耶鲁心理学教授的“幸福方程式”
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:04 | Hello and welcome everybody. | 大家好,欢迎大家 |
| 0:07 | For those of you guys joining us in China, good morning. | 为了你们这些来中国的人 早上好 |
| 0:11 | Thank you for joining us bright and early. | 感谢你们早早光临 |
| 0:13 | Those of you guys joining us from the US, | 你们这些家伙从美国加入我们, |
| 0:16 | thank you for taking time in the evening | 谢谢你晚上抽空来 |
| 0:18 | and for everybody else, good day. | 对其他人来说,祝你愉快 |
| 0:22 | My name is Devin Lau. | 我叫刘德文 |
| 0:24 | I'm the Assistant Director of Yale Center Beijing. | 我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任. |
| 0:27 | And for those of you guys that are new to us, | 对于你们这些新人来说 |
| 0:30 | we were established in October, 2014. | 我们成立于2014年10月。 |
展开字幕全文（1833 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hello and welcome everybody. | 大家好,欢迎大家 |
| 2 | For those of you guys joining us in China, good morning. | 为了你们这些来中国的人 早上好 |
| 3 | Thank you for joining us bright and early. | 感谢你们早早光临 |
| 4 | Those of you guys joining us from the US, | 你们这些家伙从美国加入我们, |
| 5 | thank you for taking time in the evening | 谢谢你晚上抽空来 |
| 6 | and for everybody else, good day. | 对其他人来说,祝你愉快 |
| 7 | My name is Devin Lau. | 我叫刘德文 |
| 8 | I'm the Assistant Director of Yale Center Beijing. | 我是耶鲁中心北京的助理主任. |
| 9 | And for those of you guys that are new to us, | 对于你们这些新人来说 |
| 10 | we were established in October, 2014. | 我们成立于2014年10月。 |
| 11 | So it's now been, what is that, six years. | 已经六年了 |
| 12 | And we often host talks and events | 我们经常主持演讲和活动 |
| 13 | showing the best that Yale has to offer, | 表现出耶鲁的最好表现 |
| 14 | spanning all different schools and departments at Yale. | 遍及耶鲁大学所有不同的学校和系。 |
| 15 | And we are lucky today to have a topic | 我们今天很幸运有个话题 |
| 16 | that's of interest to many of you, which is psychology. | 你们很多人都感兴趣 心理学 |
| 17 | And also talking about the psychology of wellbeing, | 还谈到福利心理学, |
| 18 | which is a hot topic. | 这是一个热门话题。 |
| 19 | I know mental health is continuing | 我知道精神健康还在继续 |
| 20 | to be of increased interest in China. | 对中国的兴趣增加。 |
| 21 | And so we're happy to have a special professor | 我们很高兴有个特别教授 |
| 22 | from Yale today joining us. | 今天从耶鲁来的 |
| 23 | Quick introduction for our speaker. | 发言者的简短介绍。 |
| 24 | Rob Rutledge is an Assistant Professor | 罗布·拉特利奇是助理教授 |
| 25 | of Psychology at Yale. | 在耶鲁的心理学 |
| 26 | He got his bachelor's from Caltech | 他从加州理工学院拿了单身汉 |
| 27 | and his PhD from New York University. | 和纽约大学的博士学位 |
| 28 | Previous to Yale, he was also on faculty | 在耶鲁大学之前,他也是教职员 |
| 29 | at University College in London. | 在伦敦大学学院 |
| 30 | His research has been covered | 他的研究已经被报道了 |
| 31 | by many popular international news outlets, | 许多国际新闻机构, |
| 32 | including the New York Times, BBC, | 包括纽约时报、英国广播公司 |
| 33 | the Atlantic Time and The Guardian, amongst many others. | 《大西洋时报》和《卫报》等等 |
| 34 | And his research is quite interesting, | 他的研究相当有趣 |
| 35 | especially in the age of technology and big data. | 特别是在科技与大数据时代. |
| 36 | His research combines computational models | 他的研究结合了计算模型 |
| 37 | with neuroimaging, pharmacology | 神经成像、药理学 |
| 38 | and smartphone-based data collection | 和基于智能手机的数据收集 |
| 39 | to study the relationship between decision-making | 研究决策之间的关系 |
| 40 | and emotions across one's lifespan. | 和一生的情绪 |
| 41 | And he'll be sharing today about a special app | 他今天将分享一个特别的应用程序 |
| 42 | that he's developed with his lab | 他与他的实验室发展 |
| 43 | and how they're using that app | 他们是如何使用这个应用程序的 |
| 44 | to understand the psychology of wellbeing, | 了解幸福的心理学, |
| 45 | not just in the US, which is where a lot of, | 不只是在美国, 这是很多, |
| 46 | or maybe Western Europe, | 或者西欧, |
| 47 | where a lot of studies have historically been done, | 在历史上做过很多研究的地方 |
| 48 | but he's trying to get a more comprehensive | 不过他想更全面一点 |
| 49 | global understanding of the psychology of wellbeing. | 全球对福祉心理学的理解。 |
| 50 | So this is a topic of interest | 所以这个话题很受关注 |
| 51 | that I've had with many professors | 我和很多教授有过 |
| 52 | and have had many discussions | 并有过许多讨论 |
| 53 | 很高兴Reledge教授来了 | |
| 54 | to actually discuss that with us. | 和我们讨论这个问题 |
| 55 | And so without further ado, here's Professor Reledge. | 所以不用再多说,雷利奇教授来了 |
| 56 | Okay, cool. | 好吧,冷静。 |
| 57 | I will say, sorry, one more thing. | 我会说,对不起,还有一件事。 |
| 58 | Because we're on Zoom, it would be great | 因为我们在Zoom上,这将是伟大的 |
| 59 | if people who are willing and able | 如果那些愿意和有能力的人 |
| 60 | to turn on their cameras so that Professor Reledge | 让雷利奇教授打开摄像机 |
| 61 | is not just talking to a blank screen. | 不只是和空白屏幕说话 |
| 62 | So it's always good to have some sort of interaction. | 所以,总是有 某种互动。 |
| 63 | Us here in the US, we've been quarantined | 我们在美国被隔离 |
| 64 | for more than a year now. | 一年多过去了 |
| 65 | And so it's good to at least see some faces. | 所以至少可以看看一些脸 |
| 66 | So for those of you guys that are willing to help out | 所以你们这些愿意帮忙的人 |
| 67 | in that way, it would be great | 这样的话,那就太好了 |
| 68 | if you could turn on your cameras if you're able to. | 如果你可以打开摄像机的话 |
| 69 | Thanks. | 谢谢 |
| 70 | Well, especially during the discussion | 特别是在讨论期间 |
| 71 | that follows the presentation. | 在介绍之后。 |
| 72 | Yeah, it'd be great to see some of your faces | 是啊,这是伟大的 看到一些你的脸 |
| 73 | when we're chatting about some of these issues. | 当我们在谈论这些问题的时候 |
| 74 | And I'll be interested to hear what people wanna talk about | 我想听听人们想谈什么 |
| 75 | and what kind of ideas people have. | 以及人们有什么想法。 |
| 76 | So I'm gonna start with a question. | 所以我先问个问题 |
| 77 | How happy are you right now? | 你现在有多高兴? |
| 78 | So if I ask you on a scale from zero to 10, | 所以,如果我问你 从0到10的尺度, |
| 79 | how happy are you? | 你有多高兴? |
| 80 | And that may seem kind of a weird question to be asked. | 这个问题可能有点奇怪 |
| 81 | If you just woke up, maybe that's kind of weird. | 如果你刚醒过来, 也许这有点奇怪。 |
| 82 | If you're about to go to sleep, | 如果你要睡觉 |
| 83 | the times make things a little strange. | 时间让事情变得有点奇怪 |
| 84 | But you could probably come up with a number. | 但你也许可以想出一个数字。 |
| 85 | And you might have some idea of where it came from. | 你也许知道它来自哪里 |
| 86 | So if you slept well last night, | 所以,如果你睡得好吗昨晚, |
| 87 | say you're in Beijing right now, | 说你现在在北京, |
| 88 | you slept well last night and your breakfast was good. | 你昨晚睡得很好 早餐还不错 |
| 89 | You just kind of started your day | 你刚刚开始你的一天 |
| 90 | and you're feeling pretty good. | 你感觉很好 |
| 91 | So you kind of have some idea | 所以你有点想法 |
| 92 | of like what your number comes from, | 就像你的号码来自什么 |
| 93 | even though there might be some things | 虽然有些事情 |
| 94 | you're not so sure about. | 你不这么确定。 |
| 95 | And what I wanna know is if I ask you again in half an hour, | 我想知道的是 如果我半小时后再问你一次 |
| 96 | can I predict whether your number will change? | 我可以预测你的号码是否会改变吗? |
| 97 | Can I predict whether your number will go up a little bit | 我能预测一下你的号码是否会上升一点吗? |
| 98 | or go down a little bit? | 还是下去一点? |
| 99 | I wanna know if I know what you've experienced, | 我想知道,如果我知道你经历过什么, |
| 100 | can I say something about how you might be feeling | 我能说说你的感受吗? |
| 101 | from moment to moment? | 瞬间? |
| 102 | Now, questions about happiness are not really new, okay? | 现在,关于幸福的问题并不新鲜,好吗? |
| 103 | So these are actually questions people have been asking | 这些其实是人们一直问的问题 |
| 104 | in some form for several thousand years. | 以某种形式 几千年。 |
| 105 | So this is a quote from Aristotle, | 这是亚里士多德的引言 |
| 106 | happiness is the meaning and purpose of life, | 幸福是生命的意义和目的 |
| 107 | the whole aim and end of human existence. | 人类存在的整个目的和终结 |
| 108 | Now that doesn't really tell us | 现在这不是真的告诉我们 |
| 109 | how to actually understand it, | 如何实际理解它, |
| 110 | but it does kind of say that this is something | 但它确实有种 说这是东西 |
| 111 | we should be thinking about. | 我们应该好好想想 |
| 112 | As humans, we should be thinking about what happiness is | 作为人类,我们应该思考什么是幸福 |
| 113 | and how to obtain it and what would make it go up and down. | 如何获得它, 是什么使它上下。 |
| 114 | And that's partly what my lab is trying to do, | 这也是我实验室努力要做的 |
| 115 | we're trying to understand | 我们试图理解 |
| 116 | what makes happiness go up and down. | 是什么让幸福上下。 |
| 117 | You might think that if you had more money, you'd be happier. | 你可能会认为,如果你有 更多的钱,你会更快乐。 |
| 118 | A lot of people think that. | 很多人都这么想 |
| 119 | It's a very natural thing to be thinking, | 思考是件很自然的事, |
| 120 | so it's a very natural starting point for thinking about | 因此,这是一个非常自然的起点 思考 |
| 121 | how do we do a more quantitative, | 我们如何做一个更量化, |
| 122 | rigorous science for happiness? | 严格的科学追求幸福? |
| 123 | Now, unfortunately, the data isn't that helpful, | 现在,不幸的是,数据没有那么有用, |
| 124 | or let's say it's not that reassuring, | 或者让我们假设它不是那么令人安心, |
| 125 | because what's been repeatedly shown | 因为被反复显示的东西 |
| 126 | is that when people win the lottery, they are happier, | 当人们赢得彩票时,他们更加快乐, |
| 127 | and that lasts for a while, but a year later, | 并持续一段时间, 但一年后, |
| 128 | their happiness tends to be pretty close | 他们的幸福往往很接近 |
| 129 | to where they started out. | 到他们开始的地方。 |
| 130 | And so it isn't the life-changing, | 所以它不是改变生命, |
| 131 | lifelong increase in happiness | 幸福终生增长 |
| 132 | that many people believe it should be, | 许多人认为, |
| 133 | but there is this transient change in happiness. | 但幸福的瞬息万变 |
| 134 | So it's clear that having this extra surprising | 所以很明显,有这个额外的惊喜 |
| 135 | increase in income does change happiness, | 收入的增加会改变幸福, |
| 136 | it just doesn't change it in the way | 它只是没有改变它的方式 |
| 137 | that people think it will. | 人们会认为它会。 |
| 138 | So economists are also interested in this puzzle | 所以经济学家们也对这个谜题感兴趣 |
| 139 | of how happiness and money are related. | 幸福和金钱的关系 |
| 140 | This is a very well-known plot for the US and the UK | 这是美国和英国众所周知的阴谋 |
| 141 | where the GDP over a 30-year period almost doubled, | 在30年期间,国内生产总值几乎翻了一番, |
| 142 | but there was no change in happiness at all. | 但幸福并没有改变 |
| 143 | So this one measure of happiness, no change at all. | 所以这个衡量幸福的尺度,完全没有变化. |
| 144 | And obviously, you could think about reasons | 显然,你可以考虑 原因 |
| 145 | why this might be the case. | 为什么会这样 |
| 146 | GDP may not be the best measure. | 国内生产总值可能不是最佳衡量标准。 |
| 147 | Gross domestic product is not really capturing | 国内生产总值并没有真正达到 |
| 148 | all individuals, it's kind of capturing something | 所有的个体, 它是一种捕捉的东西 |
| 149 | closer to an average, | 更接近平均值, |
| 150 | and the wealth might not be distributed evenly. | 财富或许不能平均分配。 |
| 151 | We know that those are true, | 我们知道这些是真的, |
| 152 | but if we think back 30 or 40 years, | 但如果我们回想三四十年 |
| 153 | we didn't have computers then, we didn't have smartphones. | 我们当时没有电脑, 我们没有智能手机。 |
| 154 | Healthcare, there have been major health medical advances | 保健,医疗方面有重大进步 |
| 155 | in that period. | 在那个时期。 |
| 156 | So there's a lot that has changed in that period. | 因此这一时期发生了很大变化. |
| 157 | We can tell by some objective measures | 我们可以通过一些客观的措施来判断 |
| 158 | that quality of life is better than it was 40 years ago, | 生活质量比40年前更好 |
| 159 | but happiness doesn't seem to be something | 但快乐似乎并不重要 |
| 160 | that also increased at the same time. | 同时增加。 |
| 161 | So that's a bit of a puzzle. | 所以,这是一个有点谜。 |
| 162 | But I still think that reward or wealth is something | 但我还是觉得 赏金或财富是一回事 |
| 163 | that we should explore in relation to happiness | 我们应该探讨与幸福有关的 |
| 164 | because it is something we know a lot about. | 因为这是我们知道的很多东西。 |
| 165 | And in particular, because of my background, | 特别是因为我的背景 |
| 166 | which is in neuroscience, | 在神经科学中, |
| 167 | we know a lot about the neurobiology of reward. | 我们非常了解奖励的神经生物学 |
| 168 | So the dopamine neurons that are in each of your midbrains, | 所以,多巴胺神经元 在你的每一个中脑, |
| 169 | the base of the brain, | 大脑的基础, |
| 170 | are sending signals throughout the brain to, | 整个大脑都发出信号 |
| 171 | in particular, the frontal cortex at the front of the brain | 特别是大脑前部的正面皮层 |
| 172 | and the striatum, kind of in the middle of the brain. | 和血栓, 一种在大脑中间。 |
| 173 | And those signals are very likely to be linked | 这些信号很有可能被连接 |
| 174 | to the rewards that we're receiving. | 我们得到的奖励。 |
| 175 | There's a lot of data that is consistent with this. | 有许多数据与此一致. |
| 176 | And we're now at the point where we're trying to understand | 我们现在正处在我们试图理解的时刻 |
| 177 | what the relevance of this is to happiness. | 这和幸福有什么关系? |
| 178 | But I think this provides an excellent starting point | 但我认为这提供了一个很好的起点 |
| 179 | for a better understanding of what determines happiness | 为了更好地理解什么决定幸福 |
| 180 | because there's so much known | 因为有很多人知道 |
| 181 | about the neurobiology of reward. | 关于奖励的神经生物学。 |
| 182 | So what does dopamine do? | 多巴胺是做什么的? |
| 183 | Well, if you're in a situation where you go to a casino | 如果你现在在赌场里 |
| 184 | and you place a bet on red, | 你赌一赌红, |
| 185 | you know that you'll win this spin about half the time. | 你知道你会赢得这个旋转 大约一半的时间。 |
| 186 | You'll double your money half the time. | 你会加倍的钱 一半的时间。 |
| 187 | And let's say in this particular play, | 这么说吧 |
| 188 | the ball rolls to a stop on red and you double your money. | 球滚到停在红色 而你加倍的钱。 |
| 189 | And it's thought that at this moment, | 人们认为此刻 |
| 190 | the dopamine neurons in your brain | 大脑中的多巴胺神经元 |
| 191 | represent what's called a reward prediction error, | 代表所谓的奖励预测错误, |
| 192 | the difference between what you got | 你得到的区别 |
| 193 | and what you expected to get. | 还有你期望得到的 |
| 194 | So in this particular situation, | 因此,在这个特殊的情况下, |
| 195 | that's a positive prediction error. | 这是一个积极的预测错误。 |
| 196 | You got more than you should expect to get on average. | 你得到的比一般人还多 |
| 197 | And that's associated with a burst of dopamine in your brain. | 这和脑中多巴胺的爆发有关 |
| 198 | And if you lost the gamble, | 如果你输了赌注 |
| 199 | there would be a dip in dopamine. | 会有多巴胺的浸泡。 |
| 200 | They would signal that disappointment. | 他们会表示失望 |
| 201 | And in humans, we can do something using an MRI machine. | 在人类中,我们可以使用核磁共振机器做一些事情。 |
| 202 | We can measure blood oxygen levels throughout the brain. | 我们可以测量整个大脑的血氧水平. |
| 203 | And in particular, we can look at the brain areas. | 特别是,我们可以看看大脑区域。 |
| 204 | These are the areas in the center of the brain. | 这些是大脑中部的区域。 |
| 205 | This is the striatum. | 这是史提亚图 |
| 206 | This is a view from the front. | 这是从前面看的 |
| 207 | So I'm looking at your brain and I can see in this image, | 所以我看着你的大脑 我可以看到这个画面 |
| 208 | how the blood oxygen is increasing in this brain area | 这个脑部的血氧是如何增加的 |
| 209 | when someone gets a positive prediction error | 当某人得到一个积极的预测错误时 |
| 210 | compared to a negative prediction error. | 比较负预测错误。 |
| 211 | So that's our starting point. | 这就是我们的起点。 |
| 212 | We know a lot about the neurobiology of reward. | 我们非常了解奖励的神经生物学。 |
| 213 | We know there's this idea of reward prediction errors | 我们知道有奖励预言错误的想法 |
| 214 | that are actually really important | 这其实很重要 |
| 215 | for thinking about algorithms for artificial intelligence, | 考虑人工智能的算法, |
| 216 | something we don't have time to go into here, | 有些事我们没时间谈了 |
| 217 | but there's a lot of evidence | 但有很多证据 |
| 218 | that these are really important signals | 这些是真正重要的信号 |
| 219 | for driving human behavior. | 驾驶人类的行为。 |
| 220 | And so we built a smartphone app a few years ago. | 几年前我们造了一个智能手机应用程序。 |
| 221 | We also ran the equivalent lab experiments, | 我们还做了同样的实验 |
| 222 | but I'll just show you the smartphone version of it. | 但我会告诉你智能手机版本的 |
| 223 | It was called the Great Brain Experiment. | 这被称为"大脑实验". |
| 224 | We have a new smartphone app called the Happiness Project, | 我们有一个新的智能手机应用 名为幸福计划, |
| 225 | which has a similar version of this game, | 它有类似的版本 本游戏, |
| 226 | pretty similar version of this game, | 相当相似的版本 本游戏, |
| 227 | which is now available | 现在已经可用 |
| 228 | and which we're now using for our happiness research. | 而我们现在正用它来研究幸福 |
| 229 | So this is what the simple experiment looks like. | 这就是简单的实验的模样。 |
| 230 | So you're making choices between safe and risky options | 所以你在选择安全与危险的选择 |
| 231 | and just trying to win as many points as you can. | 并试图赢得尽可能多的分数。 |
| 232 | So you rate how you feel every once in a while | 所以你偶尔会评价你的感受 |
| 233 | during the game. | 游戏期间。 |
| 234 | So this gamble, you have 50-50 gamble | 所以这次赌,你赌五五 |
| 235 | where you could win or lose points. | 在那里,你可以赢或输点。 |
| 236 | Okay, so here they chose to gamble. | 好吧,所以在这里 他们选择赌博。 |
| 237 | They could try to win 75 points, | 他们可以尝试赢得75分 |
| 238 | but unfortunately they lost. | 可惜他们输了 |
| 239 | Here's a gamble where you can't, | 这是一场赌博,你不能 |
| 240 | here's a trial where you can't win anything. | 这里有一个试验,你不能赢得任何东西。 |
| 241 | You can only choose | 您只能选择 |
| 242 | between losing some amount of points for sure | 在失去一定积分之间 |
| 243 | or trying to avoid losing. | 或者试图避免输掉 |
| 244 | Another loss, if you're not doing that well, | 又一个损失,如果你做的不好, |
| 245 | maybe luck will turn around here. | 也许运气会转过来 |
| 246 | All right, 124 points. | 好吧,124点。 |
| 247 | So they got back all the points they lost. | 所以他们把失去的分数都拿回来了。 |
| 248 | And another one. | 还有另一个 |
| 249 | All right, 85 more points. | 好吧,还有85分。 |
| 250 | Okay, so this person should be pretty happy now. | 这个人现在应该很开心了 |
| 251 | They just won the last two gambles | 他们刚刚赢了最后两次赌局 |
| 252 | after a little string of bad luck. | 在运气不好之后 |
| 253 | And so you can see that there's a lot of stuff going on | 所以,你可以看到有很多事情发生 |
| 254 | and in a pretty short period of time, so a minute, | 在很短的时间内,所以一分钟, |
| 255 | you can see that your happiness | 你可以看到你的幸福 |
| 256 | when you're doing this task might go up and down. | 当你在做这个任务时 可能会上下冲动 |
| 257 | So that's what we're trying to really capture | 所以这就是我们想要真正抓住的 |
| 258 | using mathematical equations. | 使用数学方程。 |
| 259 | So this is the lab data. | 这就是实验室的数据。 |
| 260 | So people started out in the lab with 20 pounds. | 所以人们开始在实验室 20磅。 |
| 261 | This is work that I did, | 这是我做过的工作, |
| 262 | I started at University College London. | 我从伦敦大学学院开始 |
| 263 | And in each of these three example participants, | 在这三个例子的参与者中, |
| 264 | you can see that they're earning money | 你可以看到他们在赚钱 |
| 265 | over the course of an hour long experiment, | 在一个小时的实验中 |
| 266 | ending up with over 30 pounds for each of these people. | 最终每人30多磅 |
| 267 | So they should be pretty happy about that. | 因此,他们应该 相当高兴这一点。 |
| 268 | That's what you'd expect. | 这就是你所期望的。 |
| 269 | We're asking them once a minute how they're feeling | 我们每分钟问一次 他们的感受如何 |
| 270 | as they're playing through more than 100 trials | 因为他们经过了100多次审判 |
| 271 | of this experiment. | 这个实验。 |
| 272 | But this is what the data looks like. | 但数据是这样的 |
| 273 | So in blue is their happiness rating. | 所以用蓝色是他们的幸福评级。 |
| 274 | So there's a lot of things we can see here. | 所以这里有很多事情可以看见. |
| 275 | So the first thing is that their happiness | 所以第一件事就是他们的幸福 |
| 276 | and their wealth are not the same thing. | 他们的财产,不是同样的。 |
| 277 | So at least in an hour long experiment, | 因此,至少在一个小时的实验, |
| 278 | those things are not the same. | 那些东西不一样 |
| 279 | That's the first thing that's pretty obvious. | 这是第一件很明显的事。 |
| 280 | The second thing is that actually there's a lot of variation | 第二件事,其实有很多变化 |
| 281 | in how they feel. | 他们的感受。 |
| 282 | It's not just like they're reporting | 不只是他们在报道 |
| 283 | the same number all the time. | 同一个号码一直。 |
| 284 | They are actually moving their ratings | 他们实际上在移动他们的收视率 |
| 285 | around all over the place. | 到处都是 |
| 286 | So I think that's really reassuring | 所以,我觉得这真的很让人放心 |
| 287 | because even though their wealth is not a good predictor | 因为他们的财产不是很好的, |
| 288 | of how happy they will report being, | 他们将怎样报喜, |
| 289 | there is clearly a lot of signal | 很明显有很多信号 |
| 290 | that we might potentially be able to explain | 我们也许可以解释 |
| 291 | by looking at what happened to people during the task. | 看看任务期间人们的遭遇 |
| 292 | And these are the averages across 26 participants in the lab. | 这些是实验室26个参与者的平均数。 |
| 293 | And we can see that their actual, | 而我们可以看到他们的实际, |
| 294 | their wealth is going up, but their happiness is not. | 他们的财富正在上升,但他们的幸福并没有。 |
| 295 | Now, this may remind you of that plot I showed you | 这会让你想起我给你看的情节 |
| 296 | just a minute ago. | 一分钟前 |
| 297 | GDP is increasing over 30 years and happiness is not. | GDP在30年里不断增长,幸福并没有. |
| 298 | Same thing happens over an hour long period. | 同样的事情发生在一个小时的时间里。 |
| 299 | So in both these situations, when we look at the averages, | 所以,在这两种情况下, 当我们看平均, |
| 300 | we see there isn't a close relationship | 我们发现没有亲密的关系 |
| 301 | between these two things. | 这两件事之间。 |
| 302 | But of course, remember that when we look | 当然,记住,当我们看 |
| 303 | at individual participants, there's a lot of movement | 在个人参与者,有很多运动 |
| 304 | in their happiness and it really is going up | 在他们的幸福中,它真的会上升 |
| 305 | and down quite a bit. | 和下来相当一点点。 |
| 306 | So we'd like to understand why. | 所以我们想知道为什么 |
| 307 | Now, if you think about this experiment, | 如果你想到这个实验 |
| 308 | this very simple experiment with safe and risky choices, | 这个非常简单的实验 安全和危险的选择, |
| 309 | what we know is that the dopamine neurons | 我们知道的是多巴胺神经元 |
| 310 | represent not only these reward prediction errors | 不仅仅是这些奖励预测错误 |
| 311 | that I mentioned before, they also represent something | 我之前提到,他们也代表了 |
| 312 | about the expected values. | 关于预期值。 |
| 313 | So the average return from these gambles that people choose | 因此,这些赌博的平均回报 人们选择 |
| 314 | or the values of the certain rewards that people choose. | 或人们选择的某些奖励的价值。 |
| 315 | And we know that when they get their outcomes, | 我们知道,当他们得到的结果, |
| 316 | the dopamine neurons represent reward prediction errors. | 多巴胺神经元代表了奖励性预测错误. |
| 317 | And so starting with this understanding | 从这个理解开始 |
| 318 | of the neurobiology of reward, | 以报应的神经生物学者发誓, |
| 319 | we propose this mathematical equation, | 我们提出这个数学方程, |
| 320 | which I know seems a little bit complicated, | 我知道这有点复杂 |
| 321 | but really is pretty straightforward. | 但其实很直接 |
| 322 | All we're doing is asking whether the certain rewards | 我们所做的只是问 某些报酬 |
| 323 | people have experienced, the expected values | 人们已经体验了,预期的价值观 |
| 324 | from the gambles they've chosen | 他们选择的赌博 |
| 325 | and the reward prediction errors resulting | 以及由此造成的报酬性预测错误; |
| 326 | from those expectations, cumulatively add up | 从这些期望中累计加起来 |
| 327 | to determine your current happiness. | 来决定你现在的幸福 |
| 328 | And the only two parameters we also need to think about | 我们只需要考虑两个参数 |
| 329 | are there's a gamma parameter which determines | 是否有伽马参数决定 |
| 330 | how fast you forget about previous events. | 忘记以前的事有多快? |
| 331 | So you could never forget anything | 这样你就不会忘记任何事 |
| 332 | or you could forget pretty quickly. | 或者你可以很快忘记 |
| 333 | And the W0 parameter at the beginning | W0参数在开头 |
| 334 | is a set point for happiness. | 是幸福的定点。 |
| 335 | So your happiness fluctuates around that | 所以,你的幸福波动 围绕 |
| 336 | and returns to it over time. | 然后随时间推移而返回。 |
| 337 | So it's really, mathematically, | 所以,在数学上, |
| 338 | it's not a complicated equation, | 这不是一个复杂的方程式, |
| 339 | but we want to know if it's of any use. | 但我们想知道它是否有用 |
| 340 | Can we use these concepts from neurobiology of reward | 我们能用神经生物学上的这些概念来奖励吗? |
| 341 | to predict people's happiness? | 预测人们的幸福? |
| 342 | So this is the data we're trying to predict | 这就是我们试图预测的数据 |
| 343 | and that's how the model does. | 模型就是这样的 |
| 344 | So the model does a great job. | 所以这个模型做得很好。 |
| 345 | The model is really doing a good job | 模特儿干得不错 |
| 346 | of predicting how happiness will go up and down | 预测幸福将如何升降 |
| 347 | in each of these example participants. | 每一个例子的参与者。 |
| 348 | And we can see even in that third person | 我们甚至可以看到第三者 |
| 349 | where the model doesn't do quite as well, | 模特儿也做不好的时候 |
| 350 | we still see some interesting features. | 我们仍然看到一些有趣的特征。 |
| 351 | So for example, at the end, it looks like the person | 所以,比如说,在结尾, 它看起来像人 |
| 352 | is getting more emotionally volatile as time goes on, | 随着时间的流逝 情绪越来越不稳定 |
| 353 | even though it does seem like it's going up and down | 虽然它看起来好像在上下 |
| 354 | at the right times, it's just actually more, | 在正确的时间, 它只是实际上更多, |
| 355 | it's moving more than the model would predict. | 它移动的比模型预测的要多 |
| 356 | So we see places where we might actually be able | 所以,我们看到的地方 我们实际上可以 |
| 357 | to improve our models, | 改进我们的模型, |
| 358 | but the main point I want to make here | 但我想说的是 |
| 359 | is the model is doing a much better job | 模特儿做得更好 |
| 360 | than just knowing how much money people have | 不只是知道人们有多少钱 |
| 361 | at a given point in time. | 在某一时间点。 |
| 362 | And these are the averages across our 26 participants, | 这就是我们26个参与者的平均数 |
| 363 | does a great job of predicting happiness. | 做一个伟大的工作 预测幸福。 |
| 364 | And just to be clear on what we get out of these equations, | 为了清楚我们从这些方程式中得到什么 |
| 365 | so this is the average parameter estimate | 这就是平均参数估计 |
| 366 | for each of these three different weights, | 这三种不同的重量, |
| 367 | certain rewards, expected values and reward prediction errors, | 某些奖励、预期价值和奖励预测错误, |
| 368 | these are always positive, | 这些总是积极的, |
| 369 | that means all three of these things | 意思是这三件事 |
| 370 | are significantly impacting happiness. | 影响着幸福 |
| 371 | Now I mentioned that we got data from our smartphone app, | 现在,我提到,我们得到了数据 从我们的智能手机应用程序, |
| 372 | we got a lot of data, | 我们有很多数据 |
| 373 | this is the first 200 people that played the smartphone app, | 这是第一批200人 谁播放智能手机应用程序, |
| 374 | the same result, this is anonymous players | 同样的结果是匿名玩家 |
| 375 | somewhere in the world, the next 200, | 在世界上的某个地方, 接下来的200, |
| 376 | the next 100 actually we could do this all day, | 接下来的100个实际上 我们可以做到这一点一整天, |
| 377 | we had so much data, we had, I think at this point, | 我们有这么多的数据,我们有, 我想在这一点上, |
| 378 | more than 50,000 people that have played this game, | 超过5万人曾经玩过这个游戏, |
| 379 | and it always looks the same. | 它看起来总是一样。 |
| 380 | So this is the pattern, | 这就是模式 |
| 381 | even in people that are anonymously playing | 即使是匿名演奏的人 |
| 382 | somewhere in the world, they never see us, | 在世界上的某个地方, 他们从来没有看到我们, |
| 383 | we don't get paid, and the same relationship, | 我们没有工资, 和同样的关系, |
| 384 | they have no incentive to tell us the truth | 他们没有动机告诉我们真相 |
| 385 | about how they feel, | 关于他们的感受, |
| 386 | but we see exactly the same relationship | 但是我们看到完全一样的关系 |
| 387 | between the experience they have | 在他们的经历之间 |
| 388 | and how happy they feel from minute to minute. | 以及他们从一分钟到一分钟的幸福感 |
| 389 | And I think that's actually really amazing | 我觉得这真的很棒 |
| 390 | that we could use a smartphone game to study happiness | 我们可以用智能手机游戏来研究幸福 |
| 391 | because we're not actually incentivizing them in any way | 因为我们并没有真正激励他们 |
| 392 | to tell us the truth, | 告诉我们真相 |
| 393 | but we see exactly the same thing as what we see in the lab. | 但我们看到的和实验室里看到的完全一样 |
| 394 | Now, we did this experiment in the lab in the MRI machine, | 我们在核磁共振机器的实验室做了这个实验 |
| 395 | and so we scanned people's brains | 所以我们扫描了人们的大脑 |
| 396 | while they were doing this task, | 当他们执行这项任务的时候, |
| 397 | and what we found was actually the same brain area | 我们发现的是同一个大脑区域 |
| 398 | that I mentioned before, the striatum, | 我之前提到的, 斯屈塔姆, |
| 399 | is predictive of changes in happiness. | 预示着幸福的变化 |
| 400 | So if you measure bold activity, blood oxygen levels, | 所以,如果你测量胆量 血氧水平, |
| 401 | during the task, during the events of the task, | 在任务期间,在任务活动期间, |
| 402 | you can actually predict how happy they will say they are | 你可以预测他们有多高兴 |
| 403 | the next time you ask them. | 下次你再问他们 |
| 404 | So if the activity here is high, | 所以,如果这里的活动是高, |
| 405 | happiness tends to go up, | 幸福总是上升, |
| 406 | if activity here is low, happiness tends to go down. | 如果这里的活动程度很低,幸福往往会下降。 |
| 407 | So that's really interesting. | 所以这真的很有趣。 |
| 408 | That suggests dopamine might have some link to happiness | 这说明多巴胺可能和幸福有关 |
| 409 | that is involved in changing your happiness. | 参与改变你的幸福 |
| 410 | Surprisingly, when you look at the time | 惊讶的是,当你看着时间 |
| 411 | when you actually ask them how they feel, | 当你问他们感觉如何 |
| 412 | you don't see these dopamine-related signals. | 你看不到这些多巴胺相关信号 |
| 413 | Instead, what you find is an area of the brain | 相反,你发现的是大脑的一个领域 |
| 414 | called the right anterior insula. | 叫做右外膜 |
| 415 | So at the moment you're asked how happy are this moment, | 所以现在你被问到这个时刻有多幸福 |
| 416 | there's more blood oxygen activity, | 血氧活动增加 |
| 417 | the blood oxygen levels increase | 血氧水平增加 |
| 418 | in this area on the side of the brain, | 在大脑的这个区域, |
| 419 | and they increase more if you're going to say | 如果你要说,它们会增加 |
| 420 | that you're more happy. | 你更快乐 |
| 421 | And this is an area that's been linked to interoception, | 这个领域与截断有关 |
| 422 | to feelings, so it's intuitive that this would be relevant, | 感觉,所以这是直觉 这将是相关的, |
| 423 | but this is not an area that receives | 但它不是一个接收区域 |
| 424 | a lot of dopaminergic input | 很多多巴胺素输入 |
| 425 | like these other areas that I mentioned. | 就像我提到的其他方面 |
| 426 | And this area has been linked to life satisfaction before, | 之前这个领域和生活满意度有关 |
| 427 | so there's lower gray matter volume | 所以有较低的灰色物质体积 |
| 428 | in some other brain scanning experiments | 在其他一些脑扫描实验中 |
| 429 | when people report having lower life satisfaction. | 当人们报告说生活满足度较低的时候。 |
| 430 | So this is really interesting, | 所以这真的很有趣, |
| 431 | and we're interested in whether we can understand better | 而且我们很想知道我们是否能理解 |
| 432 | what's different about the signals in this brain area | 这个脑部的信号有什么不同 |
| 433 | in people with depression | 在抑郁症患者中 |
| 434 | compared to people without depression. | 相比没有抑郁症的人。 |
| 435 | Okay, so I mentioned that some of the signals | 好吧,所以我提到一些信号 |
| 436 | are closely linked to dopamine. | 与多巴胺密切相关 |
| 437 | So one obvious question is whether dopamine | 所以一个明显的问题是 多巴胺是否 |
| 438 | is the thing that's making people happy. | 是让人高兴的事 |
| 439 | So the experiment we did was we tested people | 所以我们做的实验就是测试人 |
| 440 | in two different occasions, | 在两个不同的场合, |
| 441 | and one day we gave them a placebo, | 有一天我们给了他们安慰剂, |
| 442 | and one day we gave them L-DOPA, | 有一天我们给了他们L -DOPA, |
| 443 | boosting their dopamine levels. | 提高他们的多巴胺含量。 |
| 444 | This is a very common, taken by millions of people, | 这是一个非常常见的, 被数百万人带走, |
| 445 | very common dopamine drug | 非常常见的多巴胺药物 |
| 446 | to increase dopamine levels for a few hours. | 多巴胺含量会增加几个小时 |
| 447 | So this is what we found on placebo. | 这就是我们在安慰剂上发现的。 |
| 448 | So when they get a big reward, | 所以,当他们得到一个大奖赏, |
| 449 | their happiness goes up a lot. | 他们的幸福不断上升 |
| 450 | When they get a small reward, it goes up a little bit. | 当他们得到一个小的奖赏, 它去一点点。 |
| 451 | It's kind of what you'd expect. | 这是你所期望的 |
| 452 | This is like chocolate cake or carrots. | 这就像巧克力蛋糕或胡萝卜。 |
| 453 | So on placebo, you see what you'd expect. | 所以在安慰剂上,你会看到 你期待什么。 |
| 454 | Now the question is, when you take a dopamine drug, | 现在的问题是,当你服用多巴胺药物时, |
| 455 | is that boosting your happiness for all rewards? | 这能为你带来幸福吗? |
| 456 | That's the kind of thing we might predict. | 这是我们可以预测的 |
| 457 | That is not exactly what happened. | 事实并非如此。 |
| 458 | What happens instead, which is really interesting, | 接下来会发生什么 很有趣 |
| 459 | is that it boosts happiness for small rewards. | 因为它能增加小报酬的快乐 |
| 460 | It actually boosts it up to the same level as large rewards. | 它实际上将它提升到与大奖相同的水平. |
| 461 | So that actually makes it | 因此,实际上它 |
| 462 | so that all rewards look basically the same. | 这样所有的奖励看起来基本一样。 |
| 463 | They all look like big rewards. | 他们看起来都是大奖品 |
| 464 | Everything looks like chocolate cake | 一切都像巧克力蛋糕一样 |
| 465 | if we're talking about snacks. | 如果我们在谈论点心。 |
| 466 | So I think this is really interesting. | 所以我觉得这很有趣。 |
| 467 | It isn't a simple relationship. | 这不是一个简单的关系。 |
| 468 | Some people predicted that it would just boost all happiness. | 有些人预言它只会促进所有的幸福. |
| 469 | It's a little bit too simplistic, | 有点太简单了 |
| 470 | but it does strongly suggest that dopamine is playing a role | 但是它确实强烈地表明 多巴胺正在发挥作用 |
| 471 | in how much rewards impact how we feel | 如何回报 如何影响我们的感受 |
| 472 | from minute to minute. | 一分钟到一分钟。 |
| 473 | Okay, so I wanna talk for a few minutes | 好,我想谈几分钟 |
| 474 | about another kind of domain where happiness | 关于另一种领域 快乐 |
| 475 | might be interesting and different across individuals. | 可能很有趣,而且个人不同。 |
| 476 | So this is the social domain. | 这就是社会领域。 |
| 477 | So people have different social preferences. | 所以人们有不同的社会偏好. |
| 478 | Some people are generous, some people not. | 有些人是慷慨的,有些人不是。 |
| 479 | We're interested in whether the emotions that people have | 我们想知道人们的情绪是否 |
| 480 | are relevant to how generous they are. | 与它们多么慷慨有关。 |
| 481 | And so in this particular situation, | 因此,在这个特殊的情况下, |
| 482 | we brought people into the lab in groups, groups of four, | 我们把人带进实验室 分成四组 |
| 483 | and they were told they were playing a game | 他们被告知他们在玩游戏 |
| 484 | with another person that was in another room. | 和一个在另一个房间里的人 |
| 485 | They've actually played the same gamble as someone else. | 他们和别人玩过同样的赌博 |
| 486 | So in this example, you're gonna play a gamble | 所以在这个例子中,你会赌博 |
| 487 | where you could win 95 pence on this trial or get nothing. | 在那里你可以赢得95便士 在这个审判或得到什么。 |
| 488 | And Tom in the next room could also win 95 pence | 隔壁的汤姆也可以赢95便士 |
| 489 | or get nothing. | 要么就一无所获 |
| 490 | And let's say in this particular example, | 举个例子 |
| 491 | you win and Tom loses. | 你赢了,汤姆输了 |
| 492 | Now, how do you feel? | 你感觉怎么样? |
| 493 | So you can report after every few trials, how you feel. | 这样你就可以在每次试验后 报告你的感受 |
| 494 | And we were interested in understanding | 我们很想知道 |
| 495 | what determines their happiness. | 是什么决定了他们的幸福。 |
| 496 | Was it just their rewards? | 只是他们的奖励吗? |
| 497 | Was it something about the relationship | 是关系上的事吗? |
| 498 | between their rewards and Tom's rewards? | 在他们的奖励和汤姆的奖励之间? |
| 499 | That's what we wanted to find out. | 这就是我们想知道的 |
| 500 | If you both win, happiness goes up a lot. | 如果你们都赢了,幸福就会增加 |
| 501 | That's kind of what you'd expect. | 这就是你所期望的 |
| 502 | So both people won, happiness goes up. | 于是两人都赢了,幸福就上升了. |
| 503 | If you have this kind of situation | 如果你有这种情况 |
| 504 | where you win and Tom loses, | 在那里你赢了,汤姆输了, |
| 505 | happiness goes up significantly, | 幸福的升华很大 |
| 506 | but not as much as if you both win. | 但没有你们赢的多 |
| 507 | So this is on average. | 所以这是平均的。 |
| 508 | So we're not talking about individual differences. | 所以我们不是在谈论个别的差异。 |
| 509 | On average, what's called advantageous inequality, | 平均来说,所谓的有利不平等 |
| 510 | economists call that, significantly reduces happiness. | 经济学家称这大大降低了幸福感. |
| 511 | Now, what about losses? | 现在,损失呢? |
| 512 | So we see a similar thing here. | 因此,我们在这里看到类似的事情。 |
| 513 | If you lose and Tom loses, you're unhappy. | 如果你输了汤姆,你就不高兴了 |
| 514 | But actually, if you lose and Tom wins, | 但事实上 如果你输了 汤姆赢了 |
| 515 | what's called disadvantageous inequality | 所谓的不利不平等 |
| 516 | actually reduces your happiness even more. | 实际上会减少你的幸福 |
| 517 | So on average, people don't like inequality | 所以一般人不喜欢不平等 |
| 518 | in both whether it's good or bad, | 无论好坏 |
| 519 | or whether you get more or less than the other person. | 或者你得到的比其他人多或少。 |
| 520 | On average, people are preferring equality. | 平均而言,人们倾向于平等。 |
| 521 | But I did mention there's a lot of differences | 但我说过有很多不同之处 |
| 522 | between individuals. | 个人之间。 |
| 523 | And I think that's the thing that we want to understand now. | 我认为这就是我们现在想要理解的。 |
| 524 | So we used our happiness equation | 所以我们用我们的幸福方程式 |
| 525 | to capture ups and downs of happiness in the task | 在任务中捕捉幸福的升降 |
| 526 | in relation to expectations and prediction errors. | 关于预期和预测错误。 |
| 527 | And we added two extra terms, | 我们又加了两个条件 |
| 528 | a parameter for what we think of as guilt, | 一个参数 对于我们认为有罪, |
| 529 | if you got more than another person, | 如果你有超过另一个人, |
| 530 | and a parameter is something like envy, | 而一个参数 就像是嫉妒, |
| 531 | if you got less than another person. | 如果你比别人少 |
| 532 | Both these parameters were significantly negative on average, | 这两个参数平均都明显负值, |
| 533 | both of these things are reducing happiness, | 这两件事都在减少幸福 |
| 534 | and we can predict happiness over the experiment | 我们能预测实验的快乐 |
| 535 | just as before. | 就像以前一样 |
| 536 | Okay, now, what I didn't tell you is | 好吧,现在,我没有告诉你 |
| 537 | the participants also did another experiment | 参与者也做了另一个实验 |
| 538 | which is called a dictator game | 这叫做独裁者游戏 |
| 539 | where they decide how much of an endowment | 他们决定捐赠多少 |
| 540 | to give to another person. | 给另一个人。 |
| 541 | Something they don't know is how much of this money | 他们不知道这些钱有多少 |
| 542 | do you want to give to someone else? | 你想给别人吗? |
| 543 | And a lot of people give nothing, | 很多人一无所获 |
| 544 | a lot of people give half, | 很多人给了一半, |
| 545 | and a lot of people give something in between that. | 很多人都对此有所让步 |
| 546 | No one gives more than half, not surprisingly. | 没有人给的超过一半,不足为奇。 |
| 547 | And what we found was that we looked at the parameters | 我们发现的是,我们研究了参数 |
| 548 | in this happiness equation, | 在这个幸福的方程式中 |
| 549 | we could actually predict who is going to be generous | 我们可以预测谁会慷慨解囊 |
| 550 | and who is going to be stingy. | 而谁将吝啬。 |
| 551 | And what we found is that the people | 我们发现的是人民 |
| 552 | that had stronger guilt parameters | 更强的内疚参数 |
| 553 | gave almost twice, or actually over twice as much | 几乎两次,或实际上两倍以上 |
| 554 | as the people that had stronger envy parameters. | 作为那些有更强烈的羡慕力的人 |
| 555 | So we can actually predict based on how they felt | 因此,我们实际上可以预测 他们的感受 |
| 556 | during this other task, how generous they would be | 在这次任务中,他们将会多么慷慨 |
| 557 | when they're given a choice | 当他们有选择的时候 |
| 558 | about how much to give to someone else. | 关于给别人多少钱。 |
| 559 | Even though in the first experiment, | 尽管在第一次实验中 |
| 560 | there were never any options | 从来没有任何选择 |
| 561 | about how much to give to someone else | 关于给别人多少钱 |
| 562 | or how to split money with someone else. | 或如何与他人分钱. |
| 563 | So I think this is really interesting. | 所以我觉得这很有趣。 |
| 564 | This is the distribution of how much people gave. | 这是分配 多少人给予。 |
| 565 | So a lot of people gave nothing, | 所以很多人一无所获 |
| 566 | a lot of people gave half, | 很多人给了一半 |
| 567 | a lot of people in between. | 中间有很多人 |
| 568 | And when we look at those different groups, | 当我们看着这些不同的群体, |
| 569 | the people that gave nothing | 毫无贡献的人们 |
| 570 | had really strong enemy parameters, | 有非常强大的敌人参数, |
| 571 | but not guilt parameters. | 但不是内疚参数。 |
| 572 | And the people that gave something | 和给的东西的人 |
| 573 | have really strong guilt parameters, | 有很强的内疚参数, |
| 574 | but not envy parameters. | 但不羡慕参数。 |
| 575 | And I think this is interesting, | 我认为这是有趣的, |
| 576 | partly because it means that the emotional responses | 部分因为这意味着情绪反应 |
| 577 | that people have are sufficient to explain differences | 人们足以解释差异 |
| 578 | in generosity across individuals. | 在个人之间慷慨解囊。 |
| 579 | So it's not all strategic. | 所以这不是所有的战略。 |
| 580 | There is some component about how generous people are | 有一些关于人们多么慷慨的部分 |
| 581 | that really is closely linked to their emotions. | 和他们的情绪息息相关 |
| 582 | So another domain where we might expect differences | 因此,另一个领域 我们可能期待差异 |
| 583 | across individuals is in relation to psychiatric symptoms. | 不同个人之间的精神病症状。 |
| 584 | So like the symptoms of depression, | 就像抑郁症的症状一样 |
| 585 | there's over 300 million people around the world | 全世界有3亿多人 |
| 586 | that suffer from depression. | 他们患有抑郁症。 |
| 587 | And the two major symptoms are depressed mood | 两大症状是情绪低落 |
| 588 | and diminished pleasure, | 和减少的喜悦, |
| 589 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}我们都应该能衡量 | |
| 590 | in a task like this. | 在这样的任务。 |
| 591 | And that's the experiment we did next. | 这就是我们接下来做的实验。 |
| 592 | We asked whether there's a, | 我们问有没有... |
| 593 | what's thought of as a blunting, | 认为什么是钝器, |
| 594 | so a reduction in how strongly these different events | 因此减少这些不同事件的强度 |
| 595 | affect people's happiness. | 影响人们的幸福。 |
| 596 | That's the prediction. | 这就是预测 |
| 597 | If you just don't feel rewards as much, | 如果你不觉得回报那么多, |
| 598 | there should be a reduction in how strongly rewards | 应该减少奖励的力度 |
| 599 | affect your happiness. | 影响你的幸福。 |
| 600 | This is 1200 people that don't have depression, | 这是1200人 没有抑郁症, |
| 601 | the normal pattern of parameter estimates in our model. | 我们模型中参数估计的正常模式。 |
| 602 | And then we had around almost 600 people | 然后我们有大约600人 |
| 603 | that have significant depressive symptoms. | 有显著的抑郁症状。 |
| 604 | And in those people, you would predict a blunting, | 在这些人中,你会预言一个钝器, |
| 605 | a reduction in emotional reactivity for rewards. | 减少对奖励的情绪反应。 |
| 606 | We did not see that. | 我们没有看到这一点。 |
| 607 | In fact, if anything, we saw slight increase. | 事实上,如果有的话,我们看到略有增加。 |
| 608 | There was no difficulty with measuring happiness | 衡量幸福并不难 |
| 609 | in depressed individuals. | 在抑郁的个人。 |
| 610 | And if anything, a slight increase | 如果有的话,稍微增加一点 |
| 611 | in how much it impacted their happiness. | 影响他们的幸福 |
| 612 | We looked at the level of the brain as well. | 我们审视了大脑的水平。 |
| 613 | So we scanned people in a similar task | 所以,我们扫描了人们 在类似的任务 |
| 614 | and we found no blunting there as well, | 我们发现那里没有钝器, |
| 615 | which surprised a lot of people. | 这令很多人吃惊 |
| 616 | And I think part of the reason | 我认为这是原因之一 |
| 617 | is because people have done other tasks | 因为人们做了其他工作 |
| 618 | that are much more complicated | 更复杂 |
| 619 | where people with depression might have different beliefs | 抑郁症患者可能有不同的信仰 |
| 620 | compared to people that are not. | 而不是别人 |
| 621 | But this house is so simple. | 但是这房子太简单了 |
| 622 | And these, the people with depression | 这些是抑郁症患者 |
| 623 | do not show any differences. | 不显示任何差异。 |
| 624 | But they did show a difference in the baseline parameters. | 但他们确实表现出了基线参数的不同。 |
| 625 | So this is the set point | 这就是设定的点 |
| 626 | around which their happiness oscillates. | 他们的幸福将随处可见。 |
| 627 | You can see it going up and down around that value. | 你可以看到它上下 围绕这个值。 |
| 628 | And if people are more depressed, | 如果人们更沮丧, |
| 629 | they oscillate around a lower value. | 它们绕着一个较低的值移动。 |
| 630 | And this is a really strong effect. | 这是一个非常强大的效果。 |
| 631 | And I think this also suggested | 我觉得这也说明 |
| 632 | the happiness they're reporting in the games | 他们在游戏中报道的快乐 |
| 633 | is actually very closely related | 其实是紧密相连的 |
| 634 | to their overall happiness in their regular life. | 在他们正常生活中的幸福 |
| 635 | And one thing that we're trying to do now | 还有一件事,我们正在尝试做 |
| 636 | is to understand whether the parameters in these games | 是要了解这些游戏中的参数 |
| 637 | are related to their level of depression. | 和他们的抑郁程度有关 |
| 638 | If we can measure people repeatedly over weeks | 如果我们能在几周内反复测量人 |
| 639 | or even months, which is something we're doing | 甚至几个月,这就是我们在做什么 |
| 640 | with our new smartphone app, The Happiness Project, | 我们的新智能手机应用 幸福计划 |
| 641 | then we can ask whether these parameters | 然后我们可以问这些参数 |
| 642 | will, for example, get reduced | 例如,将减少 |
| 643 | right before someone is about to get more depressed. | 在有人会更沮丧之前 |
| 644 | So that's a question that we are now answering, | 所以,这是一个问题 我们现在回答, |
| 645 | trying to answer. | 试图回答。 |
| 646 | And so we're doing that with this new smartphone app, | 所以用这个智能手机的新程序 |
| 647 | The Happiness Project. | 幸福计划. |
| 648 | And I'll just show you a little video of what it looks like. | 我给你们看一段视频,看它是什么样子。 |
| 649 | And I'll talk more about one of the tasks | 我会多谈一个任务 |
| 650 | to finish off this presentation. | 以结束演示文稿。 |
| 651 | So this is a learning task | 所以,这是一个学习任务 |
| 652 | where you also have a chance to win a lot of points | 也有机会赢得很多分数 |
| 653 | or lose a lot of points. | 或失去很多分数。 |
| 654 | This is a task where you are fishing | 这是你钓鱼的任务 |
| 655 | and people tend to tap more when they get more, | 人们往往在得到更多的东西时, 更能挖掘, |
| 656 | they have more rewards they can get. | 他们可以得到更多的奖励。 |
| 657 | I'll talk more about this task in a minute. | 我一会再谈这个任务 |
| 658 | And this is our standard kind of task. | 这是我们的标准任务 |
| 659 | And we kind of set it up | 而我们有种设置它 |
| 660 | so that people are encouraged to play repeatedly | 鼓励人们反复演奏 |
| 661 | because they can progress along this map | 因为他们可以沿着地图前进 |
| 662 | and earn badges as they complete | 和获得的徽章,当他们完成 |
| 663 | the different tasks in the game. | 游戏中不同的任务。 |
| 664 | So I'll just talk about one of these tasks | 所以我只谈其中一项任务 |
| 665 | because I think it's really interesting | 因为我觉得这很有趣 |
| 666 | and relevant to this question about what depression does. | 和这个问题有关 抑郁症是做什么的。 |
| 667 | So in this task, you're digging for treasure | 因此,在这个任务中,你挖掘的宝藏 |
| 668 | and the deeper the treasure, | 与更深的宝藏, |
| 669 | the less likely you are to get it. | 你得到它的可能性越小。 |
| 670 | Now you can see there's some blocks in the future. | 现在,你可以看到未来有一些街区。 |
| 671 | The next block is actually red. | 下一个街区其实是红色的. |
| 672 | And that actually means that your next block, | 这实际上意味着你的下一个街区, |
| 673 | you won't have the opportunity to win any points. | 你将没有机会赢得任何积分。 |
| 674 | You actually are trying to avoid losing points | 你其实是想避免失去分数 |
| 675 | or you lose 20 points. | 或者你输了20分。 |
| 676 | And you can see now again, in the future, | 现在你可以再次看到,在未来, |
| 677 | the next block is another one where you could win points. | 下一个区块是另一个 你可以赢得积分。 |
| 678 | And so it alternates between gain and loss blocks. | 于是它又在损益区块之间交替出现。 |
| 679 | And we were interested in whether we could understand better | 我们很想知道我们能不能理解 |
| 680 | how the information about the future influences | 关于未来的信息如何影响 |
| 681 | how you feel right now. | 你现在感觉如何? |
| 682 | And it does quite strongly. | 它确实非常强烈。 |
| 683 | So when you are in a loss frame, | 所以,当你在一个损失框架, |
| 684 | if you know that the future looks bright, | 如果你知道未来看起来很光明 |
| 685 | your happiness on average is high, | 你的快乐平均很高 |
| 686 | if higher and if the future looks not so good, | 如果更高 如果未来看起来不妙 |
| 687 | then your happiness is lower. | 那你的幸福会更低 |
| 688 | And this is the same thing that happens | 这是同样的事情发生 |
| 689 | if you're in a game frame. | 如果你在游戏中。 |
| 690 | So in both situations, | 所以在这两种情况下 |
| 691 | people on average care about the future. | 人们平均关心未来 |
| 692 | Now, just as in the social experiments | 就像社会实验一样 |
| 693 | and these other experiments, | 和这些其他实验, |
| 694 | there's a lot of variation across individuals. | 个体间差异很大. |
| 695 | A lot of people care to different degrees | 很多人关心不同程度的人 |
| 696 | about the future. | 关于未来 |
| 697 | Some people basically ignore it. | 有些人基本上忽视了这一点。 |
| 698 | And some people, it matters a lot for their happiness | 一些人,这对他们的幸福很重要 |
| 699 | and for the decisions they make. | 和他们的决定。 |
| 700 | And it looks like we're also seeing some evidence | 看来我们也看到了一些证据 |
| 701 | that if you're depressed, | 如果你感到沮丧, |
| 702 | you're actually more sensitive to that information | 你其实对这个信息比较敏感 |
| 703 | when you're in one of these loss situations. | 当你遇到这种损失时 |
| 704 | So this is something that we're now working on right now. | 所以这是我们现在正在研究的。 |
| 705 | Okay, so now we're left with the question | 好吧,现在我们还有问题 |
| 706 | of what you can do with this information | 你用这个信息可以做什么 |
| 707 | in your regular life, if anything. | 在你的正常生活中,如果有的话。 |
| 708 | So I want you to think about a situation | 所以我要你考虑一下情况 |
| 709 | that probably none of you have ever been in or will be, | 可能你们中没有人曾经或将来, |
| 710 | but you can imagine. | 但你可以想象出来。 |
| 711 | So if you were in the Olympics and you won a silver medal, | 所以如果你参加奥运 并获得一枚银牌 |
| 712 | how would you feel? | 感觉怎么样? |
| 713 | So you might think, well, I mean, | 所以,你可能会认为,嗯,我的意思是, |
| 714 | that you won a silver medal at the Olympics, | 你在奥运会上获得银牌 |
| 715 | that's amazing. | 这是惊人的。 |
| 716 | That's not actually something that any of us ever expect, | 这其实不是我们任何人所期望的 |
| 717 | probably any of us ever expect to get. | 也许我们谁都希望得到。 |
| 718 | That would be amazing. | 这将是惊人的。 |
| 719 | But what actually tends to happen | 但实际上会发生什么 |
| 720 | is that people look a little bit disappointed. | 人们看起来有点失望 |
| 721 | So this is one Olympian getting the silver medal. | 这是奥运获得银牌。 |
| 722 | Here's another one. | 这里还有一个。 |
| 723 | Here's a whole team, a swim team that got the silver medal. | 这是一队人马,游泳队获得银牌. |
| 724 | None of them is looking very happy about this. | 没有一个看起来很快乐。 |
| 725 | And at one level, you probably can understand it | 在一个层面上,你也许能理解 |
| 726 | when you think about it. | 当你想到它。 |
| 727 | But if you think a little bit more deeply, | 但如果你想得更深一点 |
| 728 | they basically have, I mean, | 他们基本上,我的意思是, |
| 729 | there's so many people they beat to get the silver medal. | 为了获得银牌 他们打败了这么多人 |
| 730 | There's so many people they beat. | 他们打的人太多了 |
| 731 | They're actually, there's only one person in the world | 其实,世界上只有一个人 |
| 732 | that's better than them at something. | 这比他们做的更好 |
| 733 | And they're still disappointed. | 他们还是很失望 |
| 734 | And of course, now it's obvious when you think about it, | 当然,现在,当你想到它, |
| 735 | like they wanted the gold. | 就像他们想要的黄金。 |
| 736 | They thought they were gonna get the gold. | 他们以为会拿到金子 |
| 737 | And they've been training for years to get the gold. | 他们训练了好几年才拿到金子 |
| 738 | And in that sense, they failed in that. | 从这个意义上讲,他们失败了。 |
| 739 | And maybe they were really close. | 也许他们很亲近 |
| 740 | And so you could understand why they would be unhappy about. | 这样你就能理解他们为什么会不高兴 |
| 741 | So that kind of led people to think | 所以,那种 引导人们思考 |
| 742 | that when I published this work, | 当我出版这部作品时, |
| 743 | that the solution to this was to just be, | 这个问题的解决方法只是, |
| 744 | to have low expectations all the time, okay? | 一直期望很低,好吗? |
| 745 | So just expect the worst. | 所以,只是期待最坏的。 |
| 746 | You always be happy about the outcome. | 你总是为结果高兴 |
| 747 | That's that prediction error. | 这就是预测错误。 |
| 748 | So if you actually have low expectations | 所以,如果你真的 低期望 |
| 749 | and you want a silver medal, you'd be pretty excited. | 你想要一枚银牌,你会非常兴奋。 |
| 750 | So that kind of makes sense on one level, | 因此,这种 合理在一个层面, |
| 751 | but on another level, it doesn't. | 但是在另一个层面,它不会。 |
| 752 | And the problem here is this other term in the middle, | 而这里的问题是另一个术语 在中间, |
| 753 | the expectations term. | 期望的术语。 |
| 754 | So what people are kind of thinking | 所以人们的想法 |
| 755 | is set low expectations, blow them away. | 被设定低期望, 吹走他们。 |
| 756 | That is the solution, okay? | 这就是解决办法,好吗? |
| 757 | That's how you can be happier. | 这样你才能更快乐 |
| 758 | Now the problem, if you look at the math a little bit more | 现在的问题是,如果你多看一些数学 |
| 759 | is this expected value term in the middle. | 是中间的预期值。 |
| 760 | And that one is a little tricky | 那个有点棘手 |
| 761 | because that one is affecting your happiness | 因为那会影响你的幸福 |
| 762 | before you find out the outcomes of your decisions. | 在你发现你的决定结果之前 |
| 763 | So if I'm, for example, sorry, I have my prediction errors. | 所以,如果我,比如说,对不起, 我有我的预测错误。 |
| 764 | We've already talked about that, | 我们已经谈过了, |
| 765 | but those expectations are just as important for happiness | 但这些期望对幸福同样重要 |
| 766 | before you find out what happens. | 在你发现真相之前 |
| 767 | So if I'm looking forward to going to a movie, | 所以如果我想看电影 |
| 768 | or watching a movie like this one, Soul, | 或者看这样的电影 灵魂 |
| 769 | I hear it's pretty good. | 听说不错 |
| 770 | And so my expectation, once I'm gonna watch it, | 所以,我的期望, 一旦我要看它, |
| 771 | my expectation could be positive | 我的期望可能是积极的 |
| 772 | and I'm gonna be happy about that. | 我会很高兴的 |
| 773 | But if I just expect the worst about everything, | 但如果我对一切期望最差 |
| 774 | then I can't actually tell which movie to watch. | 那样我就不能告诉谁看电影了 |
| 775 | So I can't actually tell whether I wanna watch this one | 所以我不知道我是否想看这个 |
| 776 | or this other movie, Cats, which no one says is good. | 或者这另一部电影,猫, 没有人说这是好的。 |
| 777 | Apologies if there's any fans in the audience, | 抱歉,如果观众有粉丝 |
| 778 | but no one says this is a good movie. | 但没人说这是部好电影 |
| 779 | But if I just expect that everything is gonna be terrible, | 但是,如果我只是期望 一切都会是可怕的, |
| 780 | I'm not gonna actually be able to decide | 我实际上无法决定 |
| 781 | and I probably won't watch any movie. | 我可能不会看电影。 |
| 782 | And I definitely will not be training for the Olympics | 我绝对不会参加奥运会 |
| 783 | because people that train for the Olympics | 因为参加奥运会的人 |
| 784 | for years and years have very high expectations. | 多年来,人们的期望很高。 |
| 785 | Otherwise they wouldn't be motivated to actually do it. | 否则,他们不会被激励 真正做到这一点。 |
| 786 | So you can see that these expectations | 所以你可以看到这些期望 |
| 787 | are actually quite important for the decisions we make. | 事实上,对于我们所做的决定来说,这是非常重要的。 |
| 788 | And there's not a good way of just hacking your happiness | 也没有一个好的方法 只是黑你的幸福 |
| 789 | and just having low expectations all the time | 并且一直抱有低期望 |
| 790 | as a solution to increase in your happiness. | 作为增加你快乐的解决方案. |
| 791 | But I think there's a lot we can learn | 但我觉得我们可以学到很多东西 |
| 792 | from these kinds of mathematical equations. | 从这些数学方程。 |
| 793 | We're starting to gather data from a lot of people, | 我们开始收集很多人的数据, |
| 794 | thousands of people around the world using a smartphone app, | 全世界成千上万的人使用智能手机应用程序, |
| 795 | The Happiness Project. | 幸福计划. |
| 796 | And that's giving us a better understanding | 这让我们有了更好的理解 |
| 797 | of what determines happiness from minute to minute | 是决定幸福的 |
| 798 | and how it relates to happiness in your overall life, | 以及它与你整个生活中的幸福的关系, |
| 799 | life satisfaction, and also depression. | 生活满足,还有抑郁症 |
| 800 | And the hope is that the insights that we'll get | 希望我们能得到的洞察力 |
| 801 | will help everyone be, | 将帮助每个人, |
| 802 | well, especially the people that are depressed, | 特别是那些沮丧的人 |
| 803 | but will have potential treatments | 但有潜在的治疗 |
| 804 | that can be informed by the results of our experiments. | 可以从我们的实验结果中得知。 |
| 805 | And hopefully the research we can do | 希望我们能做的研究 |
| 806 | can make everyone just a little bit happier. | 能让每个人都开心一点 |
| 807 | So thank you very much for your attention. | 所以,非常感谢你的注意。 |
| 808 | All right, thank you so much. | 好吧,非常感谢。 |
| 809 | That was fantastic. | 这太棒了。 |
| 810 | Covered a lot in a short amount of time. | 短短的时间内覆盖了很多. |
| 811 | So what we'll do now is we'll open it up for questions. | 我们现在要做的就是打开它问问题。 |
| 812 | So if anybody has questions, | 所以如果有人有疑问 |
| 813 | feel free to either use the zoom function on the bottom. | 可以在底部使用缩放函数。 |
| 814 | There's a, there should be a raise hand function | 有个,应该有举手功能 |
| 815 | that you can use, | 你可以用来, |
| 816 | or you can enter your question directly in the chat box. | 或者您可以在聊天框中直接输入您的问题。 |
| 817 | And I can either call on you | 我也可以打电话给你 |
| 818 | or read your question out loud for you. | 或者大声读你的问题 |
| 819 | And of course, if you are asking a question, | 当然 如果你在问问题 |
| 820 | again, it would be best if you had your camera on | 再说一遍,最好把相机打开 |
| 821 | so that we can actually have some face-to-face interaction. | 这样我们就可以进行一些面对面的互动。 |
| 822 | And I just wanna say that like, | 我只是想说,喜欢, |
| 823 | thank you again for taking the time. | 再次感谢你抽空来 |
| 824 | And this is an incredible privilege for people | 这是令人难以置信的特权 |
| 825 | to be able to ask a question directly. | 可以直接提问。 |
| 826 | And so this is a pretty rare opportunity. | 所以这是一个非常难得的机会。 |
| 827 | And so I do encourage people to take advantage of that. | 所以我鼓励人们利用这一点。 |
| 828 | In the meantime, while people are coming up with questions, | 与此同时 当人们提出问题的时候 |
| 829 | I have a lot of questions. | 我有很多问题 |
| 830 | We're happy to talk about anything, | 我们很乐意谈任何事, |
| 831 | anything you guys are interested in. | 任何你们感兴趣的。 |
| 832 | Yeah, yeah. | 对 对 |
| 833 | So please ask your questions. | 所以,请问你的问题。 |
| 834 | I'll just start off with a couple of questions. | 我先问几个问题 |
| 835 | And if people have some, then I'll turn over to them. | 如果别人有的话,我就交给他们 |
| 836 | So you talked about the expectations at the end. | 所以最后你谈到了人们的期望。 |
| 837 | It's commonly said that like, | 人们常说... |
| 838 | oh, just like before you go to a movie | 哦,就像你去看电影前一样 |
| 839 | or before you like go into like a nice meal, | 或者在你们喜欢进餐之前 |
| 840 | you say like, oh, I'm just gonna lower your expectations | 你说,哦,我只是要降低你的期望 |
| 841 | so you can be like pleasantly surprised, right? | 所以你可以像愉快的惊喜,对不对? |
| 842 | I think that's like a pretty common strategy | 我觉得这就像一个相当常见的策略 |
| 843 | that people do. | 人就是这样 |
| 844 | And you don't wanna like hype something up too much. | 你可不想太喜欢胡闹 |
| 845 | So, but it seems that based on the formula you had | 所以,但似乎根据你的公式 |
| 846 | that isn't quite true. | 这不是真的 |
| 847 | So practically, what would you recommend us do | 所以实际上,你会建议我们做什么 |
| 848 | in these situations? | 在这种情况下? |
| 849 | Okay, yeah, so good question. | 好吧,是的,那么好的问题。 |
| 850 | So yeah, so it didn't seem most optimistic at the end there. | 所以,对,所以它似乎没有 最乐观的结局在那里。 |
| 851 | So yeah, so I think it relates to like whether you're, | 所以是的,所以我觉得这与你是否 |
| 852 | if you're in your normal environment | 如果你在正常环境中 |
| 853 | and it's like the kind of place you go to lunch | 就像你去吃午饭的地方一样 |
| 854 | like all the time, | 像所有的时间, |
| 855 | it doesn't really make sense to like lower your expectations | 喜欢降低你的期望是没有道理的 |
| 856 | or raise your, whatever, | 或养育你,无论什么, |
| 857 | because it's a place you would go back to | 因为它是一个地方 你会回到 |
| 858 | and probably you go back to like fairly regularly. | 可能你还经常喜欢 |
| 859 | You go back to there every week or every month or something. | 你每周或每个月都去那儿 |
| 860 | And so in that kind of situation, | 因此在这种情况下, |
| 861 | you actually, you wanna have realistic expectations | 其实,你想有现实的期望 |
| 862 | because they're guiding your decisions. | 因为他们在指导你的决定 |
| 863 | That's helping you learn like which restaurant you like | 让你学会喜欢哪个餐厅 |
| 864 | and which one you don't. | 而哪个你没有。 |
| 865 | I think the situation where you can kind of, you know, | 我认为你的情况可以... |
| 866 | manipulate, I think it's probably better | 操纵,我觉得可能更好 |
| 867 | if you manipulate someone else's happiness, | 如果你操纵别人的幸福 |
| 868 | that's actually a lot easier. | 这其实容易得多。 |
| 869 | So if you give someone a gift, | 所以如果你给某人一个礼物, |
| 870 | you should not tell them it's amazing | 你不应该告诉他们这是惊人的 |
| 871 | right when you hand it to them. | 当你把它交给他们。 |
| 872 | It's too late, like there's no time for them to be like, | 太晚了,就像没有时间让他们喜欢, |
| 873 | so if they have like some time to look forward to it | 如果他们有时间期待 |
| 874 | and they kind of know how good it will be | 他们知道那会有多好 |
| 875 | and you know it will increase their happiness, | 你知道那会增加他们的幸福, |
| 876 | like you book a holiday with a friend or something | 就像你和朋友订个假期之类的 |
| 877 | and you're both like really looking forward to it. | 你们俩都觉得很期待 |
| 878 | Okay, I can see that's the situation | 好吧,我看得出来情况是这样的 |
| 879 | where you have a long time where you can potentially enjoy it. | 在那里你有一个很长的时间 你可以享受它。 |
| 880 | And even if like maybe you're, you know, | 即便你可能也一样,你知道, |
| 881 | getting your expectations a little bit too high, | 让你的期望有点过高, |
| 882 | maybe that's the situation where like at the end, | 也许这就是最后的情况 |
| 883 | you'd be like, okay, wait, let's hang on a second. | 你会喜欢,好吧,等等,让我们挂一下。 |
| 884 | Okay, we're both very excited to go on this trip, | 好吧,我们都非常兴奋 参加这次旅行, |
| 885 | but maybe our expectations are a little too high. | 但也许我们的期望太高了 |
| 886 | Like maybe this, you know, | 就像这样,你知道, |
| 887 | there's a lot of stuff that could go wrong. | 有很多东西可能会出错 |
| 888 | Okay, but that whole time, | 好吧,但一直以来, |
| 889 | you're enjoying that like planning, you know, | 尺舧硂贺璸购 |
| 890 | that's actually probably fine. | 这其实可能很好。 |
| 891 | It's not a thing that you're doing all the time, | 这不是你一直在做的事, |
| 892 | but if it's like at the restaurant you go to every week | 但是,如果它像在餐厅 你每周去 |
| 893 | or yeah, something that you're doing repeatedly, | 或者说,你屡次做的事, |
| 894 | then you probably just wanna have realistic expectations. | 那你可能只想有现实的期望 |
| 895 | So the rarer the thing is, the safer it is, | 所以最难得的是,它越安全, |
| 896 | the farther out in time it is, | 时间越远, |
| 897 | the more it's safe to like look forward to it. | 越是安全 喜欢期待它。 |
| 898 | It's actually totally fine. | 这其实是完全罚款。 |
| 899 | You do wanna have not too high expectations | 你确实不希望期望过高 |
| 900 | and definitely, I think if you're going with, | 绝对的,我想如果你要去, |
| 901 | if your friend has already agreed, | 如果你朋友已经同意了 |
| 902 | they're gonna come with you to a movie, | 他们会和你一起去看电影, |
| 903 | they're not totally sure | 他们并不完全确定 |
| 904 | whether they wanna watch it or not, | 无论他们想不想看 |
| 905 | but they said they'll come with you | 但他们说他们会跟你走 |
| 906 | and you're excited to see it. | 见到它你很兴奋 |
| 907 | You probably shouldn't tell them, | 你也许不应该告诉他们, |
| 908 | you're super, super excited | 你是超级,超级兴奋 |
| 909 | and you're expecting it's gonna be like an amazing movie | 你期待它会像一部惊人的电影 |
| 910 | because they didn't even really wanna see it. | 因为他们甚至不想看 |
| 911 | They're just going because you've made them | 他们去是因为你做的 |
| 912 | and you're probably better off | 你也许更好 |
| 913 | following their expectations a little bit. | 跟着他们的期望走 |
| 914 | So at the end of it, they're like, | 所以最后,他们喜欢, |
| 915 | oh, actually that was like pretty good. | 哦,实际上,这是相当不错的。 |
| 916 | That was better than I thought it would be. | 这比我想象的要好 |
| 917 | That's what you're going for, et cetera. | 这就是你要去的,等等。 |
| 918 | So you can kind of use that information with a friend. | 这样你就可以用这个信息和一个朋友。 |
| 919 | Also that works if you really want them | 如果你真的想要的话,那也行 |
| 920 | to like a restaurant that you really like, | 喜欢一个你真正喜欢的餐厅, |
| 921 | then get them to come to it, | 然后叫他们来, |
| 922 | but don't tell them too much. | 但不要告诉他们太多。 |
| 923 | Don't tell them it's your favorite restaurant. | 别告诉他们这是你最喜欢的餐厅 |
| 924 | Just let them find out for themselves | 让他们自己知道 |
| 925 | and they'll be happier for it. | 他们会更高兴的 |
| 926 | All right, so that sounds like, | 好吧,所以听起来像, |
| 927 | actually it's pretty close to what I'm normally doing. | 实际上,它相当接近 我通常在做什么。 |
| 928 | Good, so you already figured this one out. | 很好,所以你已经想好了这个。 |
| 929 | The science agrees. | 科学同意. |
| 930 | So I'm just looking through the questions | 所以,我只是看 的问题 |
| 931 | that are in the chat. | 在聊天的时候 |
| 932 | So Ivy had a question that I think is related, | 所以艾薇有个问题 我想和他有关 |
| 933 | which is she said, what about no expectations? | 她说,没有期望怎么办? |
| 934 | Does it have any impact on happiness | 对幸福有什么影响吗 |
| 935 | if you have no expectations? | 如果你没有期望的话? |
| 936 | I guess, is it possible to have no expectations? | 我猜,有没有可能没有预期? |
| 937 | Yeah, okay, so I think I'll change that question a little bit. | 是啊,好吧,所以我想我会改变 这个问题一点点。 |
| 938 | So like, maybe let's say having no expectations | 所以,也许让我们假设没有期望 |
| 939 | is just like, you're not really sure at all | 只不过你并不确定 |
| 940 | what to expect of a situation, | 什么样的情况, |
| 941 | like whether it would be good or bad. | 就像是好是坏一样 |
| 942 | In a sense like that is a kind of expectation, | 从某种意义上说,这是一种期望, |
| 943 | but I think there's something important to Ivy's question. | 但我觉得艾薇的问题很重要 |
| 944 | Is it like, it's hard to have a really good prediction error | 很难预测出错误 |
| 945 | if you didn't actually expect anything, | 如果你没有真正期待什么, |
| 946 | like you just have no idea what's going on, | 就像你只是不知道 这是怎么回事, |
| 947 | because you just don't really know | 因为你只是不知道 |
| 948 | how to evaluate what happened. | 如何评价发生了什么。 |
| 949 | It's like, okay, so it would be like, | 这就像,好吧,所以它会像, |
| 950 | if you open a present from someone | 如果你打开礼物 从某人 |
| 951 | and you're not even really sure what it is, | 你甚至不知道这是什么 |
| 952 | then it's hard to be too excited, | 那就很难太激动了 |
| 953 | either positive or happy or unhappy, | 积极或快乐或不快乐, |
| 954 | because you're just like, | 因为你只是喜欢, |
| 955 | I'm not totally sure what this present does. | 我不确定这个礼物是干什么的 |
| 956 | And so if someone explains it to you, | 所以如果有人解释给你听 |
| 957 | then eventually you may be like, | 最终你可能会像, |
| 958 | oh, I could kind of see how that would be, | 哦,我可以看到 如何这将是, |
| 959 | that sounds kind of useful, you know. | 听起来挺有用的,你知道的。 |
| 960 | But the best thing is like, | 但最好的事情是,像, |
| 961 | at the moment they open the present, | 当他们打开现在, |
| 962 | they instantly know what it is, | 他们立刻知道是什么, |
| 963 | they instantly know how good it is, | 他们立刻知道有多好, |
| 964 | and it beats their expectations. | 它超越了他们的期望。 |
| 965 | So I think that's one way of thinking about like, | 所以,我认为这是一种方式 思考喜欢, |
| 966 | this question is like, | 这个问题就像, |
| 967 | you can't really learn very efficiently | 你学得不好 |
| 968 | if you don't have expectations, | 如果你没有期望, |
| 969 | or if you don't know how to interpret | 如果你不知道如何解释 |
| 970 | the information you're getting. | 你得到的情报。 |
| 971 | All right, great. | 好吧,伟大的。 |
| 972 | You talked about reward prediction error. | 你说的奖励预测错误。 |
| 973 | Jerry has a question. | 杰瑞有个问题 |
| 974 | Jerry, I'm gonna unmute you, | 杰瑞,我要揭发你 |
| 975 | and maybe you can expand a little bit | 也许你可以扩展一点 |
| 976 | on what you were trying to ask, if that's okay. | 关于你想问的,如果没关系。 |
| 977 | Yeah, yeah, you said about something | 是啊,是啊,你说的东西 |
| 978 | about the reward prediction error. | 关于奖励的预测错误。 |
| 979 | So I think I have a question about it, | 所以我有个问题要问 |
| 980 | because I can't interpret what really it is. | 因为我无法解释它到底是什么 |
| 981 | I know that the expected value | 我知道预期的价值 |
| 982 | is that how much we expect the reward is, | 我们所期望的报酬是多少, |
| 983 | and it will influence your happiness. | 它会影响你的幸福。 |
| 984 | And the certain reward is how much you get, | 而一定的回报是 你得到多少, |
| 985 | so that impact your happiness. | 从而影响你的幸福。 |
| 986 | So what was the reward prediction error in our real life? | 那么我们现实生活中的奖励预测错误是什么? |
| 987 | What it can be to influence our happiness? | 影响我们的幸福是什么? |
| 988 | That's my question. | 这是我的问题。 |
| 989 | So do a follow-up if I'm not completely understanding it, | 所以,做后续 如果我不完全理解它, |
| 990 | but so the prediction errors are just defined | 但预测错误是刚刚确定的 |
| 991 | as the actual magnitude of an outcome | 作为结果的实际规模 |
| 992 | minus the expectation. | 减去预期。 |
| 993 | So that would be like in the example of the roulette table, | 所以这就像在例 在轮盘桌, |
| 994 | if you expect to get $20, | 如果你期望得到20块, |
| 995 | if the average that you would get from that roulette table | 如果你得到的平均 从轮盘桌 |
| 996 | is $20 because you're betting $40 on red, | 20块是因为你赌40块 |
| 997 | then the prediction error if you win is plus 20, | 那么,如果你赢了,预测误差是20, |
| 998 | you got $20 more than you would on average, | 你得到20美元 比你平均, |
| 999 | and if you lose, you get $20 less than average, minus 20. | 如果你输了,你得到20美元 比平均,减20美元。 |
| 1000 | And if you were in a situation | 如果你遇到麻烦 |
| 1001 | which doesn't work with the roulette table, | 与轮盘桌不起作用, |
| 1002 | but in real life, like if you went to a restaurant, | 但是在现实生活中 就像你去餐馆一样 |
| 1003 | that you go too often and you expect it to be pretty good, | 你经常去,你期望 这是相当好的, |
| 1004 | that's why you go there, | 这就是为什么你去那里, |
| 1005 | and it's basically exactly what you expected, | 基本上就是你想的那样 |
| 1006 | then you have no prediction error. | 然后,你没有预测错误。 |
| 1007 | It's zero prediction error. | 这是零预测错误。 |
| 1008 | And the reason why that's kind of interesting | 和原因,为什么这是有趣的 |
| 1009 | is obviously when you went to the restaurant, | 显然,当你去餐厅, |
| 1010 | you expect it to be good, | 你希望这是好的, |
| 1011 | otherwise you wouldn't have gone there. | 否则你就不会去那里了 |
| 1012 | And so there is a reward, | 故有报应, |
| 1013 | you are experiencing something that you enjoy, | 你们正在经历你们所享受的, |
| 1014 | but there's no prediction error. | 但是没有预测错误。 |
| 1015 | And the thing that's really important for that | 这件事很重要 |
| 1016 | is that means you shouldn't learn anything. | 那就是说你不该学东西 |
| 1017 | So everything was exactly like you expected, | 所以一切都和你预期的一样 |
| 1018 | you should not update your beliefs about the environment. | 你不应该更新你对环境的信念。 |
| 1019 | And the thing that's really powerful | 和真正强大的东西 |
| 1020 | about this kind of approach is, | 关于这种方法, |
| 1021 | this is actually really at the core | 这其实是核心 |
| 1022 | of modern artificial intelligence algorithms, | 现代人工智能算法, |
| 1023 | this like very simple concept, | 这个概念很简单 |
| 1024 | because if you think about like, | 因为如果你想到这样, |
| 1025 | I'm sure many of you are familiar | 我肯定你们很多人都很熟悉 |
| 1026 | with like AlphaGo, which is DeepMinds, | 与AlphaGo一样,那是深明的, |
| 1027 | like Go playing artificial intelligence algorithm, | 喜欢 去玩人工智能算法, |
| 1028 | which is like has reinforcement, | 譬如坚固的、 |
| 1029 | because basically that algorithm learned how to play Go, | 因为基本上算法 学会了如何玩Go, |
| 1030 | like from, well, I guess the more advanced version AlphaZero | 喜欢,嗯,我想更高级的版本 AlphaZero |
| 1031 | learned how to play Go just from playing against itself | 学会了如何演奏 别再自相残杀了 |
| 1032 | and just having information available to them, | 并且只是掌握他们的信息, |
| 1033 | and then getting these prediction errors | 然后得到这些预测错误 |
| 1034 | and updating their values assigned | 并更新指定的值 |
| 1035 | to different positions of the board | 董事会的不同立场 |
| 1036 | based on these prediction errors. | 基于这些预测错误。 |
| 1037 | And so it's actually like a big part | 所以其实就像一个大角色 |
| 1038 | of why those algorithms are so successful | 为什么这些算法如此成功 |
| 1039 | is because they just take enormous amounts of experience, | 因为他们需要大量的经验 |
| 1040 | enormous amount of actions and feedback, | 大量的行动和反馈, |
| 1041 | and the prediction error is based on those, | 以这些盟誓, |
| 1042 | like whether things are surprisingly good or bad | 就像事情是出乎意料的好是坏 |
| 1043 | are being used to train those algorithms. | 正在用来训练这些算法。 |
| 1044 | Okay, thank you. | 好的 谢谢 |
| 1045 | So, but I think in the southern world | 所以,但我觉得在南方世界 |
| 1046 | and the gap between the southern world | 南方世界之间的差距 |
| 1047 | and your exact value can sometimes influence your happiness. | 你的准确价值有时会影响你的幸福 |
| 1048 | So in my mind, I think that's the thing | 所以在我脑海里,我想这就是问题所在 |
| 1049 | that the reward prediction error can be, is that okay? | 赏金预测会出错 可以吗? |
| 1050 | Well, that's not how we set it up, | 好吧,这不是我们如何设置它, |
| 1051 | but I understand your intuition is good | 不过我知道你的直觉很好 |
| 1052 | because you could think of like concepts like regret, | 因为你可以想到像后悔这样的概念, |
| 1053 | like if you make a decision | 就像你做决定一样 |
| 1054 | and like you could have gotten some other thing more safely, | 就像你可以得到一些其他的东西 更安全, |
| 1055 | that could be something that could influence your happiness. | 这会影响你的幸福 |
| 1056 | And I think that's part of what you're noticing, | 我认为这就是你注意到的 |
| 1057 | that difference is also another kind of variable | 差别也是另一种变数 |
| 1058 | that might be relevant to how you feel. | 这也许与你的感受有关 |
| 1059 | And in this environment that turned out not to be the case, | 而在这个环境 事实证明并非如此, |
| 1060 | but it's a totally reasonable prediction. | 但它是一个完全合理的预测。 |
| 1061 | And my bet is that in other situations | 我敢打赌,在其他情况下 |
| 1062 | where that difference is actually like kind of informative | 区别其实就像 一种信息 |
| 1063 | about whether you made a mistake or not, | 关于你是否犯了错 |
| 1064 | it might have a bigger impact. | 可能会有更大的影响 |
| 1065 | So I could definitely see that happening in some situations. | 所以我可以肯定地看到这种情况在某些情况下发生。 |
| 1066 | Like in real life, that is actually probably fairly common | 和现实生活中一样,这也许很常见 |
| 1067 | because it captures this idea of regret | 因为它捕捉到这种遗憾的想法 |
| 1068 | that many of us will feel | 我们很多人会觉得 |
| 1069 | if things didn't go quite like we wanted them to go. | 如果事情不象我们想的那样发展下去的话 |
| 1070 | Okay, thank you. | 好的 谢谢 |
| 1071 | Thanks for sharing. | 谢谢大家分享 |
| 1072 | Thank you, Jerry. | 谢谢,杰瑞 |
| 1073 | Next we have Evelyn. | 接下来是伊芙琳 |
| 1074 | Evelyn, I'm gonna unmute you if you want to ask. | 伊芙琳,如果你要问,我会揭发你 |
| 1075 | If not, I can also ask. | 如果没有,我也可以问。 |
| 1076 | Sure, so my question is, | 当然 所以我的问题是 |
| 1077 | you talked about dopamine level and happiness, | 你谈论多巴胺水平和幸福, |
| 1078 | and I know there are like also other new transmitters | 我知道还有其他新的发射机 |
| 1079 | which has the function of controlling people's happiness, | 它的作用是控制人们的幸福, |
| 1080 | for example, serotonin. | 比如说,血清素 |
| 1081 | So I'm curious if simply injecting those | 所以我好奇的是,如果简单地注射这些 |
| 1082 | as like a form of medicine | 就像一种药物 |
| 1083 | can raise people's happiness level, | 可以提高人们的幸福水平, |
| 1084 | if that's a feasible solution. | 如果这是一个可行的解决方案。 |
| 1085 | Yeah, so that's a good question. | 是啊,所以这是一个很好的问题。 |
| 1086 | The simple answer is no. | 简单的答案是否定的。 |
| 1087 | And I think the reason is that the relationship, | 我认为原因是 关系, |
| 1088 | like the function of those neurotransmitters | 就像那些神经递质的功能 |
| 1089 | is our increasing knowledge in neuroscience | 是我们在神经科学方面不断增长的知识 |
| 1090 | is showing that they're actually quite complicated. | 显示它们其实很复杂 |
| 1091 | They're actually playing many different functions. | 他们实际上在发挥许多不同的功能. |
| 1092 | They have many different receptors | 他们有很多不同的受体 |
| 1093 | and they're sending many different kinds of signals. | 他们发出许多不同的信号 |
| 1094 | And the brain is always kind of adapting | 大脑总是在适应 |
| 1095 | to the level of those signals | 至这些信号的水平 |
| 1096 | in a way that lets you be ready for whatever happens to you. | 让你准备好面对一切 |
| 1097 | So you could imagine that like the circumstances | 这样你就能想象到这样的情况 |
| 1098 | of your life are very different | 你的生活很不一样 |
| 1099 | from other people that you might know, | 是你们所认识的(偶像), |
| 1100 | because they, for example, have a different job, | 因为他们的工作不同 |
| 1101 | they live in a different place, | 他们住的地方不同, |
| 1102 | if they live with different people. | 如果他们和别人住在一起 |
| 1103 | And so everyone's brain is adapting | 所以每个人的大脑都在适应 |
| 1104 | to those different circumstances. | 这些不同的情况。 |
| 1105 | And so the absolute level of any of these kinds of signals | 所以任何这类信号的绝对水平 |
| 1106 | isn't actually something the brain in general uses to, | 其实不是一般的大脑用来... |
| 1107 | for example, determine how you feel. | 比如,决定你的感受。 |
| 1108 | And it's more like the changes in those signals | 这更像是这些信号的变化 |
| 1109 | are what relates to our feelings. | 和我们的感情有关 |
| 1110 | And so one thing that isn't | 所以,有一件事,这不是 |
| 1111 | within our technological capabilities | 在我们的技术能力范围内 |
| 1112 | is that perhaps the neurotransmitters | 也许是神经递质 |
| 1113 | like dopamine or serotonin | 如多巴胺或血清素 |
| 1114 | could be elevated at very specific times. | 可以在非常具体的时刻提升。 |
| 1115 | So if you're in a situation | 所以,如果你在一个情况 |
| 1116 | where you really should be feeling, | 你真正应该感觉到的 |
| 1117 | you really should be attentive, | 你真的应该小心, |
| 1118 | you really should be rewarded for something that you did | 你真的应该 奖励你做了什么 |
| 1119 | that everyone agrees is like a great thing you did. | 每个人都同意你所做的一切 |
| 1120 | And that would be potentially a time | 那可能是一个时间 |
| 1121 | where you might want to have like that burst of dopamine | 在那里你可能想要 像多巴胺爆发 |
| 1122 | or burst of serotonin that would help reinforce | 或血清素的爆裂有助于强化 |
| 1123 | and help you learn about the things that you're doing | 帮助你了解你正在做的事情 |
| 1124 | that you're doing well. | 说你做得很好。 |
| 1125 | So in timing those, like that's something we just can't do. | 所以,在时间上,这些, 像这是我们无法做的。 |
| 1126 | But that's probably the situations | 但情况可能是这样 |
| 1127 | in which dopamine and serotonin | 其中多巴胺和血清素 |
| 1128 | aren't actually having the kind of effects | 其实没有那种效果 |
| 1129 | where we learn actually, | 在那里,我们学习实际, |
| 1130 | we have a lot of friends we can rely on, | 我们有很多可以信赖的朋友 |
| 1131 | we did a good job and people that are depressed | 我们做得很好 和那些沮丧的人 |
| 1132 | may not notice that as much because of differences | 可能没有注意到,因为有差异 |
| 1133 | in how their dopamine and serotonin systems are working, | 他们的多巴胺和血清素系统如何运作, |
| 1134 | but just boosting them in general | 但只是一般地推动他们 |
| 1135 | won't actually solve that. | 也不会解决的 |
| 1136 | Unfortunately, we need something that's a bit more targeted | 不幸的是,我们需要一些更有针对性的东西 |
| 1137 | to the specific situations where they should go up | 他们应该上台的特殊情况 |
| 1138 | and they should go down. | 他们应该下去。 |
| 1139 | So it's a really good question. | 所以这是一个非常好的问题。 |
| 1140 | But yeah, unfortunately the brain is pretty complicated. | 但不幸的是 大脑很复杂 |
| 1141 | And so there isn't an easy fix in that area. | 因此,该地区并不容易解决。 |
| 1142 | Great, thank you. | 很好,谢谢 |
| 1143 | Lee, I'm gonna unmute you. | 李,我要揭发你 |
| 1144 | Okay, so I'll keep my camera off | 好吧,所以我会保持我的相机关闭 |
| 1145 | because I have, I think connection issues. | 因为我有,我认为联系问题。 |
| 1146 | Sorry about that. | 对不起 |
| 1147 | No problem, no, no, that's fine. | 没问题,不,不,没关系。 |
| 1148 | Yeah, so thank you so much for the insightful sharing. | 是啊,所以非常感谢你 有洞察力的分享。 |
| 1149 | So my question is about what's your suggestion | 所以我的问题就是你的建议是什么 |
| 1150 | manage and even master our own emotions? | 管理甚至掌握我们的情绪? |
| 1151 | Because for them in daily life, | 因为他们在日常生活中, |
| 1152 | you mostly feel like the emotions, | 你大部分感觉就像情绪, |
| 1153 | your emotions are driving you | 你的情绪正在驱使你 |
| 1154 | to make certain reactions and feelings. | 做出某些反应和感受 |
| 1155 | I think you would be ideal if in the opposite, | 我想你会很理想 如果相反, |
| 1156 | you can be more in control of your feelings or emotions. | 你可以更控制你的感受或情绪。 |
| 1157 | So what's your suggestion? | 那你有什么建议? |
| 1158 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 1159 | So I'm not a clinical psychologist | 我不是临床心理学家 |
| 1160 | and I don't know that much about the different strategies | 我对不同的策略不太了解 |
| 1161 | for example, for regulating emotions | 例如,为了调节情绪 |
| 1162 | which actually are well studied. | 这些研究是很好的。 |
| 1163 | The insights that we can get from our studies. | 我们从研究中得到的洞察力。 |
| 1164 | I mean, I think there are a couple | 我的意思是,我认为有一对夫妇 |
| 1165 | of things that are helpful. | 有帮助的东西。 |
| 1166 | So one of those things is that the happiness, | 所以其中之一 就是快乐, |
| 1167 | the events that influence happiness, | 影响幸福的事件, |
| 1168 | it decays pretty quickly in time. | 它很快腐烂 |
| 1169 | So once you have more emotionally relevant events happening | 所以,一旦你有 更多的情感相关事件发生 |
| 1170 | then you kind of forget about the ones that happened | 然后,你有点忘了 发生的事情 |
| 1171 | even a minute or two ago | 甚至一两分钟前 |
| 1172 | because so many things are happening. | 因为发生了很多事 |
| 1173 | And this may not be surprising | 这也许并不奇怪 |
| 1174 | if you play some video games, | 如果你玩电子游戏, |
| 1175 | you can actually, if you think back | 如果你回想起来,你也可以 |
| 1176 | like what you were doing a minute or two ago | 就像你一两分钟前做的一样 |
| 1177 | actually maybe doesn't really influence | 其实也许没有真正影响 |
| 1178 | that much how you feel | 那种感觉 |
| 1179 | because so many things have happened recently. | 因为最近发生了很多事情 |
| 1180 | And I think in real life that's maybe, | 我认为在现实生活中,也许, |
| 1181 | sometimes that could be reassuring | 有时候,这可以让人放心 |
| 1182 | that like if you just sit there and you're feeling bad, | 碞钩Гê 稰谋罺 |
| 1183 | it may persist for quite some time | 它可能会持续相当一段时间 |
| 1184 | because there's nothing else to kind of replace | 因为没有什么可以替代的 |
| 1185 | that there's no other emotionally relevant events | 没有其他情感相关事件 |
| 1186 | for you to experience. | 让你体验一下 |
| 1187 | But if you find a way of going out | 但如果你找到办法出去 |
| 1188 | and doing things that matter to you, | 做对你很重要的事 |
| 1189 | then that's a way of having those new events | 这样就能有新的事件了 |
| 1190 | influence your emotions | 影响你的情绪 |
| 1191 | and having the older events kind of pushed out. | 更古老的事件被推开 |
| 1192 | So I think that's one thing that we can say about it. | 因此,我认为这是我们可以说的一件事。 |
| 1193 | I mean, I think it's challenging in general. | 我的意思是,我觉得它具有挑战性 总的来说。 |
| 1194 | I think that the situation that we, | 我认为,我们, |
| 1195 | like obviously we don't have that much control | 就像我们显然没有那么多控制 |
| 1196 | over emotions except to realize | 超越情感 除了实现 |
| 1197 | that our emotions will pass, | 我们的情绪会过去 |
| 1198 | that we don't have to make our decisions based on them | 我们不必根据它们做决定 |
| 1199 | if we're in a good mood or a bad mood, | 如果我们心情好或坏 |
| 1200 | we can sit, we can try to pause | 我们可以坐下,我们可以尝试暂停 |
| 1201 | and not make a decision too quickly | 不要太快决定 |
| 1202 | based on those emotions. | 基于这些情感。 |
| 1203 | And one way of thinking about that | 还有一种想法 |
| 1204 | is if you're about to make a decision | 如果你要做决定的话 |
| 1205 | and you make the decision, maybe you write it down | 你做决定,也许你写下来 |
| 1206 | and then you wait a while, you wait an hour or something | 然后等一会,再等一个小时什么的 |
| 1207 | and you see if you still wanna make the same decision. | 看看你是否还想做同样的决定 |
| 1208 | And if you still wanna make the same decision | 如果你还想做同样的决定 |
| 1209 | at multiple time points, | 在多个时间点, |
| 1210 | then it's probably the thing you wanna do. | 那你可能也想这么做 |
| 1211 | But if you feel like actually like an hour later, | 但如果你觉得像 一个小时后, |
| 1212 | you're like, wait, why, I don't wanna do that. | 你就像,等等,为什么,我不想这样做。 |
| 1213 | Then maybe that's a good sign | 那也许这是个好兆头 |
| 1214 | that like actually the first time you felt like that | 就像你第一次那样 |
| 1215 | because of an emotion you're feeling at that moment. | 因为你当时的情绪 |
| 1216 | So I think you do have some control over your circumstances. | 所以我觉得你确实能控制你的处境 |
| 1217 | If you know certain things are actually more relevant | 如果你知道一些事情 其实更相关 |
| 1218 | to your happiness, you can put yourself, | 对于你的幸福,你可以把自己, |
| 1219 | try to put yourself more often in situations | 试着让自己更经常地陷入困境 |
| 1220 | that you know are happiness increasing, | 你知道幸福正在增加, |
| 1221 | but that's more a kind of an awareness, | 但这更是一种意识, |
| 1222 | just an awareness of your emotions | 只是意识到你的情绪 |
| 1223 | and the things that are causing it. | 和造成它的东西。 |
| 1224 | And so obviously we're doing these very precise experiments | 显然我们做了非常精确的实验 |
| 1225 | to find out like very specific things relevant to emotions, | 找到一些与情感相关的非常具体的事情 |
| 1226 | but everyone can think about in their regular life, | 但每个人都可以在正常生活中思考, |
| 1227 | the things that matter most, maybe write a list of them | 最重要的事情,也许写一个清单 |
| 1228 | and just try to make sure that like in every day, | 试着确保 像每天, |
| 1229 | there's several things on that list | 名单上有几个东西 |
| 1230 | that they know are improving, are relevant | 他们知道正在改善,是相关的 |
| 1231 | to their happiness and increase their happiness. | 和增加他们的幸福。 |
| 1232 | And there's no shortcuts here. | 这里没有捷径 |
| 1233 | So this is like one of the things about happiness, | 所以这就像关于幸福的事情之一, |
| 1234 | like it should keep on adapting as your circumstances adapt | 喜欢它应该保持适应 随着你的情况适应 |
| 1235 | because your brain is always trying to adapt | 因为你的大脑总是试图适应 |
| 1236 | to your current circumstances. | 对你目前的情况。 |
| 1237 | But there are these little things we can do | 但有些小事我们可以做 |
| 1238 | where we can make decisions about our environment | 在那里我们可以决定我们的环境 |
| 1239 | to just try to understand how they work | 试着理解他们是如何工作的 |
| 1240 | and use that a little bit to our advantage. | 并用它一点点对我们有利。 |
| 1241 | Thank you so much. | 非常感谢 |
| 1242 | That's very powerful actually. | 这其实是非常强大的。 |
| 1243 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 1244 | Great. | 不错 |
| 1245 | Thanks, Lee. | 谢谢 李.. |
| 1246 | I'm just going to ask a quick follow up on that. | 我只是要问一个 快速的后续。 |
| 1247 | I mean, there were some surprising results, | 我的意思是,有一些令人惊讶的结果, |
| 1248 | I think from your study in terms of the effects | 从你的研究中,我想到效果 |
| 1249 | that depression has and does not have. | 抑郁症过去和现在都没有。 |
| 1250 | And in particular, I feel like the sort of the relative effect | 特别是,我觉得 那种相对效果 |
| 1251 | of depression and how when you're already depressed, | 抑郁症,当你已经抑郁, |
| 1252 | everything is kind of depressed, | 一切都有点沮丧, |
| 1253 | but the overall effect actually is not what you expected. | 但总的效果其实不是你想的那样 |
| 1254 | So can you kind of talk a little bit more about the upshot | 所以,你能不能多谈谈 关于高潮 |
| 1255 | of what you've found out so far about depression | 关于你目前发现的抑郁症 |
| 1256 | and what if any kind of clinical applications | 如果有任何临床应用 |
| 1257 | you guys may have so far? | 你们可能有到目前为止? |
| 1258 | Yeah, that's a good question. | 是啊,这是一个很好的问题。 |
| 1259 | So we see this shift, | 因此,我们看到这个转变, |
| 1260 | which actually in some ways is kind of reassuring. | 在某些方面 这有点让人放心 |
| 1261 | It shows us that the happiness that people are reporting | 它向我们展示了人们正在报道的幸福 |
| 1262 | while they play this game. | 他们玩这个游戏的时候 |
| 1263 | So you might expect that like everything | 所以,你可能会期待 像一切 |
| 1264 | just normalizes to the game. | 正常的游戏。 |
| 1265 | Everything is in the frame of reference to the game. | 一切都在游戏的参考范围内. |
| 1266 | They don't actually know we're going to ask them | 他们不知道我们要问他们 |
| 1267 | about their depression. | 关于他们的忧郁。 |
| 1268 | We sent them the questionnaire several weeks later | 几周后我们把问卷寄给他们了 |
| 1269 | after they played the game. | 在他们玩游戏后 |
| 1270 | We asked them later, | 我们后来问他们, |
| 1271 | hey, can you play this depression questionnaire? | 嘿,你可以播放 抑郁症问卷? |
| 1272 | Several thousand people did. | 几千人这样做。 |
| 1273 | And they may not even remember that they played the game | 他们可能不记得自己玩过游戏 |
| 1274 | because if they haven't played in several weeks, | 因为如果他们几周没玩了 |
| 1275 | not going to take it personally. | 别拿它个人。 |
| 1276 | But this relationship is really strong. | 但是这种关系真的很牢固. |
| 1277 | And so I think that means like that's really nice. | 所以我认为这意味着,这真的很好。 |
| 1278 | Like that does mean that the information they're reporting | 就像他们报告的信息一样 |
| 1279 | during the game is actually like is related | 在游戏中,它实际上就像关联 |
| 1280 | to their symptoms, but not quite exactly as you said, | 他们的症状, 但并不像你说的, |
| 1281 | not quite in the way we expected. | 并不像我们预期的那样 |
| 1282 | And so we kind of expected both of those things | 所以,我们有点期待 这两种东西 |
| 1283 | to be shifted and only one of them was very strongly | 被转移,只有一个非常强烈 |
| 1284 | across our population. | 我们的人口。 |
| 1285 | One of them wasn't, but actually in some ways, | 其中一个不是 但实际上在某些方面 |
| 1286 | I think that's kind of reassuring because what that means | 我觉得这有点让人放心 因为那是什么意思 |
| 1287 | is the responses that depressed people have to these events | 压抑人们对这些事件的反应 |
| 1288 | are actually not that different. | 其实没什么不同 |
| 1289 | So they're getting upset about the same things. | 所以他们对于同样的事情感到不快. |
| 1290 | They're getting happy about the same things. | 他们对同样的事情越来越高兴了. |
| 1291 | Their emotions are moving up and down | 他们的情绪在上下移动 |
| 1292 | for this very simple environment in a way that means | 对于这个非常简单的环境 方式意味着 |
| 1293 | that if they were going to, | 如果他们打算, |
| 1294 | if part of the problem with people that are depressed | 如果问题的一部分 与抑郁的人 |
| 1295 | is that they have the beliefs about their world, | 他们对于自己的世界是信仰的, |
| 1296 | about their environment that are really hurtful for them, | 他们的环境对他们来说是有害的, |
| 1297 | really aren't helping them. | 真的帮不了他们 |
| 1298 | It's not as if they can't have these prediction errors | 不是说他们不能有这些预测错误 |
| 1299 | that could change their beliefs. | 这会改变他们的信仰 |
| 1300 | And so it may be that like they're having the feeling, | 所以也许他们有那种感觉 |
| 1301 | but then it just doesn't change what they think. | 但那样不会改变他们的想法 |
| 1302 | And we have seen evidence in other experiments | 我们在其他实验中看到了证据 |
| 1303 | that that might be the case, | 可能是这样, |
| 1304 | but at least that gives us another clue | 但至少这给了我们另一个线索 |
| 1305 | as to like where to target, | 喜欢在哪里瞄准, |
| 1306 | because it means like the emotional response to something, | 因为它的意思 像情感反应的东西, |
| 1307 | they're paying attention, | 他们在注意 |
| 1308 | they are noticing when something goes well | 他们注意到,当事情顺利 |
| 1309 | or doesn't go well. | 或者情况不妙 |
| 1310 | And that for some reason, when something goes well, | 因为某种原因,当事情进展顺利时, |
| 1311 | for example, they don't then use that information | 例如,他们不使用这个信息 |
| 1312 | to know actually things that are likely | 真正知道一些可能的事情 |
| 1313 | to go well in the future. | 未来会很顺利 |
| 1314 | They're in a game where like they're learning something | 在游戏中他们好像在学东西 |
| 1315 | and they figured out the puzzle | 他们解开了谜题 |
| 1316 | and they know what the right thing to do is. | 他们知道该怎么做 |
| 1317 | They, their emotions are saying at one level | 他们,他们的情绪 在一个层面说 |
| 1318 | that they like realize that they're doing the right thing, | 他们喜欢意识到自己在做正确的事情, |
| 1319 | but at another level, | 但另一方面, |
| 1320 | they're not actually improving their choices | 他们实际上并没有改善他们的选择 |
| 1321 | in the way that someone that wasn't depressed is. | 那种没有抑郁症的人 |
| 1322 | And so we'd hope that like we can kind of use | 所以我们希望,像我们可以使用 |
| 1323 | that information to like target that specific process | 信息喜欢针对特定进程 |
| 1324 | that is changing people's beliefs. | 这正在改变人们的信仰。 |
| 1325 | And that may be something that we could do | 也许我们可以做点什么 |
| 1326 | with a clever kinds of experiments or interventions, | 和聪明的实验或干预, |
| 1327 | the kind of things that cognitive psychologists | 那种认知心理学家 |
| 1328 | or clinical psychologists will work with. | 或者临床心理学家会与之合作 |
| 1329 | And we might be able to improve those therapies | 我们也许可以改进这些疗法 |
| 1330 | {\fn黑体\fs22\bord1\shad0\3aHBE\4aH00\fscx67\fscy66\2cHFFFFFF\3cH808080}以某种方式把信仰过程作为目标 | |
| 1331 | Great, thanks. | 很好 谢谢 |
| 1332 | I have lots of follow-up for that, | 我有很多后续行动 |
| 1333 | but I'm gonna jump to one more question from the chat. | 但我会跳到另一个问题 从聊天。 |
| 1334 | This is from Jackie Wu, | 这是吴成龙寄来的 |
| 1335 | who unfortunately can't turn on her mic, | 可惜她不能打开麦克风 |
| 1336 | but I'm a Penn grad and currently working | 但我是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的毕业生,目前正在工作 |
| 1337 | in a university in China as a psychology lecturer. | 在中国的一所大学担任心理学讲师。 |
| 1338 | And every time I wanna get to the topic of happiness, | 每次我想谈幸福的事 |
| 1339 | I always hesitate how to approach this topic. | 我总是犹豫如何处理这个话题。 |
| 1340 | As I have observed two ways to explain happiness up to now. | 正如我观察到的 解释幸福至今的两种方式。 |
| 1341 | In the positive sense, | 从积极的意义上讲, |
| 1342 | we can see that happiness level of car accident survivors, | 我们可以看到车祸幸存者的幸福度 |
| 1343 | for example, | 比如说, |
| 1344 | gradually get back to the previous level | 逐渐回到上一个级别 |
| 1345 | over a period of time. | 在一段时间内。 |
| 1346 | From a negative perspective, | 从负面的角度看, |
| 1347 | we find that as long as we are pursuing happiness, | 我们发现只要我们追求幸福 |
| 1348 | happiness looms larger, | 幸福的来临, |
| 1349 | which means we will never achieve the real happiness. | 这意味着我们永远不会实现真正的幸福。 |
| 1350 | So the question then is how can we of these approaches | 所以问题是,我们怎样才能采取这些办法? |
| 1351 | or maybe another approach, | 或也许另一种方法, |
| 1352 | which would you endorse? | 你会支持哪一个? |
| 1353 | Or I guess the more general question is, | 或者我猜更一般的问题是, |
| 1354 | so what do we do with all this talk about happiness | 我们怎么处理这些关于幸福的话题? |
| 1355 | and the psychology of happiness | 和幸福的心理学 |
| 1356 | and how are we actually supposed to talk about it? | 我们该怎么谈谈呢? |
| 1357 | So the car accident studies, | 所以车祸研究 |
| 1358 | which is that happiness surprisingly | 令人惊讶的是幸福 |
| 1359 | comes back up relatively quickly. | 回来的速度比较快 |
| 1360 | A year later, people are basically back up to normal. | 一年后,人们基本恢复正常. |
| 1361 | It kind of mirrors the lottery winner findings | 有点像彩票赢家的发现 |
| 1362 | that I mentioned that basically a year later, | 一年后我提到过 |
| 1363 | people are kind of back to normal. | 人们恢复了正常 |
| 1364 | It's not a hundred percent the case, | 这不是百分之百的情况, |
| 1365 | but it's mostly the case. | 但情况主要如此。 |
| 1366 | And that's, yeah. | 这一点,是的。 |
| 1367 | So that's true in lots of situations | 在很多情况下都是这样 |
| 1368 | when good or bad things happen to people. | 当好事或坏事发生在人们身上 |
| 1369 | And in some ways, | 在某些方面 |
| 1370 | actually, if you think about the car accident situation, | 实际上 如果你想到车祸的情况 |
| 1371 | you kind of, that is what you want to happen. | 你有点,这就是你想发生的。 |
| 1372 | So if someone has a car accident, | 所以,如果有人发生车祸, |
| 1373 | but then they kind of adjust | 但是,然后他们有点调整 |
| 1374 | and their life isn't the same as it was before, | 他们的生活和以前不一样 |
| 1375 | but they find ways of making it work, | 但他们找到了方法 使它工作, |
| 1376 | then it's kind of reassuring in some ways | 那从某种意义上来说,这有点让人安心 |
| 1377 | that for most of those people, | 对于大多数人来说, |
| 1378 | their happiness actually comes back pretty much up | 他们的幸福其实会重现 |
| 1379 | to where it was before the car accident. | 去车祸发生前的地方 |
| 1380 | In some ways, surprising, | 在某些方面,令人惊讶的是, |
| 1381 | you wouldn't think that would happen. | 你不会认为会这样吧? |
| 1382 | But actually, I think this is a sign | 但实际上,我认为这是一个征兆 |
| 1383 | of what I mentioned is that the human brain | 我提到的人脑 |
| 1384 | is always trying to adapt to your circumstances. | 总是努力适应你的情况 |
| 1385 | Your circumstances are going to be different | 你的情况会不同 |
| 1386 | than they were 10 years ago. | 比10年前还要好 |
| 1387 | They're going to be different in 10 years. | 十年后他们就会不同了 |
| 1388 | They're going to be different in 20 years. | 20年后他们就会不同了 |
| 1389 | And your brain has to be able to handle that | 你的大脑必须能够应付 |
| 1390 | and make good decisions, | 并做出正确的决定, |
| 1391 | even though your circumstances just, | 尽管你的处境 |
| 1392 | they just naturally change across your lifespan. | 他们只是自然改变 在你的一生。 |
| 1393 | Even if nothing, no major event of either winning the lottery | 即使没有,也没有大事件 无论是中彩票 |
| 1394 | or getting in a car accident happens to anyone here, | 或发生车祸 任何人在这里, |
| 1395 | you're still, your circumstances will change a lot. | 你还在,你的情况会改变很多 |
| 1396 | And I think this comes to like your kind of second point, | 我认为这是喜欢你的第二点 |
| 1397 | which is that pursuing happiness is very tricky. | 追求幸福是很棘手的 |
| 1398 | And if we think about some of these results I've mentioned, | 如果我们想想我提到的这些结果 |
| 1399 | it kind of seems that perhaps a better way to think | 似乎也许有更好的方法去思考 |
| 1400 | about how happy you feel from minute to minute, | 关于你有多高兴 从一分钟到一分钟, |
| 1401 | like what it is, is more like a tool. | 喜欢它是什么, 更像一个工具。 |
| 1402 | So it's, the happiness, how you like feel right now | 所以,这是,幸福, 你喜欢现在的感觉 |
| 1403 | or five minutes from now or five minutes ago, | 5分钟后 5分钟前 |
| 1404 | is like a, you could think of as a tool | 就像一个,你可以认为是一个工具 |
| 1405 | that reflects things about your current circumstances, | 这反映了你目前的情况 |
| 1406 | whether things are getting better or worse. | 事情是好是坏。 |
| 1407 | That's something we actually hypothesize | 这是我们实际的假设 |
| 1408 | might be part of the function of happiness. | 也许是幸福的一部分 |
| 1409 | So if your environment is getting better, | 所以如果你的环境越来越好 |
| 1410 | if things have been getting better lately, | 如果最近情况好转 |
| 1411 | then that means different things | 那意味着不同的事情 |
| 1412 | about what decisions you make. | 关于你的决定。 |
| 1413 | So if you're in a situation | 所以,如果你在一个情况 |
| 1414 | where you could leave at any point | 你可以随时离开 |
| 1415 | and you're actually kind of happy about it, | 你其实有点高兴, |
| 1416 | then that's a good sign that maybe you should stick around | 那是个好兆头 也许你应该留下来 |
| 1417 | because things have been going well, | 因为事情一直很顺利 |
| 1418 | better than they were before. | 比以前还好 |
| 1419 | And hopefully that means they'll continue to stay better. | 希望这意味着他们会继续保持更好的状态。 |
| 1420 | And if things are getting worse, | 如果事情变得更糟, |
| 1421 | then that's maybe a time to leave. | 那就是时候离开了 |
| 1422 | If you're at a party | 如果你在派对上 |
| 1423 | and you're not really enjoying yourself, | 你并没有真正享受自己, |
| 1424 | you probably should go because it's not, | 你可能应该去 因为这不是, |
| 1425 | there's not a good reason often to believe | 没有什么好理由经常相信 |
| 1426 | things are gonna get better. | 一切都会好起来的 |
| 1427 | And I think that's partly what your happiness is tracking. | 我认为这部分是你的幸福感。 |
| 1428 | It's tracking something like it, | 它在追踪类似的东西 |
| 1429 | mathematically you could think of it | 数学上你可以想到 |
| 1430 | as like the derivative of your environment, | 就像你环境的衍生物 |
| 1431 | like something like whether your environment | 就像你的环境 |
| 1432 | is getting better or worse. | 越来越好或更糟。 |
| 1433 | And that is a useful quantity for the brain to represent | 这对大脑来说是有用的数量 |
| 1434 | because the world is not random. | 因为这个世界不是随机的。 |
| 1435 | So if the environment is getting better, | 所以,如果环境越来越好, |
| 1436 | it tends to keep getting better. | 情况会越来越好 |
| 1437 | If the environment is getting worse, | 如果环境越来越差 |
| 1438 | it tends to keep getting worse. | 它总是越来越糟。 |
| 1439 | That's not always true, of course. | 当然,这并不总是真实的。 |
| 1440 | Some things actually are random, | 有些东西是随机的 |
| 1441 | like coin flips are random. | 像硬币翻转是随机的。 |
| 1442 | But in general, if someone's nice to you repeatedly, | 但总的来说,如果有人对你反复好 |
| 1443 | they're probably gonna stay nice to you. | 他们可能会对你很好 |
| 1444 | There's no reason to believe | 没有理由相信 |
| 1445 | like they're suddenly gonna turn on you. | 就像他们会突然对你发火 |
| 1446 | And so I think that's one way you could think about | 所以我觉得这是你能想到的 |
| 1447 | your happiness from minute to minute | 你从一分钟到一分钟的幸福 |
| 1448 | is something that's like a tool | 就像是工具一样 |
| 1449 | that you can use to make good decisions in your life. | 你可以在生活中做出正确的决定 |
| 1450 | So I think pursuing that kind of happiness | 所以我觉得追求这种幸福 |
| 1451 | is kind of a mistake. | 这是一种错误。 |
| 1452 | It's just not probably gonna get you what you want, | 它只是可能不会得到你想要的, |
| 1453 | partly for the reasons are mentioned | 部分原因提到 |
| 1454 | that you just never actually achieve it. | 你只是从来没有真正实现它。 |
| 1455 | But I do think like life satisfaction | 但我确实认为生活满足 |
| 1456 | or like being satisfied with your life | 或者喜欢满足你的生活 |
| 1457 | is something that we don't quite understand how it works | 我们不太明白它是如何运作的 |
| 1458 | or how it relates to your happiness from minute to minute. | 或与你的幸福有何关系 |
| 1459 | Obviously, how you feel from minute to minute | 显然,你的感觉 从一分钟到一分钟 |
| 1460 | is like a dominant part of your conscious experience. | 就像你觉悟中的主要经验 |
| 1461 | Like it is, if you ask someone how they're feeling, | 就是这样 如果你问别人他们的感受 |
| 1462 | like you're not usually gonna get an answer | 就像你通常得不到答案一样 |
| 1463 | about like how satisfied they are with their life. | 就像他们对自己的生活有多满意 |
| 1464 | You're usually gonna get an answer about like right now, | 你通常会得到一个答案 像现在, |
| 1465 | and maybe something that happened to them that day, | 也许那天发生了一些事情 |
| 1466 | not over the last year or something. | 没有过去的一年什么的。 |
| 1467 | And so I think we still have that elusive like, | 所以我觉得我们还有那种难以捉摸的... |
| 1468 | how do we increase how satisfied with their lives? | 我们如何让他们的生活更加满意? |
| 1469 | But I think those are probably kind of related. | 但我认为这些可能有点关联 |
| 1470 | If you are using your happiness as a tool | 如果你把幸福当作工具 |
| 1471 | in order to make good decisions, | 为了做出正确的决定, |
| 1472 | and you're in general putting yourself in situations | 你总觉得自己陷入困境 |
| 1473 | where you kind of like what's going on, | 在那里你喜欢 发生了什么事, |
| 1474 | there are things you value, | 有些东西你珍视, |
| 1475 | then actually that probably is a recipe | 其实那可能是个秘方 |
| 1476 | for having higher life satisfaction. | 因为生活满足度更高 |
| 1477 | So I think that's how you could think of, | 所以我觉得你应该这样想 |
| 1478 | even though just trying to achieve the goal | 即使只是试图达到目标 |
| 1479 | of being more satisfied is challenging, | 更满意是挑战, |
| 1480 | just being aware of your happiness and what it means. | 只是意识到你的幸福 以及这意味着什么。 |
| 1481 | You don't have to obsess about it, | 你不必迷恋它, |
| 1482 | but if you're just aware of it and you notice | 但是,如果你只是意识到 它,你注意到 |
| 1483 | when it's consistently in the same situation, low or high, | 当它一直处于同样的情况, 低或高, |
| 1484 | that's a sign of things you might want to try to do more | 这表示你可能想做更多事情 |
| 1485 | to prioritize more in your life, | 在你的生活中更加优先, |
| 1486 | or things you might wanna try to avoid if you can, | 或者你想避免的事情 如果你可以的话 |
| 1487 | if you're in a situation where you're really unhappy | 如果你真的不开心的话 |
| 1488 | and you notice it happens to you every week, | 你注意到它发生在你每周, |
| 1489 | and you can find some way of avoiding it, | 你可以想办法避免它, |
| 1490 | some way of getting out of it, | 某种方式摆脱它, |
| 1491 | then that's something that you could make a change | 这样你就能改变这一切了 |
| 1492 | and make decisions that change your circumstances. | 做出改变你处境的决定 |
| 1493 | And that will probably, that will show up in your happiness | 这或许会出现在你的幸福中 |
| 1494 | because those situations where you're really unhappy | 因为你真的不开心 |
| 1495 | on a regular basis will stop happening as much. | 经常发生的情况将同样停止。 |
| 1496 | And presumably, if you can do that | 也许,如果你能做到这一点 |
| 1497 | for a lot of things in your life that are important, | 对于你生活中很多重要的事情, |
| 1498 | then most people would be more satisfied with their lives. | 然后大多数人会更满意自己的生活。 |
| 1499 | And also, they'd kind of feel like | 而且,他们会觉得 |
| 1500 | they're in more control of their situation, | 他们更能控制自己的处境 |
| 1501 | and that's obviously a good thing. | 这显然是件好事 |
| 1502 | Great, thank you. | 很好,谢谢 |
| 1503 | So it seems like this idea of relativity | 所以这似乎是相对论的想法 |
| 1504 | is pretty important, right? | 这很重要,对吧? |
| 1505 | Because we're talking about your happiness | 因为我们在谈论你的幸福 |
| 1506 | relative to your previous happiness, | 相对于你之前的幸福 |
| 1507 | your happiness relative to your environment, | 你的幸福 相对于你的环境, |
| 1508 | as well as your relative happiness | 以及你的相对幸福 |
| 1509 | to other people around you and their circumstances, right? | 对你周围的其他人 和他们的情况,对不对? |
| 1510 | So there's a lot of comparison going on | 所以有很多比较 |
| 1511 | in both a negative and a positive way, I guess. | 无论是负面还是正面,我想。 |
| 1512 | And I've always sort of felt like usually it's not helpful | 我总觉得这没什么用 |
| 1513 | to compare yourself to others | 把自己和别人比起来 |
| 1514 | because it's like the silver medalist situation. | 因为它就像银牌获得者的情况。 |
| 1515 | You tend to be comparing yourself to the one person | 你总是把自己和一个人比起来 |
| 1516 | who's better versus all the other people | 谁比其他人更好 |
| 1517 | you're working with better often. | 你经常合作 |
| 1518 | So can you kind of talk about that? | 你能谈谈吗? |
| 1519 | I noticed that was kind of a trend throughout the findings, | 我注意到这个趋势 在整个调查结果, |
| 1520 | but does the finding bear that out? | 但发现是否证实了这一点? |
| 1521 | Yeah, absolutely. | 当然 |
| 1522 | So this, I mean, I kind of mentioned | 所以,我的意思是,我有点提到 |
| 1523 | that it's kind of good that your brain | 你的大脑也不错 |
| 1524 | is always kind of adapting because it's kind of, | 总是在适应,因为它有点, |
| 1525 | you could think of it as like you make the same decisions | 你可以把它想成 你做同样的决定 |
| 1526 | about, like the same brain has to make a decision | 大约,就像同一个大脑 必须做出一个决定 |
| 1527 | about like what to get for lunch, | 喜欢什么吃午餐, |
| 1528 | which is something where like the difference | 与众不同之处 |
| 1529 | between like a good decision and a bad decision | 在决定与错误之间 |
| 1530 | at the same cafe is very, very small, okay? | 在同一家咖啡馆很小,好吗? |
| 1531 | These are very small. | 这些都很小。 |
| 1532 | You know, the total value of that difference | 你知道,这种差异的总价值 |
| 1533 | is like less than a dollar. | 这就像不到一美元。 |
| 1534 | And the same brain has to make a decision | 同样的大脑必须做出一个决定 |
| 1535 | like where do I go to school? | 就像我在哪里上学? |
| 1536 | Or like, do I take this job or this other job? | 还是说,我接受这份工作还是其他工作? |
| 1537 | Which is obviously, or who do I marry? | 很明显,还是我嫁给谁? |
| 1538 | These huge decisions, which is obviously it, | 这些巨大的决定,很明显, |
| 1539 | You know, these huge decisions which is obviously, | 你知道,这些巨大的决定 显然, |
| 1540 | And, and the same brain has to be able to do both of those things like decide where | 同样的大脑必须能 做这两种事情 比如决定在哪里 |
| 1541 | to go to lunch, and like what to get for lunch, and, and like what job to take. | 去吃午饭,喜欢什么 得到午餐,喜欢什么工作 |
| 1542 | And the brain, your brain can do that because it can adapt to these different situations. | 大脑,你的大脑可以做到这一点,因为它可以适应这些不同的情况。 |
| 1543 | And it kind of adjusts and uses the same neural circuitry to make these comparisons and way | 它会调整并利用同样的神经电路 来进行这些比较 |
| 1544 | up these, and sometimes obviously some things like if you're deciding like, you know, which | 上这些,有时显然有些事情 比如如果你在决定,你知道, |
| 1545 | apartment to rent or something, there's like so many different features of an apartment | 公寓出租什么的, 有很多不同的 特点的公寓 |
| 1546 | about where it's located, like, you know, things about the layout, like how the bedroom looks, | 关于它的位置, 喜欢,你知道,关于布局的事情, 像卧室的样子, |
| 1547 | what the, you know, how much noise, there's just so many different mentions you might | 什么,你知道, 多少噪音, 只是有这么多不同的 提到你可能 |
| 1548 | think like, this is a really hard, I can't tell which is the better one, they, they're | 想想,这真的很难, 我不知道哪个是更好的, 他们,他们是 |
| 1549 | both good in different ways. | 两者在不同的方面都是好的。 |
| 1550 | And so it's true, like your brain does have trouble like solving that question. | 所以,这是真的, 就像你的大脑确实有困难 像解决这个问题。 |
| 1551 | But actually, I think in that situation, like often, if you have all the information, and, | 但是,实际上,我认为在这种情况下, 像经常一样, 如果你有所有的信息, |
| 1552 | and you just know, you gather all the information you have, and then you just go with your gut, | 你只知道,你收集你拥有的所有信息, 然后你只是走你的直觉, |
| 1553 | your brain is, does a pretty decent job of integrating over a lot of information and | 你的大脑是,做一个相当体面的工作 整合了很多信息 |
| 1554 | just saying like, well, you know, I think this one's the better one. | 我只是说,嗯,你知道, 我认为这个是更好的一个。 |
| 1555 | And you may not know exactly what it was about that. | 你也许不知道这是怎么回事 |
| 1556 | It's like the thing that's making it better. | 谓如是事能令众生得益. |
| 1557 | But your brain does a good job of like handling all these really complicated situations | 但你的大脑做得很好 像处理所有这些非常复杂的情况 |
| 1558 | we're in. | 我们进去了 |
| 1559 | And that's partly why all of this stuff is so relative. | 这就是为什么所有这些东西都是相对的。 |
| 1560 | And so obviously there are situations where that's bad. | 显然有些情况很糟 |
| 1561 | It's like there's like the keeping up with the Joneses kind of situation where like | 就像跟琼斯一家在一起一样 |
| 1562 | someone else gets something and now you want it too. | 别人得到的东西, 现在你也想要它。 |
| 1563 | But like you didn't even care about the thing last year or didn't even exist last year. | 但就像你甚至不关心 去年的事情 或者甚至不存在 去年。 |
| 1564 | It's like a new thing. | 犹如新事. |
| 1565 | And so you could think of that as only being a bad thing. | 那样你就能把这当做坏事了 |
| 1566 | The good thing there is like also people get motivated because they also see what's | 幸好人们也会有动力 因为他们也看到了什么 |
| 1567 | possible. | 也许吧 |
| 1568 | And so you could say like, if you know that someone was able to achieve | 所以,你可以说,如果你知道 有人能够实现 |
| 1569 | something, you might also think I could also achieve that. | 某事,你可能也认为 我也能做到这一点。 |
| 1570 | So just not worry about like the having more material possessions. | 所以,不要担心像 拥有更多的物质财产。 |
| 1571 | But just like for like, say for an athlete, you see what someone is able to achieve, | 但是,就像,说一个运动员, 你看一个人能够实现什么, |
| 1572 | then you kind of know like something is possible and if you work hard, maybe you'll | 那你应该知道什么是可能的 如果你努力工作 也许你会 |
| 1573 | also be able to achieve it. | 也能够做到这一点。 |
| 1574 | And obviously sometimes it ends up with disappointment | 很明显,有时会失望 |
| 1575 | because all those people that are willing to spend like their entire careers on a | 因为所有那些愿意像整个职业生涯一样 花在... |
| 1576 | sport, they obviously think they could get a gold medal, otherwise they couldn't do | 运动,他们显然认为 他们可以得到金牌, 否则他们不能做 |
| 1577 | it. | 这个 |
| 1578 | And other people obviously think they also could get a gold medal, otherwise they | 其他人显然认为他们也可以获得金牌,否则 |
| 1579 | wouldn't be sponsored to do that sport. | 不会被赞助做那个运动。 |
| 1580 | And so there's a lot of other reinforcement that's kind of like supporting this same | 所以还有很多其他的强化 类似支持这个 |
| 1581 | idea. | 点子 |
| 1582 | So it's actually not really surprising they would be disappointed about second | 所以,其实这并不奇怪 他们会失望第二 |
| 1583 | place, given the circumstances they were probably in. | 地点,考虑到他们可能所处的环境。 |
| 1584 | So I think this one kind of goes both ways. | 所以我觉得这一种是双向的。 |
| 1585 | I think if you just kind of are aware of it and you think about like whether the the | 我认为如果你只是 那种知道它, 你想想,如果 |
| 1586 | feeling you have about some like relative comparison is actually good for you, like | 感觉你有一些相似的相对比较 其实对你有好处,比如 |
| 1587 | actually motivational or like a reasonable thing, that can be helpful because there are | 其实是激励性的 或者像一个合理的事物, 这可以有帮助 因为有 |
| 1588 | some stories like, yeah, actually, my circumstances are not that great. | 一些故事,比如,是的,实际上, 我的情况不是那么好。 |
| 1589 | And like, really, this is not a good environment for me. | 而且,真的,这对我来说不是一个好的环境。 |
| 1590 | I'm really like, there is a better job because I don't actually find this job that | 我真的很喜欢,有更好的工作 因为我没有找到这个工作, |
| 1591 | fulfilling. | 满足。 |
| 1592 | And when I talk to some friends, like they actually have jobs they really | 当我跟一些朋友说话, 就像他们真的有工作,他们真的 |
| 1593 | enjoy. | 喜欢。 |
| 1594 | And and so that can be really helpful for like saying, OK, yeah, I think it's | 所以,这可以帮助 喜欢说,好吧,是的,我想这是 |
| 1595 | possible I'm going to go get I'm going to try to get another job because this is not | 可能我要去得到 我试图得到另一个工作,因为这不是 |
| 1596 | actually the right one for me. | 其实对我来说是合适的 |
| 1597 | But of course, at the same time, like as we mentioned, like if you're just like jealous | 但当然,同时,就像我们提到的, 就像如果你只是像嫉妒 |
| 1598 | of someone else because of their success and there's no way of you actually changing | 因为别人的成功 你根本没法改变 |
| 1599 | anything about what you do, I like I don't compare myself to celebrities. | 无论你做什么, 我喜欢我不比自己和名人。 |
| 1600 | My life is so different from theirs. | 我的生活和他们不一样 |
| 1601 | It's not helpful. | 无益. |
| 1602 | And and and so people that do that's usually it's not a good not a | 所以人们这样做 通常这不是一个好,不是 |
| 1603 | helpful thing. | 有帮助的 |
| 1604 | And so there are tradeoffs there. | 所以这里有权衡 |
| 1605 | And if you're kind of just aware of what you're feeling and why you're feeling it and | 如果你只是意识到 你的感觉和为什么你感觉 |
| 1606 | whether there's anything you should change in your life as a result of it, that's | 你的生活是否应该因它而改变什么? |
| 1607 | probably pretty healthy. | 也许相当健康。 |
| 1608 | And you won't get in trouble where you're just like always | 在你和往常一样的地方 你不会惹上麻烦的 |
| 1609 | jealous of someone where you could never have that. | 嫉妒一个你永远无法拥有的人 |
| 1610 | It's not realistic. | 这不现实 |
| 1611 | So I think that's probably a good way of thinking about that. | 因此,我认为这可能是一个很好的思考方式。 |
| 1612 | But it's tricky because your brain is just trying to help you make decisions and | 但这很棘手 因为你的大脑只是想帮助你做决定 |
| 1613 | there's no like one decision that is always the right answer. | 没有一个决定是正确答案 |
| 1614 | A lot of life is about decisions where there is no right answer. | 很多生活都是关于没有正确答案的决定. |
| 1615 | You just kind of have to make a decision at some point. | 你总得做个决定 |
| 1616 | I mean, that I think that in itself is pretty helpful to to have that perspective as | 我的意思是,我认为,这本身 很有帮助,使这种观点 |
| 1617 | well. | 不错 |
| 1618 | So so somebody did ask me a direct question, which was to since you | 所以有人问我一个直接的问题 自从你问起 |
| 1619 | were at UCL before and you're now at Yale, to compare the two schools and the | 之前在UCL 而你现在在耶鲁 比较两所学校 |
| 1620 | environment for doing research between the schools. | 学校之间开展研究的环境。 |
| 1621 | But I am going to expand that question a little bit into a more general question, | 但我要把这个问题扩大一点 成为一个更笼统的问题, |
| 1622 | which is you've now done research in the US as well as the UK. | 你在美国和英国都做过研究 |
| 1623 | And I guess the more general question is and we've talked about this a little bit | 我想更一般的问题就是 我们已经谈过了 |
| 1624 | before between you and me of research in psychology in general, where historically | 之前你我之间 对心理学的研究 在历史上 |
| 1625 | the research has always been in, you know, Western countries, college students, | 研究一直在,你知道, 西方国家,大学生, |
| 1626 | typically upper middle class white. | 典型的上中产阶级白人。 |
| 1627 | And so it seems like a lot of the results are going to be very skewed. | 似乎很多结果会非常扭曲。 |
| 1628 | What I love about your research is that you have a global audience and so you're | 我喜欢你的研究 是,你有一个全球观众 所以你是 |
| 1629 | doing research on people around the world. | 研究世界各地的人 |
| 1630 | And so I find that to be a much more helpful model, I guess. | 所以我觉得这是一个更有用的模型,我想。 |
| 1631 | And so the general question, I guess, is to talk about the environment of studying | 所以一般的问题,我想, 是谈论学习的环境 |
| 1632 | psychology right now in different places around the world and what you know about | 心理学现在在世界各地 和你知道的 |
| 1633 | it and to compare it and to say, what is the future direction, I guess, of of of | 比较一下,然后说,我猜,未来的方向是什么? |
| 1634 | the field in general? | 整个领域? |
| 1635 | Your question is getting broader and broader. | 你的问题越来越广泛 |
| 1636 | I'll start I'll start with like the more specific questions kind of like relate to | 我先说说 更具体的问题 |
| 1637 | the question that came in, then you can ask me again the much broader one. | 然后你可以再问我一个更广泛的问题 |
| 1638 | So there's lots of great things about both UCL and Yale and the UK system versus | 加州大学和耶鲁大学 以及英国的体系 都有很多伟大的东西 |
| 1639 | the US system at different levels. | 不同层次的美国系统。 |
| 1640 | I think it's kind of the UK system is often more focused for training. | 我觉得英国的制度 往往更注重训练 |
| 1641 | So obviously at the undergraduate level, it's three years instead of four. | 所以在本科一级,显然三年而不是四年。 |
| 1642 | And it's much more, you know, specific training, like you would only be taking | 更特别的训练 就像你只会参加 |
| 1643 | psychology classes at the graduate level. | 研究生一级的心理学课程。 |
| 1644 | It's also more focused in the sense that it's a three year PhD or sometimes a four | 从三年博士或有时四年博士的意义上来说,它也更有重点 |
| 1645 | year PhD. | 博士学位 |
| 1646 | But people often have done several years before in between undergrad | 但人们常常在几年前 在初中之间 |
| 1647 | and grad school, although that's increasingly common in the US as well, like | 虽然在美国也越来越普遍 |
| 1648 | as a research assistant or a master's degree is very common for PhD students at | 作为研究助理或硕士学位对于博士生来说非常常见。 |
| 1649 | UCL. | 乌科联. |
| 1650 | Both of them are both of them are great places to do science. | 两人都是科学的好地方 |
| 1651 | So there's not one place that's like better. | 所以没有比这更好的地方了 |
| 1652 | And yeah, I think it's like and obviously those are both great places, very | 是的,我想这就像,显然 这些都是伟大的地方,非常 |
| 1653 | different. | 不一样 |
| 1654 | And I think like, yeah, so I think UK and the US are both great places | 我认为,是的, 所以我认为英国和美国 既是伟大的地方 |
| 1655 | for science, for international science people. | 为科学,为国际科学人士。 |
| 1656 | Lots of people come there to the US. | 很多人来到美国 |
| 1657 | Lots of people come to London from other places. | 很多人从其他地方来伦敦 |
| 1658 | So most of the people they were working in my lab were from all around the world. | 所以他们在我的实验室工作的人 大多来自世界各地。 |
| 1659 | So, yeah, there were students from from China, from Singapore, from from India, | 有来自中国、新加坡、印度的学生 |
| 1660 | from throughout Europe. | 从整个欧洲。 |
| 1661 | And so it was really diverse group of people. | 所以,这是非常多样化的人群。 |
| 1662 | They were coming to London and I think it makes an exciting environment for doing | 他们正要来伦敦 我觉得这环境让人兴奋 |
| 1663 | science. | 科学。 |
| 1664 | And I think actually so that relates to Devon's like broader question | 我觉得这和德文的问题有关 |
| 1665 | of like where psychology is going. | 就像心理学正在发展 |
| 1666 | So I don't know if I don't think it's going | 所以我不知道,如果我不认为它去 |
| 1667 | this direction fast enough. | 这个方向足够快了 |
| 1668 | I mean, I think this question about like people have | 我的意思是,我认为这个问题 像人们有 |
| 1669 | become aware of this concept of like weird populations like Western educated, | 开始意识到这个概念 像奇怪的人口 像西方教育, |
| 1670 | industrialized, rich, democratic populations like US, you know, psychology | 工业化的,富有的,民主的人口 比如美国,你知道的,心理学 |
| 1671 | students is like a prime example. | 学生就像一个典型的例子。 |
| 1672 | US psychology students at US universities is like definitely that group. | 美国大学的心理学学生 肯定就是这个群体 |
| 1673 | And that is like the foundation of like psychology at Western universities. | 这就像西方大学心理学的基础 |
| 1674 | But I think increasingly people are aware of the issues, | 但我认为人们越来越意识到这些问题, |
| 1675 | increasingly people are doing cross-cultural studies. | 人们越来越多地从事跨文化研究。 |
| 1676 | We are starting to do that. | 我们开始这样做。 |
| 1677 | But obviously there are extra issues that come up. | 但显然还有更多的问题出现。 |
| 1678 | So, for example, with our smartphone app, it's in English, it's on iOS and Android. | 例如,用我们的智能手机应用软件, 它用英语,它用iOS和Android。 |
| 1679 | And so obviously that means that like in a place like China, we don't have very many | 所以很明显,这意味着 像在中国这样的地方, 我们没有太多 |
| 1680 | people and the people that do play on the app that are in China obviously are not | 在应用软件上玩的人 在中国显然不是 |
| 1681 | representative because they're English speakers and they found a way of | 因为他们是讲英语的人 他们找到了一种方法 |
| 1682 | downloading it because it's not available in the standard app stores. | 下载,因为标准应用商店中无法提供. |
| 1683 | But we do get a lot more diversity and we do collect information now about | 但是,我们确实得到了更多的多样性 而且我们现在收集的信息 |
| 1684 | people's native language and the app is available. | 人们的母语和应用程序是可用的。 |
| 1685 | And I mean, there's people from over 100 countries that have downloaded it. | 我的意思是,有100多个国家的人 已经下载了它。 |
| 1686 | So we are starting to get at these questions and these questions about emotions | 所以,我们开始了解这些问题 和这些关于情感的问题 |
| 1687 | and happiness and decision making are a lot of the questions that we want to | 幸福与决策是我们想要的许多问题 |
| 1688 | answer. | 答问. |
| 1689 | And I hope that over the next decade, there'll be a lot more of this kind | 我希望在未来的十年里 会有更多这样的 |
| 1690 | of research. | 研究内容。 |
| 1691 | There'll be a lot more collaborations between, for example, | 比如说,我们之间会有更多的合作 |
| 1692 | universities in Asia and universities in the West to run the same paradigms | 在亚洲的大学和在西方的大学 运行同样的模式 |
| 1693 | because they're so easy now to run paradigms online, to run them on smartphones | 因为他们现在很容易在网上运行范式 用智能手机运行 |
| 1694 | that, you know, there's no reason why we can't get this data. | 我们没有理由得不到这些数据 |
| 1695 | It does take a bit more effort. | 这确实需要更多的努力。 |
| 1696 | And I think the major issue was like for students in Western institutions is that | 我想对西方学校的学生来说 |
| 1697 | there's not a lot of people, not a lot of grad students that are really interested | 没有太多的人, 没有太多的研究生 真正感兴趣的 |
| 1698 | in that question. | 在这个问题。 |
| 1699 | I mean, it's kind of surprising, but obviously in some sense, | 我的意思是,这有点令人惊讶, 但显然在某些意义上, |
| 1700 | it's kind of it's kind of intuitive. | 有点直观 |
| 1701 | Same thing is like there's not a lot of graduate students are interested in what | 同样的是,没有多少研究生对什么感兴趣 |
| 1702 | happens when people get older, like, you know, what happens across the lifespan. | 当人们变老的时候, 比如,你知道,在一生中会发生什么。 |
| 1703 | There are some and it's and that's great, but there's not a lot of 25 year olds | 有一些,这是,这是伟大的, 但没有什么25岁 |
| 1704 | that are interested in the psychology of 75 year olds. | 对75岁老人的心理学感兴趣 |
| 1705 | Not as much as, for example, people are interested in things like consciousness | 比方说,人们对意识之类的东西感兴趣 |
| 1706 | or how people learn or decision making. | 或人们如何学习或决策。 |
| 1707 | And so you can kind of understand, like people are interested in things that are | 这样你就可以理解, 就像人们感兴趣的事物是 |
| 1708 | more relevant to their lives. | 更切合他们的生活 |
| 1709 | And so I hope there will be more people that are interested in these cross-cultural | 所以我希望有更多的人 对这些跨文化的兴趣 |
| 1710 | issues because they're so important. | 因为它们很重要 |
| 1711 | Obviously, if we're going to have a theory for happiness for humans, it's got to | 显然,如果我们要有一个理论 为人类的幸福,它必须 |
| 1712 | work for everyone. | 为每个人工作。 |
| 1713 | And it's totally fine if the things that people in different | 如果人们在不同的事物中 |
| 1714 | countries or different, you know, if you're living in a big city versus in a rural | 国家或不同的,你知道, 如果你生活在一个大城市 与农村 |
| 1715 | area, the values that you might have might be quite different, but it would be | 区域中,您可能拥有的数值可能大不相同,但将会 |
| 1716 | surprising and disappointing if the same equations don't basically work and with | 令人惊讶和失望的是,如果相同的方程式 基本上没有工作 和与 |
| 1717 | just different values for the parameters to different values, for example, for a | 参数到不同值的不同值,例如: |
| 1718 | product parameter related to generosity, for a parameter related to expectations. | 与慷慨有关的产品参数,用于与期望有关的参数。 |
| 1719 | You'd expect that those things would vary in systematic ways in different kinds | 你会期望这些东西会以不同的方式 系统性地变化 |
| 1720 | of people just because of their different life circumstances, which we were talking | 仅仅因为他们的生活环境不同, 我们谈论的 |
| 1721 | about before, and the different values that they have that are relevant to how | 以及他们拥有的不同价值,这些价值与 |
| 1722 | they experience the world and what determines whether their happiness goes up | 他们体验世界 以及决定幸福是否上升的事物 |
| 1723 | and down. | 和下来。 |
| 1724 | Right. | 对 |
| 1725 | So have you found any interesting kind of findings that are like particular | 所以,你有没有找到任何有趣的发现 类似特别 |
| 1726 | to specific cultures that are surprisingly different or has it been fairly | 不同的具体文化 或是否公平 |
| 1727 | consistent across the board? | 整体一致吗? |
| 1728 | So far things seem pretty consistent, but it's hard to tell yet whether that's | 目前情况似乎很一致,但很难分辨是否 |
| 1729 | mostly because we haven't yet translated our app. | 主要因为我们还没有翻译我们的应用程序。 |
| 1730 | And so we really get a more | 所以我们得到的更多 |
| 1731 | realistic sample because then we're kind of getting the same people as if we were | 实事求是的样本,因为那样我们就会得到同样的人,就像我们是 |
| 1732 | testing, you know, for example, if we have data from Asia, it's not that different | 比如说,如果我们有来自亚洲的数据 就没那么不同了 |
| 1733 | from the group of people that were like, for example, studying abroad, doing a | 从一群人, 喜欢,例如,在国外学习,做一个 |
| 1734 | degree in London. | 伦敦的学位。 |
| 1735 | Right. | 对 |
| 1736 | That's not, they're very much, you know, that's just a group that's like more | 这不是,他们非常, 你知道,这只是一个团体, 像更多 |
| 1737 | exposed to Western culture and Western ideas and Western ideas about psychology | 被西方文化和西方思想和西方心理学思想所暴露 |
| 1738 | and not exactly what we'd want for having a really great understanding | 而不是我们想要的 一个真正伟大的理解 |
| 1739 | cross-culturally about how these really basic aspects of human behavior and | 在跨文化上,关于这些 真正的基本方面 人类的行为和 |
| 1740 | emotion work. | 情感会起作用的 |
| 1741 | Right. | 对 |
| 1742 | So we're getting there, but slowly. | 所以,我们到达那里,但缓慢。 |
| 1743 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 1744 | Which is a perfect transition to Jackie's comment, which is, it would be great to | 这是一个完美的过渡 成龙的评论, 也就是说,这将是伟大的 |
| 1745 | have a Chinese version of your app. | 有个中文版的应用程序 |
| 1746 | Then I can show it to my students, which I think is a great idea. | 然后,我可以把它展示给我的学生, 我认为这是一个伟大的想法。 |
| 1747 | Jackie, maybe you can send an email to Rob and volunteer to translate the app | Jackie, 也许你可以发电子邮件给Rob 自愿翻译应用程序 |
| 1748 | and help with it. | 和帮助它。 |
| 1749 | So with, with that, I think that's a good place to stop there, which is why | 因此,有了这个,我认为这是一个好地方 在那里停下来,这就是为什么 |
| 1750 | don't, Rob, why don't you give a final plug for your app? | 不要,罗布,为什么不给你的应用程序一个最后的插头? |
| 1751 | And this is a great opportunity for those of you guys here to actually be able to | 这是你们这些家伙真正能够 |
| 1752 | participate in the study and to play these games. | 参与研究并玩这些游戏. |
| 1753 | And maybe you can do a quick, quick spiel on how everybody can, can help out. | 也许你可以做一个快速,快速的 spiel 关于如何每个人都可以,可以帮助。 |
| 1754 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 1755 | Okay. | 摆 |
| 1756 | So I just put the link for the website in the chat box, thehappinessproject.app. | 所以我把网站的链接放进聊天盒里 幸福项目 app |
| 1757 | 它可用于iOS或Android. | |
| 1758 | I don't know quite how that works in China. | 我不知道这在中国是如何运作的。 |
| 1759 | Yeah. | 对 |
| 1760 | I would love to translate at some point is something that we're thinking about. | 我很想在某个时候翻译一些我们想的东西。 |
| 1761 | There's lots of obviously great science going on in China. | 中国显然有许多伟大的科学发展. |
| 1762 | These days and especially psychological, neurobiological science. | 这些天,特别是心理,神经生物科学。 |
| 1763 | So it makes a lot of sense for thinking about all these questions, because just, | 所以思考这些问题很有意义 因为... |
| 1764 | you know, the circumstances for people growing up in China are very different | 在中国长大的人的情况很不一样 |
| 1765 | than people growing up in the U S in lots of ways that could influence their | 比在美国长大的人 在很多方面 影响他们 |
| 1766 | values and the decisions they make. | 价值观和他们作出的决定。 |
| 1767 | And so part of what we are doing with our app, the happiness project is asking | 快乐计划要求 |
| 1768 | people to play these games, these really, there's like two or three mini games, | 人们来玩这些游戏, 这些真的, 有两三个迷你游戏, |
| 1769 | really short games where we're getting, they're basically like psychology | 真正的短游戏,我们得到, 他们基本上就像心理学 |
| 1770 | experiments that you probably are familiar with and with some added | 你可能熟悉的实验 和一些添加 |
| 1771 | components, like to try to make them a little bit more fun, we can't quite | 部件,像试图让他们 更有趣一点,我们不能相当 |
| 1772 | make them into like real video games because we then lose the ability to | 让他们成为真正的电子游戏 因为我们失去了能力 |
| 1773 | like control the things that we need to do our research. | 就像控制我们需要做研究的东西 |
| 1774 | And so that's one reason besides our technological capabilities, they're | 所以除了我们的科技能力之外 他们也是 |
| 1775 | not as fun as potentially other games that you have on your phone. | 不像手机上的其他游戏那样有趣 |
| 1776 | Sorry, we're doing our best. | 对不起,我们正在尽力 |
| 1777 | But what, so the most valuable kind of data for our research is if everyone, | 但是,什么,所以最有价值的类型的数据 我们的研究是,如果每个人都, |
| 1778 | if people play the games once and answer the question is, which takes only | 如果人们玩游戏一次 回答问题,这只需要 |
| 1779 | about 15 minutes, and then a couple of weeks later plays them again. | 大约15分钟, 然后几个星期后,他们再次播放。 |
| 1780 | So really like, you know, if we had thousands of people play it for half an | 所以,真的喜欢,你知道, 如果我们有上千人 玩半个 |
| 1781 | hour, 15 minutes in the, you know, in a couple of day period, and then 15 | 15分钟后,一两天,然后15分钟 |
| 1782 | minutes, like a couple of weeks or a month later, and then we were sending, | 几分钟,像几个星期或一个月后, 然后我们发送, |
| 1783 | we send notifications to people after a couple of weeks to kind of tell them | 几周后我们通知别人 告诉他们 |
| 1784 | that that would be really helpful. | 这会很有帮助。 |
| 1785 | So they know what would be the most valuable way they could contribute. | 因此,他们知道什么是他们能够贡献的最有价值的方式。 |
| 1786 | Cause I think one of the things that's really great about the smart phone app | 因为我觉得智能手机应用的其中一件很棒 |
| 1787 | is not only we can show people what our psychology experiments are like, they | 不仅仅是我们能向人们展示 我们的心理学实验是什么样子,他们 |
| 1788 | can get a better feeling and they can learn a bit, we have a little bit in each | 我们能有更好的感觉, 他们可以学习一点, 我们每个有一点点 |
| 1789 | game about like what the game is studying, how you could think about in | 关于游戏内容的游戏 如何思考 |
| 1790 | real life, you know, like the situation about like, uh, how do you think about | 现实生活,你知道, 就像关于,呃,你怎么想 |
| 1791 | your expectations when you go to a restaurant or something? | 当你去餐馆的时候你的期望是什么? |
| 1792 | Um, and so we, we kind of try to teach a little bit about that in the app. | 嗯,所以我们,我们, 有点试图教 一点点在应用。 |
| 1793 | Um, and, uh, and so, yeah, so people can see what our research is like, | 嗯,嗯,所以,嗯, 所以,是的,所以人们可以看到 我们的研究是什么样子, |
| 1794 | but they can also contribute to it. | 但他们也可以为此作出贡献。 |
| 1795 | I think a lot, a lot of people that have played our games appreciate the ability | 我认为很多,很多人 玩过我们的游戏 欣赏的能力 |
| 1796 | to contribute to science because obviously so many people really think | 对科学的贡献 因为很明显 这么多人真的认为 |
| 1797 | science is really important and, um, they don't have a good way of | 科学真的很重要 而且,嗯,他们没有一个好的方式 |
| 1798 | contributing to it in general. | 普遍地为它做出贡献。 |
| 1799 | They have a job that doesn't potentially involve science at all. | 他们的工作根本不可能涉及科学 |
| 1800 | Um, but they do think it's really important. | 嗯,但他们确实认为 这是非常重要的。 |
| 1801 | I think it's interesting and, uh, being able to give half an hour, an hour of | 我觉得这很有趣 而且 呃 能给半小时 一小时 |
| 1802 | their time for, um, research on human decision-making and emotions, you know, | 他们的时间,嗯,研究 人类决策和情绪,你知道, |
| 1803 | well, it's an easy thing to do. | 嗯,这是一件容易的事情。 |
| 1804 | And, um, I know a lot of people do appreciate having the opportunity and | 而且,嗯,我知道很多人确实 感谢有机会, |
| 1805 | obviously we appreciate them contributing because we wouldn't be able to make | 显然,我们赞赏他们的贡献,因为我们无法做出 |
| 1806 | these discoveries. | 这些发现。 |
| 1807 | Like we make, we made a lot of discoveries from just thousands of people | 就像我们做的,我们做了很多发现 从只有数千人 |
| 1808 | around the world, taking 15, 20 minutes out of their day to like play games | 环游世界 花15到20分钟 喜欢玩游戏 |
| 1809 | and anonymously sends us the data. | 并匿名发送我们的数据。 |
| 1810 | So we can try to figure out what makes people take risks. | 所以我们可以试着找出 是什么让人们冒险。 |
| 1811 | What makes people decide to choose one thing over the other? | 是什么使人们决定选择一件事而不是另一件事? |
| 1812 | Uh, what makes people decide to take an effort, make a big effort for | 嗯,是什么让人们决定 努力,做出巨大的努力为 |
| 1813 | something and what determines whether your happiness goes down or goes up. | 是什么决定了你的幸福是下降还是上升。 |
| 1814 | So yeah, I mean, the, the scale of this project is incredible. | 所以,我是说,这个项目的规模是不可思议的。 |
| 1815 | You know, most experiments that I know that, you know, the sample size is | 你知道,大多数实验,我知道, 你知道,样本大小是 |
| 1816 | like 20, 30, 40 people, you know, a hundred, if you're lucky, uh, I mean, | 像20,30,40人,你知道,100, 如果你幸运,呃,我的意思是, |
| 1817 | the scale is just incredible. | 这个尺度太不可思议了 |
| 1818 | And again, it's, it's an amazing opportunity for people to actually have a | 再说一遍,这是一次令人惊奇的机会 人们实际上有一个 |
| 1819 | direct participation in a psychological study, um, and contribute to science. | 直接参加心理研究,为科学作出贡献 |
| 1820 | Um, so I do encourage all of you to check out the happiness project.app. | 嗯,所以我确实鼓励大家 检查的幸福项目。 |
| 1821 | Um, it's available on iOS and, um, other app stores, um, check it out and it | iOS上还有其它的应用商店 看看这个 |
| 1822 | would be great if people would be, uh, willing to at least play it and try it | 如果人们愿意,嗯,至少 播放和尝试它。 |
| 1823 | out, you know, like 15 minutes a day, you know, it's literally when you're | 出来,你知道, 像15分钟一天, 你知道,这是字面上 当你是 |
| 1824 | waiting for the subway or the taxi or the bus, um, you know, when you're | 等待地铁,出租车,巴士,嗯,你知道,当你是 |
| 1825 | working and you're taking a break, um, you know, before you sleep, whatever, | 工作时你休息,嗯,你知道的, 在你睡觉之前,什么的, |
| 1826 | uh, you know, it's, it's, it's quite a unique opportunity. | 嗯,你知道,这是,这是, 这是一个相当独特的机会。 |
| 1827 | So, um, I do encourage you guys to do that. | 所以,嗯,我确实鼓励你们这样做。 |
| 1828 | Um, thank you, Professor Elidge for an incredible, uh, time of | 嗯,谢谢你,Elidge教授 一个不可思议的,呃,时间 |
| 1829 | sharing and answering questions. | 分享和回答问题。 |
| 1830 | Thank you for being so generous with your time. | 谢谢你这么慷慨 |
| 1831 | Thanks everyone for lots and lots of great questions and discussion. | 感谢大家的很多和很多伟大的问题和讨论。 |
| 1832 | It was, uh, it was really fun to talk to all of you about psychology and about | 和大家谈谈心理学和 |
| 1833 | happiness, all of you about psychology and about happiness, all of you about psychology and about happiness. | 快乐,你们所有关于心理学和幸福, 你们所有关于心理学和幸福。 |
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