,	870年间
1522	it was considered a central capital city.	它被认为是一个中心城市。
1523	The Hailing king was killed later.	海灵王后来被杀.
1524	This person was very powerful.	这个人非常强大。
1525	He was originally the emperor.	他最初是皇帝.
1526	After his death,	在他死后,我发现...
1527	he abolished the emperor's name.	他废除了皇帝的称号.
1528	It was called the Hailing king.	时名为海宁王.
1529	In the future,	将来
1530	the Yuan Dynasty was largely established.	元朝基本建立.
1531	I don't have to say that.	我不必这么说
1532	Because of this situation,	由于这种情况,
1533	it was a city-building capital city.	那是一座城市建设的首都
1534	But if you forget,	但是如果你忘记
1535	I was talking about Liao Jingyuan just now.	刚才我讲的是廖锦gy
1536	Liao Jingyuan is also a very important person.	廖锦gy也是一个非常重要的人.
1537	He built the Wujing in Liao.	他在辽国建武京.
1538	Shangjing, Zhongjing,	盛京钟京
1539	Lingcheng,	灵城
1540	和Balingyouqi在这个地区。
1541	What is the Wujing called?	武则天叫什么?
1542	40 Nabo.	40纳波.
1543	What is 40 Nabo?	40纳波是什么?
1544	Spring, summer, autumn, and winter.	春夏秋冬.
1545	Go to different locations.	去不同的地点。
1546	In fact, the Bishu is different.	其实比丘人不同.
1547	It is not the same as the Qing Dynasty's Bishu.	与清朝的"比修"不同.
1548	That is to work.	这是工作。
1549	To connect foreign envoys,	为了联系外国特使,
1550	to bring troops.	带部队来
1551	There is everything.	万事俱备
1552	It is a city-building capital city.	这是一个城市建设的首都。
1553	To put it simply,	简单地说,
1554	Nabo is a city-building city.	纳博是一个城市建设城市.
1555	40 Nabo, spring, summer, autumn, and winter.	40纳博,春夏秋冬.
1556	Liao Jingyuan did the same.	辽真宗也这样做了.
1557	Jing is also the Wujing.	静亦是武则天.
1558	In fact, in the early days of Mongolia,	事实上,在蒙古初期,
1559	to the time of Wokotai,	至武泰时,
1560	to the time of Meng Gehan,	至孟革汉时,
1561	in the era of Hu Bilai's brother,	在胡必来兄弟时代,
1562	before 1260,	在1260年之前,
1563	1251 ascended to 1260,	1251年升为1260年,
1564	and died.	却死了
1565	This period is also 40 Nabo.	这个时期也是40纳博.
1566	In Mongolia,	蒙古国,
1567	there are four Ligong.	有四里贡.
1568	All of them.	一切众生.
1569	Only when Hu Bilai started,	只有胡比来开始
1570	he occupied the southern part of Mongolia,	他占领了蒙古南部,
1571	and later entered Beijing,	后来进入北京
1572	he found that he wanted to be a Chinese emperor,	他发现自己想当中国皇帝
1573	instead of 40 Nabo,	而不是40纳博,
1574	in such a nomadic state.	在这样的游牧国家。
1575	So he changed it to two cities, Xiongxin,	所以他把它改成了两个城市,Xiongxin,
1576	Dazhou and Shaozhou.	达州及绍州.
1577	Just go to one place.	只要去一个地方。
1578	Spring to autumn,	从春到秋
1579	autumn to Dazhou.	秋至达州.
1580	In fact, Hu Bilai does not live in Beijing.	实际上,胡比来并不居住在北京.
1581	He lives in Yanqing.	住延庆.
1582	It is cool there.	这儿很酷
1583	I am now in Beijing,	我现在在北京
1584	I will not be able to live until June or July.	我到六七月才能活着
1585	Why?	为什么?
1586	It is too hot.	太热了
1587	It is in the north, high above.	位于北部,高处.
1588	So the development of this situation,	因此,这个情况的发展,
1589	we call it from Xingguo to Chengguo in academic research.	在学术研究上,我们称之为从兴国到成国.
1590	Xingguo is 40 Nabo.	兴国四十纳波.
1591	Chengguo is the city of Dazhou.	成古为达州城.
1592	A doctor who graduated a few years ago,	几年前毕业的医生
1593	wrote such a thesis.	写了这么一篇论文
1594	It is very good.	这是非常好的。
1595	These things,	这些东西,
1596	in terms of architecture,	在建筑方面,
1597	is a very good example.	这是一个很好的例子。
1598	In addition, there are some situations,	此外,还有一些情况,
1599	I mentioned some.	我提到了一些。
1600	For example,	举例来说,
1601	the most typical in these works,	这些作品中最典型的
1602	I said the meaning of the construction of construction.	我说建设的意义.
1603	Gongzi construction.	贡齐建筑.
1604	It is the character Gongzi in Chinese characters.	是中国人物中的角色贡齐.
1605	What does it mean?	这是什么意思?
1606	A late king and a late queen.	先王后后王后.
1607	There is a palace in front.	前面有个宫殿
1608	A palace in the back.	后一宫中.
1609	Between the palace and the palace,	在宫殿和宫殿之间
1610	there is a corridor in the middle.	中间有个走廊
1611	This is called Gongzi construction.	这被称为贡齐建筑.
1612	It is a complete central building.	这是一座完整的中央建筑。
1613	And this kind of thing in the capital of Yuan Shangdu,	而元翔都府之类.
1614	I dug it for 13 years.	我挖了13年,我把它挖出来
1615	I can see it clearly.	我看得出来
1616	But at the same time,	但与此同时,
1617	there is a central building,	有一个中央建筑,
1618	there is a central building.	有一个中央大楼。
1619	Which side is big and empty?	哪一边又大又空?
1620	Why?	为什么?
1621	Dazhou.	达州人.
1622	That's why I said it was an excessive building.	所以我才说那是个过度的建筑
1623	So when Yuan Shangdu wrote that thesis,	所以当袁尚度写论文时
1624	I said it must be written like this.	我说必须这样写
1625	Of course, later,	当然,以后
1626	it was known as Marco Polo,	它被称为马可波罗,
1627	which promoted it.	推动它。
1628	Even later,	即使后来
1629	Tu Wei Liu used Yuan Shangdu,	杜魏刘用袁尚都,......
1630	Canada,	加拿大
1631	to name it.	来命名它。
1632	It has an impact on world culture.	这对世界文化产生了影响。
1633	Including a lot of this hotel,	包括这家酒店的大部分
1634	some big,	有点大
1635	it's called Dream Garden.	名为梦园.
1636	Just move to Canada.	搬到加拿大来
1637	I went to Australia to tell people,	我去澳大利亚告诉人们,
1638	you give me fruit wine every day.	你每天都给我果酒
1639	I don't want to drink it.	不饮.
1640	I want to drink some white wine.	我想喝点白酒
1641	Find me a bottle of white wine.	给我找瓶白酒
1642	After opening it, it's still fruit wine.	开后仍为果酒.
1643	White grape wine.	白葡萄酒(原变种).
1644	But there is a very famous wine	但这里有很出名的酒
1645	called Shangdu on it.	给翔都打电话了
1646	Very interesting.	非常有趣,你觉得呢?
1647	It has an impact on world culture.	这对世界文化产生了影响。
1648	Of course, there are other problems in it.	当然,其中还有其他问题。
1649	Except for what I just said,	除了我刚才说的话
1650	about the problem of Zhongzhou County.	关于ong县问题.
1651	In fact,	事实上,
1652	the Zhongzhou County in Mingqing,	明清时ong州县人,
1653	the Zhongzhou County in Gonggong,	贡贡的ong州县人,
1654	is it now,	现在
1655	this Zhongzhou County in Gonggong,	贡贡的这个忠州县
1656	the Zhongzhou County in the Yuan Dynasty,	元朝时属ong州郡,.
1657	there may be some problems.	可能有些问题
1658	For example,	举例来说,
1659	the Duanhong Bridge in the southernmost part,	最南端的杜安洪桥
1660	I saw that there was only half of the bridge left.	我看到桥只剩下一半了
1661	The only place in Gonggong that was wrong,	贡贡中唯一错的地方
1662	where did the other half go?	另一半去了哪里? 那边?
1663	It's gone.	不见了
1664	Of course, someone wrote a article saying	当然,有人写了一篇文章
1665	that the Zhongzhou County may have been	钟州郡可能是
1666	over 200 years old.	200多岁。
1667	I think it may not be exactly the same.	我认为这可能并不完全一样。
1668	But it's not far from here.	但离这里不远.
1669	So the Yuan Dynasty has done a lot of	所以元朝已经做了很多
1670	a lot of work in this area.	在这一领域做了很多工作。
1671	In addition, just now,	此外,刚才,
1672	Professor Xia Naixi mentioned the book store,	夏乃西教授提到书店
1673	the Zhangbei Gu Yuan Book Store.	张北古元书店.
1674	At that time,	当时,
1675	the people of Zhangbei went to the Yuan Dynasty	张北人去元朝
1676	to see what I found.	看看我发现了什么。
1677	After seeing it,	看过之后
1678	they said that there was no Han Baiyu	他们说没有汉白玉
1679	in the book store.	在书店。
1680	It's not as good as the Yuan Zhongdu in Zhangbei.	与张北的袁崇杜不相如.
1681	I heard them chatting.	我听到他们聊天
1682	I said, where are you from?	我说,你来自哪里?
1683	They said Zhangbei.	他们说张北.
1684	Come, come, come, don't go tomorrow.	来,来,明天别去
1685	I'll arrange it for you.	我会帮你安排的
1686	I'll take you to see it from the Yuan Dynasty tomorrow.	明日从元朝引见.
1687	I don't understand.	我不懂,我不懂你说什么
1688	After seeing it,	看过之后
1689	they took me to see their Zhongdu.	他们带我去见他们的忠度
1690	I went to see it.	我去看过
1691	After seeing it,	看过之后
1692	there was no clear evidence of success or failure in Zhongdu.	在ong都没有明显的成败证据.
1693	But	不过
1694	they took me to see the book store.	他们带我去看书店
1695	What is the book store?	书店是什么?
1696	It's called the Empress Dowager's Book Store.	名为太后书店.
1697	It's called Xiao Yanyan,	这叫小燕燕
1698	the mother of Yan Lulongxu,	颜鲁龙旭的母亲,
1699	the one who established the Chanyuan Zhi Meng.	建立香严智门者.
1700	Such a woman is very powerful in history.	这样的女人在历史上是非常强大的.
1701	She is related to Wu Zetian.	她和吴泽甸有关
1702	I said, this place,	我说,这个地方,
1703	when I saw the building on the map,	当我在地图上看到那栋建筑时
1704	the five-star,	这五星,
1705	the square,	广场,
1706	and the Chinese gate,	和中国的大门,
1707	I said, this is a Yuan Dynasty building.	我说,这是一座元朝建筑.
1708	They wrote a book store.	他们写了一个书店。
1709	Why did I say it was a Yuan Dynasty building?	为什么我说那是一座元朝建筑?
1710	Because the tomb of the Yuan Dynasty	因为元朝的墓志
1711	next to the Chengquan in Yuan Shangdu	在袁翔都的成泉旁边
1712	was underground.	曾经是地下的
1713	But the shape of the dug-out building	但挖掘出来的建筑形状
1714	is the same as that of the Yuan Dynasty.	与元朝一样.
1715	Even the temple inside	里面的神庙也一样
1716	is square at the bottom,	其下为正方,
1717	and round at the top.	和圆在顶部。
1718	How did the square turn into round?	广场怎么变成圆形的?
1719	There is a flag on the corner.	转角有面旗
1720	It's exactly the same.	亦复如是.
1721	I said, this is a Yuan Dynasty building.	我说,这是一座元朝建筑.
1722	You should investigate it.	你应该调查一下
1723	As a result,	结果,
1724	there were several around it.	周围有几个人
1725	It just collapsed.	它刚刚崩溃了。
1726	Then they surrounded the wall.	然后他们包围了墙
1727	There was a camp,	有一个营地,
1728	a camp, and a camp.	营,营也.
1729	Finally, this place was discovered.	终于发现了这个地方
1730	It was discovered by more than 20 or 30 workers.	由二三十多名工人发现.
1731	It was a Yuan Dynasty building.	原为元朝建筑.
1732	I said, this is very good.	我说,这是非常好的。
1733	The people in the past	过去的人
1734	wrote whatever they wanted.	写他们想要的。
1735	But from the shape of the building,	但从建筑的形状来看,
1736	from the shape of the building,	从建筑物的形状,
1737	it turned into a Yuan Dynasty building.	改为元朝建筑.
1738	Of course, there are some other questions.	当然,还有其他一些问题。
1739	I just mentioned that	我刚刚提到
1740	there is a picture,	有张照片,
1741	the picture of Erzai Shikong.	额尔蔡世康之照.
1742	It's a picture of Chengquan Shihan's family.	成昆师汉家照.
1743	From Chengquan Shihan's seat in the middle,	从程泉师汉中座.
1744	sitting next to a lady,	坐在女士旁边
1745	there were two over there,	那边有两个
1746	and four sons over there.	那边还有四个儿子
1747	When I looked at it,	当我看着它,
1748	I thought, this is more like Chengquan Shihan's story.	我想,这更像是成昆史汉的故事.
1749	I was right.	我是对的。
1750	At first, it was posted on my memorial album.	起初,它发布在我的纪念专辑上.
1751	It was written by someone.	是有人写的
1752	But I was always suspicious of this thing.	但我一直怀疑这件事
1753	Later, in the first ten years,	后来,在头十年里,
1754	我带学生去Erzai Shikong
1755	to investigate a few times,	调查几次,
1756	and then I found that it was definitely wrong.	然后我发现这绝对是错误的。
1757	That Shikong was facing north and south.	那石孔正对南北.
1758	After entering from the south door,	从南门进入后
1759	there were two rear walls.	有两个后墙
1760	Then there were three doors and a roof.	后有三门一顶.
1761	All of them were western-style murals.	均为西式壁画.
1762	I won't go into details.	我不会说细节
1763	All of them were western-style murals.	均为西式壁画.
1764	Only the painting at the entrance	只有入口的画
1765	was completely different from those paintings.	和那些画完全不同
1766	Obviously, these two paintings	很明显,这两幅画
1767	were damaged by rainwater.	被雨水损坏。
1768	Then they were repainted.	后被重新喷漆.
1769	You can tell by looking at their history.	你看看他们的历史就知道了
1770	During the Lin Danhan period,	林丹汉时期,
1771	during the Beiyuan period,	北洋时期,
1772	after entering the Ming Dynasty,	进入明朝后,
1773	a picture of Chengquan Shihan's family,	程泉世汉一家的照片
1774	such a precious painting,	如此珍贵的画,
1775	can be painted in the lowest place	可以画在最低位置
1776	in the world.	在这个世界。
1777	It's a mess.	乱成一团.
1778	It's not a big deal.	非大义也.
1779	Later, we wrote an article.	后来,我们写了一篇文章。
1780	We think that the painting	我们认为这幅画
1781	是从晚期的erzai Shikong时期。
1782	There is a painting of the Ming Dynasty	有一幅明朝画
1783	living in the local Mongolia.	居住在当地蒙古.
1784	The Yuan Dynasty can't reach the Yuan Dynasty.	元朝不能达到元朝.
1785	So this is what we think	这就是我们的想法
1786	about these issues gradually.	关于这些问题,逐步。
1787	There are a lot of these things.	这些东西很多
1788	The Nanqian of Hai Lingwa	海灵华的南琴
1789	that I mentioned just now,	我刚刚提到的,
1790	including in the north,	包括北部,
1791	because Professor Xia Naixin is a Liao Jingyuan,	因为夏乃新教授是辽金家的
1792	so the cities in the Liao Dynasty,	故辽朝诸城,
1793	Liao Shangjing, Liao Zhongjing,	廖翔京,廖忠j,
1794	Jin Shangjing,	晋翔京
1795	the Jinzhongdu in Beijing,	北京的晋中都
1796	and Xijing, the Datong,	和西京,达东人,
1797	there are a lot of buildings	这里有很多建筑
1798	that can be left in this process.	可以在这一进程中留下。
1799	Including some Buddha towers.	包括一些佛塔.
1800	These things,	这些东西,
1801	our work these years	这些年我们的工作
1802	can be done slowly.	慢慢来
1803	For example, I found that	例如,我发现
1804	now we see that the tower	现在我们看到塔
1805	is basically a circle	基本上是一个圆
1806	We call it the Buddha.	我们称之为菩萨.
1807	That is, the Buddha is hooked.	即是菩萨迷.
1808	That's the style called the Buddha style.	这就是所谓的佛法风格.
1809	Look at the white tower in the north sea.	观北海白塔.
1810	Can it be the same?	能一样吗?
1811	But you have to see that	但你必须看到这一点
1812	the tower in the west,	塔在西面,
1813	the lower west, etc.	下西边等.
1814	are different.	不一样
1815	The tower base is different.	塔基不同.
1816	The tower body is different.	塔身虽异.
1817	The tower fork is different.	塔叉虽异.
1818	And in fact,	事实上,
1819	the location of them is also different.	它们的位置也不同。
1820	My elementary school	我的小学
1821	was in a Lama temple.	在喇嘛庙里
1822	Lama temple in Qing Dynasty.	清朝的喇嘛庙.
1823	His tower was placed	他的塔楼被安置
1824	on both sides of the hall.	在大厅两侧。
1825	左右 and.
1826	And the temple in the west	和西边的庙宇
1827	is behind the room.	房间后面
1828	Behind the temple.	庙后.
1829	So it's completely different.	故其义完全不同.
1830	These things all need to be studied.	这些都是需要研究的。
1831	Everyone from the shape and composition,	从形状和组成,
1832	we can identify his age.	我们可以确认他的年龄
1833	After slowly gaining experience,	在慢慢积累经验后
1834	more importantly, his layout.	更重要的是他的布局
1835	Why is it like this?	为什么这样?
1836	Why is it like that?	为什么这样?
1837	That day I had a meeting in Xinjiang	那天我在新疆开会
1838	a few days ago.	几天前,我看见了
1839	There was a private collector.	有一个私人收藏家。
1840	Their leader took me there.	他们的领袖带我去了那里。
1841	Look at the sugar card.	看那张糖卡
1842	I borrowed a lot of sugar cards in Inner Mongolia.	我在内蒙古借了很多糖卡.
1843	I've never borrowed such a big sugar card.	我从来没有借过这么大的糖卡。
1844	I said, this sugar card,	我说,这个糖卡,
1845	I'll just ask you	我问你
1846	how much this thing costs.	这东西要多少钱?
1847	He said, this one is 10 million.	他说,这个是1000万。
1848	It scared me to death.	它吓死我了。
1849	There's another one that's a little smaller.	又有少许小者.
1850	The sugar card is also bigger than what I borrowed.	糖卡比我借的还要大
1851	It's all made of green pine stones	都是绿松石做的
1852	and horse brains and other jade stones.	马脑和其他玉石
1853	It's made a little bigger than the millet.	比小米大一点.
1854	It's a little smaller than the rice grain.	比稻谷稍小.
1855	It's as big as a millet.	如小米大'.
1856	It's a live thing that is tied up.	这是活物被绑起来。
1857	I think these things are studied	我想这些东西是研究过的
1858	in the period of the Liaojingyuan period.	辽金时期.
1859	In terms of this architectural form,	就这种建筑形式而言,
1860	it's a combination of his research.	这是他研究的结合
1861	It may be better for our future research.	这对我们未来的研究可能更好。
1862	I think I've said a lot, too.	我也说了很多
1863	In short, Professor Xia Nanxi's lecture is very good.	简言之,夏南西教授的讲演非常出色.
1864	I have to read this book carefully when I go back.	我回去的时候一定要仔细阅读这本书
1865	There are some chapters that I can let the students translate.	有些章节我可以让学生翻译。
1866	There are some places where we can do some translations.	有些地方我们可以做一些翻译。
1867	This is good for our future research.	这对我们未来的研究有好处。
1868	There are continuous...	有连续的...
1869	We call it civil-civilization.	我们称之为文明。
1870	We need to know something about the West.	我们要了解西方
1871	We especially need to know the views of Western scholars.	我们尤其需要了解西方学者的观点.
1872	I think Professor Xia Nanxi is a Western person.	我觉得夏南西教授是西方人
1873	He has a lot of views, a lot of ideas.	他有许多观点,很多想法.
1874	It's very close to us.	它非常接近我们。
1875	A lot of places may have pushed our research.	很多地方可能已经推动了我们的研究。
1876	It may be helpful for us to work more seriously in the next step.	下一步更认真地开展工作也许是有益的。
1877	Otherwise, we won't be able to do it well.	否则,我们就不能做得好.
1878	I respect Professor Xia Nanxi and learn from him.	我尊敬夏南西教授,向他学习.
1879	We will work harder in the future.	我们将在今后更加努力地工作。
1880	I also welcome him to come to China.	我还欢迎他来中国。
1881	Go to the place he likes to see and walk around.	去他喜欢看的地方走走
1882	I can arrange it, no problem.	我可以安排,没问题。
1883	Okay, thank you.	好的谢谢

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