一味香料，如何“撬动”一个世界？一场跨越千年的香料贸易与东西
字幕摘录
| 时间 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 0:04 | My name is Devin Lau. | 我叫刘德文 |
| 0:05 | I am the associate director for Yale Center Beijing and I'm very happy to see so many people joining us today. | 我是耶鲁中心北京的副主任,今天我很高兴看到这么多人加入我们. |
| 0:12 | I am especially excited for today's talk. | 我对今天的谈话感到特别兴奋。 |
| 0:16 | I was a history and East Asian studies major and focused on food history. | 我是一个历史和东亚研究 主要的和专注于食物历史。 |
| 0:23 | So I must admit that today's talk is a bit of a personal choice to have Roger Crowley join us today. | 所以,我必须承认,今天的谈话是让罗杰·克劳利今天加入我们的个人选择。 |
| 0:32 | Roger Crowley is a best-selling author and award-winning British historian. | 罗杰·克劳利(Roger Crowley)是一位畅销作家,获奖的英国历史学家. |
| 0:36 | And he is a graduate of Cambridge University and has authored six best-selling books on maritime and global history. | 他是剑桥大学的毕业生,曾写过六本关于海洋和全球历史的畅销书。 |
| 0:44 | I'm sure many of you have read some of his books, including 1453, The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam in the West, | 我相信你们很多人都读过他的一些著作 包括1453年君士坦丁堡的神圣战争和西方的伊斯兰冲突 |
| 0:51 | Empires of the Sea, City of Fortune, How Venice Ruled the Seas, and a few others. | 海之帝国,福城,威尼斯如何统治海之国等少数国家. |
| 0:57 | They've all been translated into many languages. | 皆被译为多种语言. |
展开字幕全文（435 条）
| 序号 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | My name is Devin Lau. | 我叫刘德文 |
| 2 | I am the associate director for Yale Center Beijing and I'm very happy to see so many people joining us today. | 我是耶鲁中心北京的副主任,今天我很高兴看到这么多人加入我们. |
| 3 | I am especially excited for today's talk. | 我对今天的谈话感到特别兴奋。 |
| 4 | I was a history and East Asian studies major and focused on food history. | 我是一个历史和东亚研究 主要的和专注于食物历史。 |
| 5 | So I must admit that today's talk is a bit of a personal choice to have Roger Crowley join us today. | 所以,我必须承认,今天的谈话是让罗杰·克劳利今天加入我们的个人选择。 |
| 6 | Roger Crowley is a best-selling author and award-winning British historian. | 罗杰·克劳利(Roger Crowley)是一位畅销作家,获奖的英国历史学家. |
| 7 | And he is a graduate of Cambridge University and has authored six best-selling books on maritime and global history. | 他是剑桥大学的毕业生,曾写过六本关于海洋和全球历史的畅销书。 |
| 8 | I'm sure many of you have read some of his books, including 1453, The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam in the West, | 我相信你们很多人都读过他的一些著作 包括1453年君士坦丁堡的神圣战争和西方的伊斯兰冲突 |
| 9 | Empires of the Sea, City of Fortune, How Venice Ruled the Seas, and a few others. | 海之帝国,福城,威尼斯如何统治海之国等少数国家. |
| 10 | They've all been translated into many languages. | 皆被译为多种语言. |
| 11 | He is a riveting storyteller. | 他是讲故事的 |
| 12 | I first encountered Roger Crowley through reading his books. | 我第一次见到罗杰・克劳利 通过阅读他的书。 |
| 13 | And I'm very glad to be welcoming him today to hear him speak about his latest book, Spice, the 16th century contest that shaped the modern world. | 我很高兴今天欢迎他 听到他谈到他最新的书《香料》 16世纪的比赛 塑造了现代世界 |
| 14 | I think it's especially appropriate that today's event spans the globe with myself being here in New Haven at Yale, | 我觉得今天的活动 横跨全球是特别合适的, 我在这里纽黑文耶鲁, |
| 15 | our speaker, of course, being based in the UK, and many of our audience members based in China and the rest of Asia. | 当然,我们的演讲人设在联合王国,我们的许多听众设在中国和亚洲其他地区。 |
| 16 | And so we'll spend about 40 or so minutes, 40 to 45 minutes hearing Roger speak, and then we'll have time for questions at the end. | 所以我们会花大约40分钟左右,40到45分钟 听到罗杰说话,然后我们有时间在最后提问。 |
| 17 | And so feel free to enter your questions in the chat box, or at the end, you can raise your hand and I will be moderating that discussion. | 所以,你可以随意在聊天箱里输入你的问题, 或者说,最后,你可以举起手来, 我将主持讨论。 |
| 18 | And so especially excited for today, and I want to also welcome the members that are joining us as part of the Royal Asia Asiatic Society here in Beijing, | 今天我感到特别兴奋,我还要欢迎作为亚洲皇家学会成员在北京这里加入我们的行列, |
| 19 | as well as some people who are joining us as part of our special book program at Yale Center Beijing for the Four Humanities program. | 以及作为耶鲁中心北京四人计划特别书刊计划的一部分加入我们的一些人。 |
| 20 | And so with that, I will stop talking because I want to hear our speakers speak. | 因此,我将停止发言,因为我想听取我们的发言者的发言。 |
| 21 | And so, Roger, I'll turn things over to you. | 罗杰,我把事情交给你 |
| 22 | Okay, well, thank you very much for coming along to listen to me. | 好吧,非常感谢你 一起来听我说。 |
| 23 | I'm the author of a book, Yale book, called Spice, The 16th Century Contest that Shaped the Modern World. | 我是一本书《耶鲁书》的作者, 叫做《香料》, 《16世纪大赛》, 塑造了现代世界。 |
| 24 | I'm really going to talk about the history and influence of spices on the creation of global economy and global trade in the 16th century. | 我真的要谈谈香料对16世纪全球经济和全球贸易创造的历史和影响. |
| 25 | I see the 16th century from a European point of view as an age of acceleration in which things change very quickly. | 我从欧洲的角度将16世纪视为一个加速的时代,在这个时代,事情的变化非常快. |
| 26 | And the reason for that, I think, is to do with exploration. | 我认为,其原因与探索有关。 |
| 27 | But let's just go back a bit and go back to the idea of spices as a global commodity. | 但是,让我们回过头来,回到香料作为全球商品的想法。 |
| 28 | We're all familiar with the Silk Road. | 我们都熟悉丝绸之路. |
| 29 | But alongside that, there has been since ancient times, a maritime spice road, very, very ancient. | 但除此之外,从古代就有一条海上香料之路,非常,非常古老. |
| 30 | And we can look back and we can see we can find 4000 year old clove buds on the banks of the Euphrates. | 我们可以回头看 我们可以在幼发拉底河岸找到4000年的丁香芽 |
| 31 | We know that in the Han dynasty, within the imperial court, anyone who wished to approach the emperor had to sweeten their breath with clothes. | 我们知道,在汉朝,在帝国宫廷内,凡是想接近皇帝的人,都要用衣服温柔地呼吸. |
| 32 | We know that the Romans used spices on their funeral pyres to wharf the bodies of the dead up to the world beyond. | 我们知道,罗马人用香料 在他们的葬礼烟火上 码头死者的尸体 直至世界之外。 |
| 33 | It's difficult for us now to comprehend how important spices were to people. | 我们现在很难理解香料对人们有多重要。 |
| 34 | What did they mean? | 他们是什么意思? |
| 35 | They thought they were antiseptics. | 他们认为他们是抗化剂。 |
| 36 | They might have been analgesics, things that would limit pain, aphrodisiacs. | 可能是止痛药 止痛药 |
| 37 | But basically, I think, spices cheered up people's food. | 但基本上,我认为,香料能为人们的食物带来欢呼。 |
| 38 | And if we look at the screen in front of you, you can see long distance trade routes stretching from China to Venice. | 如果我们看看你们面前的屏幕, 你们可以看到从中国到威尼斯的长途贸易路线。 |
| 39 | And the spices were transmitted through the hands of many, many merchants, particularly through the Indian Ocean. | 而香料是通过许多,许多商人的手传播的,尤其是通过印度洋. |
| 40 | How did spices get to Europe? | 香料怎么到欧洲的? |
| 41 | They went from Aden up the Red Sea. | 他们从红海的亚丁出发 |
| 42 | They were put on camels, taken to the Nile. | 他们被装在骆驼上,被带到尼罗河。 |
| 43 | They would be floated up the Nile to Alexandria. | 他们会被漂浮在尼罗河上到亚历山大港 |
| 44 | Merchants would come from Venice and buy it by spices. | 商贩会从威尼斯来用香料来买 |
| 45 | And the cost of spices by the time they got to Europe was very, very great. | 香料到欧洲时的成本非常非常高。 |
| 46 | If you think of each merchant putting a little bit more on to the cost, the markup of spices from source to London might be a thousand percent. | 如果你想到每个商家多加一点成本, 从源头到伦敦的香料的加价可能是上千倍。 |
| 47 | They were very, very pricey. | 他们非常,非常昂贵。 |
| 48 | Their ideal first global commodity, lightweight. | 他们的理想的第一种全球商品,轻量级. |
| 49 | You can you can put a lot in the hold of a ship and they're quite durable. | 你可以把很多东西放在船上 它们很耐用 |
| 50 | So what did this mean, really, in terms of spices in Europe? | 从欧洲的香料来看,这是什么意思? |
| 51 | It meant that they were pricey. | 这意味着它们很贵。 |
| 52 | It meant that if you were wealthy and you wanted to show off, you'd have spiced your banquet with pepper or ginger. | 意思是如果你有钱想炫耀 你就会用辣椒或姜汁来点心 |
| 53 | And so, you know, this is a glamorous product of all the spices that came into Europe. | 所以,你知道,这是所有进入欧洲的香料的光泽产物。 |
| 54 | Most came from India, pepper and such ginger and things like that. | 大部分来自印度 胡椒和姜汁之类的东西 |
| 55 | The rarest and the most expensive of all the spices are those that came from the Malay archipelago in a little corner of what is now the Philippines. | 最稀有最贵的香料是那些来自马来群岛的香料, |
| 56 | There are a small clutch of islands which produce the rarest and the most valuable spices in the world at that time. | 有一小片岛屿 生产出当时世界上最稀有和最有价值的香料 |
| 57 | The those spices were cloves and nutmeg. | 那些香料是丁香和肉豆蔻 |
| 58 | And as a result of a freak of evolutionary biology, there are in a group of islands called the Moluccas, five tiny islands about the size. | 而由于一个进化生物学的怪胎,在一群叫做摩鹿加群岛的岛屿中,有五个大小相仿的小岛. |
| 59 | These islands are only a few kilometers long. | 这些岛屿只有几公里长. |
| 60 | These are the only places in the world where cloves grew 200 miles further south in what is called the Bandar Sea. | 这些是世界上唯一一个 南方200英里深的丁香生长在 被称为班达海的地方 |
| 61 | There are three islands called the Bandars where nutmeg grew. | 有三座叫班达尔岛的岛屿是肉豆蔻生长的地方. |
| 62 | Very volcanic islands. | 非常火山岛。 |
| 63 | If you look at the picture down on the right, you can see it's been hit by a lava flow. | 如果看右边的图片,可以看到它被熔岩流击中. |
| 64 | This is a very geologically active part of the world. | 这是一个非常地质活跃的世界。 |
| 65 | And it was here actually the English biologists in the 19th century worked out a theory of evolution. | 实际上,19世纪的英国生物学家们就在这里研究出了进化论。 |
| 66 | How do these species evolve in these particular places? | 这些物种是如何在这些特定的地方进化的? |
| 67 | So nutmeg and cloves were the most expensive, the most and the rarest of all the spices that you could get. | 所以,肉豆蔻和丁香是最贵的, 最稀有的香料,你可以得到。 |
| 68 | We start to see Europe at the end of the 15th century looking at the possibility of how can we reach the spice islands without having to pay this enormous cost. | 我们开始看到欧洲在15世纪末 研究我们如何能够到达香料岛 而无需付出如此巨大的代价。 |
| 69 | The influence of Marco Polo sits very much behind this. | 马可·波罗的影响力就坐落在这个背后. |
| 70 | Marco Polo thought the cloves came from China. | 马可·波罗认为丁香来自中国. |
| 71 | He must have seen some cloves which had been imported there. | 他一定看到进口的丁香 |
| 72 | But the influence of Marco Polo on the idea of an exotic orient where spices grew was very significant in the mindset of Europeans. | 但马可·波罗对香料生长的异国东方思想的影响在欧洲人的心态中非常重要. |
| 73 | So we start to see at the end of the 15th century attempts by European countries to outflank the Islamic world because all the spices that they were getting through Egypt were coming through Islamic merchants. | 因此,我们开始看到15世纪末,欧洲国家试图超越伊斯兰世界,因为他们正在从埃及得到的所有香料都来自伊斯兰商人。 |
| 74 | And this was kind of a sort of great irritation to Europeans. | 这对欧洲人是一种极大的刺激。 |
| 75 | But also an attempt to get rich by outflanking the huge price hike. | 但也试图通过抛开巨大的涨价来致富. |
| 76 | There's going to be a rivalry here between Spain and Portugal. | 西班牙和葡萄牙之间将出现对峙. |
| 77 | Why Spain and why Portugal? | 为什么是西班牙,为什么是葡萄牙? |
| 78 | These are the countries which flank the Atlantic and the Atlantic is the only way out for Europeans if they want to explore the world. | 它们是从大西洋和大西洋侧面绕过的国家,是欧洲人想要探索世界的唯一出路。 |
| 79 | The first of these of course is Columbus. | 其中第一个当然是哥伦布. |
| 80 | Columbus set sail from Spain in 1492 and he goes to and crosses the Atlantic and he comes to some islands which as far as we now know were Cuba and Jamaica and the Bahamas. | 哥伦布于1492年从西班牙启航,他前往并穿越大西洋,他来到一些岛屿,据我们所知,这些岛屿是古巴、牙买加和巴哈马。 |
| 81 | He thinks that he's close to China. | 他认为自己与中国关系密切. |
| 82 | Nobody understood clearly the size of the world because nobody knew about the Pacific Ocean. | 没有人明白世界的大小,因为没有人知道太平洋。 |
| 83 | Following on from that, we see a quantum attempt by the Portuguese to sail the other way. | 随后,我们看到葡萄牙人试图向另一边航行。 |
| 84 | The Portuguese worked really hard, really intensely during the 15th century to create a route around Africa, which they do. | 葡萄牙人非常努力,在15世纪里非常紧张, 创造一条环绕非洲的道路, 他们这样做。 |
| 85 | And in 1498, Vasco do Gama makes it to India. | 而在1498年,瓦斯科·多·加马(英语:Vasco do Gama)成功到达印度. |
| 86 | The Portuguese can then set up in India in Goa with a certain amount of violence and they can start to import pepper and ginger and other spices directly back into Europe. | 之后葡萄牙人可以在印度果阿设置一定的暴力,他们可以开始进口胡椒和姜等香料直接回到欧洲. |
| 87 | There's a great contest between Spain and Portugal. | 西班牙与葡萄牙的比赛非常激烈. |
| 88 | During the 15th century, there was a great deal of fighting in the Atlantic between the two countries. | 15世纪期间,两国在大西洋发生大量战斗. |
| 89 | And in order to solve or perhaps to demark areas of exploration, in 1494, the Portuguese and the Spanish cut an imaginary line through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, which you can see by this this arrow, blue arrow here, called the Tordesillas line. | 为了解决或标定勘探区域, 1494年,葡萄牙人和西班牙人 划出了一条假想的线穿过大西洋中部, 你可以看到这支箭,蓝箭,叫托德西拉斯线。 |
| 90 | And everything east of that line going east towards the Orient is going to be Portuguese territory. | 这条线以东向东方方向的所有东西 都将是葡萄牙领土 |
| 91 | Anything west of this line is going to be Spanish territory. | 这条线以西的任何地方都将是西班牙领土. |
| 92 | It's incredibly presumptuous of both Spain and Portugal to think that they could carve up the world in this way. | 西班牙和葡萄牙都自以为是 认为他们可以这样分割世界 |
| 93 | So you can see the Spanish flag on this side of the Tordesillas line and the Portuguese flag on the other side. | 因此可以看到托德西拉斯线的这一侧的西班牙国旗和另一侧的葡萄牙国旗. |
| 94 | The problem really with the Tordesillas line is that nobody actually could identify exactly where it was. | 托德西拉斯线的问题其实是, 没有人能确定它的确切位置。 |
| 95 | This is a question of the difficulty from a ship of working out a longitude. | 这是一个从船只上很难确定经度的问题。 |
| 96 | Nothing that could be done definitively until maritime clocks in the 18th century. | 在18世纪的海上钟声之前 什么都做不了 |
| 97 | So the position of this Tordesillas line is always kind of a bit obscure. | 所以托德西拉斯线的位置总是有点模糊。 |
| 98 | And what is going to happen is they've drawn this line through the Atlantic, but what is going to happen when they get to the other side of the world? | 接下来会发生什么是,他们已经划出了这条线 通过大西洋, 但是当他们到达世界的另一端时会怎样呢? |
| 99 | And we're going to see this as a contest, which is going to be played out in the Spice Islands between these two countries. | 我们将把这看作是一场比赛, 将在这两个国家之间的香料群岛上进行。 |
| 100 | By 1511, the Portuguese who are in India have worked their way down to Malacca on the coast of the Malay archipelago and they conquer and capture Malacca from an Islamic kingdom. | 到了1511年,在印度的葡萄牙人一直努力到马来群岛沿岸的马六甲,他们征服并夺取了来自伊斯兰王国的马六甲. |
| 101 | They are now on the outskirts of the Malay archipelago. | 他们现在位于马来群岛的郊区. |
| 102 | Arriving in Malacca is very fortuitous for the Portuguese. | 抵达马六甲对葡萄牙人来说是非常偶然的. |
| 103 | Here they meet Chinese merchants for the first time, who have a good knowledge of the spice trade, who by means of which I am uncertain how they communicated. | 在这里,他们第一次见到了中国商人,他们精通香料贸易,我不确定他们是如何沟通的. |
| 104 | But they learned quite a lot about the spice trade. | 但他们学到了很多香料交易 |
| 105 | Malacca is a battle of China effectively and allowed to trade with China. | 马六甲战役是中国有效的一场战役,被允许与中国进行贸易. |
| 106 | It's interesting also actually that the Portuguese account of this meeting in 1511 is the first mention of chopsticks in European languages. | 有趣的是,1511年这次会议的葡萄牙记述是欧洲语言中第一次提到筷子. |
| 107 | It's very odd that Marco Polo, for all the things he did mention, never mentioned chopsticks. | 奇怪的是,马可·波罗, 他提到的所有事情,从来没有提到筷子。 |
| 108 | From Malacca, the Portuguese are able to hire local pilots to lead them to the Spice Islands. | 从马六甲出发,葡萄牙人能够聘请当地的飞行员带领他们前往香料群岛. |
| 109 | And you can see on my map here that they make their way up to the Malacca in 1511. | 你可以在我的地图上看到 他们1511年到达马六甲 |
| 110 | The man who leads his expedition is a Portuguese man called Francisco Serrao. | 带领他的远征者是一个葡萄牙人,名叫弗朗西斯科·塞拉奥. |
| 111 | And Serrao arrives in the Malacca and at that point he goes off message. | 塞拉罗抵达马六甲 此时他发了信息 |
| 112 | He settles down in the Malacca because he has no intention of going back to Portugal or reporting to the Portuguese king. | 他定居在马六甲,因为他无意返回葡萄牙或向葡萄牙国王报告. |
| 113 | And he starts to lead the life of a Raja in the Malacca. | 他开始过着马六甲拉贾人的生活 |
| 114 | But what we do know is that somehow ships coming to and fro from Portuguese ships coming to and fro from Malacca to the Malacca and back again | 但我们知道 不知何故 飞来飞去的葡萄牙船只 从马六甲飞回马六甲 |
| 115 | carried letters from Serrao to his friend for now Magalhaes. | 带了塞拉奥的信给他的朋友 现在Magalhaes。 |
| 116 | Magalhaes is a man that we now know as Ferdinand Magellan. | 马加尔海斯是一个男人 我们现在知道 斐迪南麦哲伦。 |
| 117 | Magellan is Portuguese author. | 麦哲伦是葡萄牙作家. |
| 118 | Magellan is author ambitious to explore the world. | 麦哲伦的作者雄心勃勃地探索世界. |
| 119 | Magellan is out of favor with the Portuguese king. | 麦哲伦脱离了葡萄牙国王的青睐. |
| 120 | So he leaves Portugal, goes to Spain and tries to sell the idea of an expedition to the Spice Islands, sailing west to the king Charles I. | 于是他离开葡萄牙,前往西班牙,试图兜售远征斯皮斯群岛的构想,向西航行到国王查理一世. |
| 121 | Magellan is very self-confident and he does something which is extraordinary. | 麦哲伦很自信,他做了一些非凡的事。 |
| 122 | He claims nobody knows whether there is any way through the Americas. | 他声称没有人知道 有没有途径穿过美洲。 |
| 123 | Some of South America has been explored, but nobody knows if it's a barrier that stretches the length of the planet | 有些南美人被探索过 但没人知道这是否是 延伸地球长度的屏障 |
| 124 | or whether it is possible to get through the Americas and sail to the Malaccas. | 或能否穿过美洲,航行到马六甲. |
| 125 | He's very self-confident and he has access to a globe produced in 1515 by a German cartographer called Johannes Schörner. | 他非常自信,并且可以访问1515年由德国制图师约翰内斯·舍尔纳(Johannes Schörner)制作的地球. |
| 126 | There's his globe on the left. | 左边有他的地球表 |
| 127 | If you look at his globe on the right, you can see a fairly well shaped South America because some exploration had taken place down this coast. | 如果你看看右边的地球, 你可以看到一个相当好的 南美洲,因为一些探索 发生在这个海岸。 |
| 128 | And then you can see that in Schörner's globe, there are two gaps. | 然后你可以看到,在舍尔纳的地球里,有两个缺口。 |
| 129 | There's not much sign of North America in this map. | 这张地图上没有多少北美的迹象. |
| 130 | There's two gaps, one here, which might just be the isthmus of Panama where the landmass is very thin. | 有两个缺口,一个在这里, 它可能只是巴拿马的地峡 那里的陆地非常薄。 |
| 131 | And the other is he claims that there is a way around the bottom of South America. | 另一种说法是,他声称有一条路可以绕过南美洲的底部。 |
| 132 | No one actually knows there's a mystery here as to whether this existed or not. | 实际上没有人知道这是否存在。 |
| 133 | But he sells this idea to Charles I, king of Spain. | 但他把这个想法卖给了西班牙国王查理一世. |
| 134 | He gets the permission to have an expedition. | 他得到允许去探险 |
| 135 | Five ships set out from Seville in 1519. | 1519年五艘船从塞维利亚出发. |
| 136 | They make their way down the coast of South America. | 它们沿着南美海岸前进 |
| 137 | It gets very cold. | 它变得非常冷。 |
| 138 | There's a mutiny by some of the men and he's very ruthless. | 有的人兵变 他非常无情 |
| 139 | But they do find a strait around the bottom. | 但他们确实在底部找到一条海峡 |
| 140 | What is it now? | 现在怎么办? |
| 141 | The bottom of Argentina, which is now known as the Magellan Strait. | 阿根廷底部,现称麦哲伦海峡. |
| 142 | It's a brutal voyage. | 这是一个残酷的航行。 |
| 143 | It takes them 36 days to travel 350 miles through this winding glacial uninhabited wilderness. | 他们花了36天的时间 穿越350英里 穿过这个风化的冰川 无人居住的荒野 |
| 144 | That's 10 miles a day. | 即日十里许. |
| 145 | Eventually, they make it into the Pacific Ocean. | 最终,它们进入太平洋. |
| 146 | They only thought that the Pacific Ocean was a narrow sea. | 他们只以为太平洋是狭长的海. |
| 147 | Nobody knew that the whole concept of how large the world is was. | 没人知道世界有多大 |
| 148 | Magellan reckoned the world was smaller than it actually was. | 麦哲伦认为世界比实际小 |
| 149 | It's actually nine and a half thousand miles across. | 它实际上有9500英里的跨度。 |
| 150 | But the sailing is quite easy because the wind blows them steadily across the Pacific Ocean. | 但航行相当容易,因为风将它们稳步吹过太平洋. |
| 151 | When you get to this star in the middle, this is the equatorial line. | 当你到达中间的这个恒星, 这是赤道线。 |
| 152 | Magellan knew that the Moluccas were right in the middle of the equatorial line. | 麦哲伦知道摩鹿加人就在赤道线中间. |
| 153 | It would have been very easy at this point for Magellan's pilots to just sail west and hit the Moluccas. | 此时麦哲伦的飞行员们就很容易向西航行,击中摩鹿加号. |
| 154 | But he doesn't do that. | 但他不这样做。 |
| 155 | We're perfectly mystified why. | 我们很神秘 |
| 156 | I think the reason is that Magellan knew that the Portuguese were installed in the Moluccas. | 我认为原因是麦哲伦知道葡萄牙人被安置在摩鹿加. |
| 157 | He would not be popular because he's a traitor. | 他不会受欢迎 因为他是个叛徒。 |
| 158 | He's gone to Spain. | 他去西班牙了 他去西班牙了 他去了西班牙 |
| 159 | So instead of that, he keeps heading west to the Philippines, which are possibly still within Portuguese territory. | 因此,他不停地向西前往菲律宾,而菲律宾可能仍在葡萄牙境内。 |
| 160 | At this point, Magellan goes a little bit crazy. | 此时麦哲伦有点疯狂. |
| 161 | They've been at sea for nine and a half thousand miles. | 他们已经在海上9500英里。 |
| 162 | And he gets the idea that he can conquer the Philippines quite easily. | 他得到的想法是 他能够非常容易地征服菲律宾。 |
| 163 | And he decides to take on the local tribal chief who's called Lapu Lapu in a battle called the Battle of Mactan. | 而他决定接任当地部落首领拉普·拉普在一场名为"麦克坦战役"的战斗中被称为"拉普·拉普". |
| 164 | A hundred Spaniards armed with rifles against 1,500 native people armed with bows and arrows. | 一百名西班牙人武装着步枪,对付1500名原住民,武装着弓箭. |
| 165 | It doesn't go very well for Magellan. | 对麦哲伦来说不太合适 |
| 166 | Magellan is killed. | 麦哲伦被杀了 |
| 167 | And to this day, every year in the Philippines, they reenact the murder or the death of Magellan. | 而时至今日,在菲律宾,他们每年都会重新出现麦哲伦的谋杀或死亡. |
| 168 | And this is taken as a founding moment in the history of the Philippines as a nation. | 这被视为菲律宾作为一个国家历史上的开国之机。 |
| 169 | There are all sorts of side events in relation to this whole spice race, if you can call it that. | 与这整个香料赛车相关的各种附带活动,如果你可以这样称呼的话. |
| 170 | By this stage, only two of the five ships are left. | 到这个阶段,五舰中只剩下两艘了. |
| 171 | And the ships make it to the Spice Islands. | 飞船飞到了香料群岛 |
| 172 | The Portuguese fleet is not there at that moment. | 葡萄牙舰队此时不在. |
| 173 | They get lucky. | 他们很幸运 |
| 174 | They load up their two ships with spices and then they have a choice. | 他们用香料加载他们的两艘船,然后他们有选择权. |
| 175 | How are they going to get home again? | 他们要怎么回家? |
| 176 | One ship, the Trinidad, decides that it will sail back across the Pacific Ocean. | 一艘船,特立尼达号,决定驶回太平洋 |
| 177 | The other ship will sail, try and sail round through what is effectively Portuguese territory back to Spain. | 另一艘船将航行,尝试和航行 绕过有效的葡萄牙领土 回到西班牙。 |
| 178 | The ship that sails east is blown back by the Pacific winds and is captured by the Portuguese. | 向东航行的船只被太平洋风吹回,被葡萄牙人俘虏. |
| 179 | The ship that sails west under Juan Sebastián Elcano, who was the second in command, | 在胡安·塞巴斯蒂安·埃尔卡诺(Juan Sebastián Elcano)麾下向西航行的舰只,他是第二任指挥, |
| 180 | they dodge the Portuguese fleet, which is looking for them, and they make it back to Seville. | 他们躲过了葡萄牙舰队 他们正在寻找他们, 他们赶回塞维利亚。 |
| 181 | And this is an extraordinary moment in the European concept of the world, that the world is global. | 这是欧洲世界概念中一个非凡的时刻, 世界是全球性的。 |
| 182 | You can sail around it. | 你可以绕着它航行 |
| 183 | And the tale of extraordinary suffering, really. | 和非凡的痛苦的故事,真的。 |
| 184 | 280 men effectively set out from Seville and 15 make it back again. | 280人从塞维利亚出发 15人又回来了 |
| 185 | Elcano's only reward for this is being given a coat of arms with spices on it, a cinnamon stick, clothes and nutmegs. | 埃尔卡诺唯一的奖赏就是得到一件带有香料的臂章,一个肉桂棒,衣服和肉豆蔻. |
| 186 | So, you know, it's not great. | 所以,你知道,这是不伟大的。 |
| 187 | But what follows on from this is a major diplomatic row between Spain and Portugal about the Tordesillas Line, | 但接下来是西班牙和葡萄牙之间关于托德西拉斯线的一排重要外交赛事 |
| 188 | because this is the original line across the Atlantic. | 因为这是横跨大西洋的原线 |
| 189 | It then is said to stretch around the world. | 据说它会伸展在世界各地。 |
| 190 | So where would it be on the other side of the world? | 那它会在哪里 世界的另一边? |
| 191 | Well, Spain claims that it's there and the Moluccas would then be in their area. | 西班牙声称它在那里 摩鹿加人会在那里 |
| 192 | Portugal claims that it's there, in which case the Moluccas are in the Portuguese area. | 葡萄牙声称它在那里,在这种情况下摩鹿加人在葡萄牙地区. |
| 193 | Of course, this is all imperial nonsense, you could say, of European powers coming in to interfere with the lives of other people. | 当然,这完全是帝国主义的胡说八道,你们可以说,欧洲列强进来干涉别人的生活. |
| 194 | The Tordesillas Line is actually undefinable. | 托德西拉斯线实际上无法定义. |
| 195 | What then follows is a major contest for the Moluccas between Spain and Portugal for 20 years, between about 1525 and 1546. | 随后是西班牙和葡萄牙在约1525年到1546年间为摩鹿加人进行20年的大赛. |
| 196 | Spain and Portugal are fighting a micro war in the Moluccas for control of the spice trade. | 西班牙和葡萄牙为控制香料贸易在摩鹿加展开一场微观战争. |
| 197 | There are two leadings of clove bearing islands. | 有两条带丁香的岛屿 |
| 198 | One is Ternate, which is Portuguese, the other is Tidore, which is Spanish. | 一个是特尔纳特语,是葡萄牙语,另一个是蒂多尔语,是西班牙语. |
| 199 | They're separated by about 500 meters. | 它们分离约500米. |
| 200 | Each builds a fort on its island, drags in the local population on each side, and they blast each other to bits. | 每座都在其岛上建造一座堡垒,在两侧的当地居民中拖曳,互相轰击成几块. |
| 201 | There can only be one winner in this competition, and that's going to be Portugal, | 这场比赛只能有一个赢家 这将是葡萄牙 |
| 202 | because Portugal can resupply itself from Malacca. | 因为葡萄牙可以从马六甲补给自己. |
| 203 | The Spanish can't, because all their attempts to sail back across the Pacific fail. | 西班牙人不行,因为他们试图穿越太平洋的航行都失败了. |
| 204 | They send four expeditions to support their fight. | 他们派出四支远征军支援他们的战斗. |
| 205 | They all get blown back to the Moluccas because they have not worked out a way to sail back across the Pacific Ocean. | 它们都被吹回摩鹿加河 因为它们还没有找到一条航路 |
| 206 | The Portuguese in the Moluccas dealt with the local people in a very brutal way. | 摩鹿加的葡萄牙人以非常残酷的方式对待当地人民. |
| 207 | There's only one good man in this. | 此中只见一善男子. |
| 208 | Every four years he's sent out a governor, and the best of these governors is a man called Antonio Galvao, | 他每四年派一位州长 最好的州长就是一个叫安东尼奥·加尔沃的人 |
| 209 | who was actually horrified by what the Portuguese were doing to the local people. | 被葡萄牙人对当地人民的所作所为吓到了 |
| 210 | He regarded cloves as a source of evil. | 他认为丁香是邪恶的来源。 |
| 211 | These islands are a warren of all evil and have no good but the clove. | 这些岛屿是所有邪恶的战利品,除了丁香之外没有任何好处。 |
| 212 | Insofar as it is the material cause of our people going there, it is an apple of all discord, and one could curse it more than gold itself. | 因为它是我国人民前往那里的物质原因,它是所有不和的苹果,人们可以诅咒它,而不是金子本身。 |
| 213 | So it is effectively, you know, an example of European plundering. | 因此,它是有效的,你知道, 欧洲掠夺的例子。 |
| 214 | The Portuguese, having got to the Moluccas, their next step is to try and expand their network and reach and go to China. | 葡萄牙人,到了摩鹿加人之后,他们的下一步是尝试扩大他们的网络,到达中国. |
| 215 | In 1517, with the aid of Chinese pilots, they make their way to Canton up the Pearl River. | 1517年,在中国飞行员的协助下,他们前往珠江上游的坎顿. |
| 216 | This is a Portuguese map of getting to the Pearl River, not very accurate. | 这是葡萄牙的一张前往珠江的地图,不太准确. |
| 217 | And they completely misunderstand the way that Chinese protocol works. | 他们完全误解了中国协议的运作方式。 |
| 218 | They thought that they would be able to talk man to man with the Chinese emperor. | 他们以为能与中国皇帝进行人与人的对话. |
| 219 | It doesn't work like that, and they make themselves very unpopular. | 它不这样工作, 他们使自己非常不受欢迎。 |
| 220 | They try to build a fort at the mouth of the Pearl River, and this is completely unacceptable within Chinese protocol. | 他们试图在珠江口修建堡垒,这在中国议定书中是完全不能接受的. |
| 221 | Many of the Portuguese are killed. | 许多葡萄牙人被杀. |
| 222 | They are banned from trading on the coast of China at all. | 它们完全被禁止在中国海岸进行贸易。 |
| 223 | And so the whole of the southern coast of China is really locked down to the Portuguese and other similar people. | 所以整个中国南部海岸 都与葡萄牙人和其他类似的人密不可分 |
| 224 | However, the economy of southern China does depend upon buying and selling, and spices are very valuable. | 然而,中国南部的经济确实依赖于买卖,香料非常有价值. |
| 225 | So what we then get is a kind of smuggling operation on the islands off the coast of South China. | 因此,我们得到了一种走私行动 在南中国沿海的岛屿。 |
| 226 | Spices are actually in great demand on the imperial court. | 香料实际上对帝国宫廷的需求很大. |
| 227 | The problem for the Chinese is how to accommodate a valuable trade with foreigners without compromising Chinese territorial or imperial integrity. | 对于中国人来说,问题是如何在不损害中国领土或帝国完整的情况下,照顾到与外国人进行有价值的贸易. |
| 228 | In the midst of all this, so we have these Portuguese smuggling expeditions, and there are all sorts of consequences of this, some of which are very extraordinary. | 在这一切之中,我们有这些葡萄牙走私探险队, 并有各种各样的后果, 其中一些是非常特别的。 |
| 229 | Because one ship which is sailing off the coast of southern China gets blown off course and lands on the Japanese island of Tanegashima. | 因为一艘正在中国南部沿海航行的船 被从航线上吹走 降落在日本的种子岛岛上 |
| 230 | The Portuguese step ashore. | 葡萄牙阶岸. |
| 231 | In their hands, they have matchlock rifles. | 他们手里有火柴洛克步枪 |
| 232 | The shogun of the island is very interested in these, and he buys one and copies it. | 岛上的猎枪对这些非常感兴趣,他买了一个并复制了它. |
| 233 | And what we develop out of this is what is called the Tanegashima era in Japan. | 我们从中发展出来的是日本所谓的种子岛时代。 |
| 234 | Japan is a whole country or islands of warring shogunates. | 日本是一个完整的国家或岛屿 交战的人质。 |
| 235 | The accidental technology transfer leads to the development of firearms in Japan. | 意外的技术转让导致日本枪支的发展. |
| 236 | And this one single shot fired by a Portuguese man on the coast of Japan in 1543 changes Japanese history, because by the end of the 17th century, | 而1543年一名葡萄牙人在日本海岸发射的一枪改变了日本的历史,因为到17世纪末, |
| 237 | Japan is producing more firearms than the whole of Europe. | 日本生产的火器比整个欧洲都多。 |
| 238 | One shogunate will get control of the whole of Japan with the use of firearms. | 使用枪械就能控制整个日本 |
| 239 | And so this accidental offshoot, if you like, of the spice trade changes Japanese history. | 所以,这个意外的脉冲,如果你喜欢的话, 香料贸易改变了日本的历史。 |
| 240 | The Togakukawa shogunate becomes the leading force in Japan. | 丰角川号成为日本的主力军. |
| 241 | Extraordinary little side consequences, if you like, of spice trading. | 香料交易的副作用很特别 |
| 242 | The need for the south coast of China to be able to import spices and various other things remains. | 中国南海岸需要能够进口香料和其他各种东西。 |
| 243 | And in 1557, when Portuguese fleet is on its way to Japan, it stops at Macau. | 而在1557年葡萄牙舰队在前往日本的途中,停靠澳门. |
| 244 | And here the Portuguese commander of this fleet manages to come to an agreement, unofficial agreement, | 而这里的葡萄牙舰队指挥官 设法达成了协议,非正式的协议, |
| 245 | with the local dignitaries to allow goods to pass to and fro without any concession on Chinese dignity or territorial integrity. | 当地要人允许货物通过和流转,而不对中国的尊严和领土完整作出任何让步。 |
| 246 | And the result is this foothold in China, Macau in 1557, sealed off by a gate. | 而结果就是1557年在中国澳门的这个立足点被一个大门封了. |
| 247 | This is a 19th century version of the same thing. | 这是19世纪的同物版. |
| 248 | And this is to the benefit of both sides, so that the Portuguese can set up on Macau. | 这有利于双方,使葡萄牙人能够在澳门建立起来. |
| 249 | They're entirely dependent for food on the Chinese. | 他们完全依靠中国人吃饭. |
| 250 | The emperor of China has no knowledge of this operation, | 中国皇帝不知道这次行动 |
| 251 | but it's an incredibly important step in the development of global trade. | 但它是全球贸易发展中一个非常重要的步骤。 |
| 252 | It's an informal arrangement between merchants. | 这是商人之间的非正式安排. |
| 253 | During this period, the Spanish are totally locked out of the Spice Islands | 在此期间,西班牙人被完全封锁在香料群岛之外 |
| 254 | because of the problem that they cannot sail back across the Pacific. | 因为他们不能飞回太平洋 |
| 255 | They've had four expeditions, some launched around the Straits of Magellan, some from Mexico, and they've all been blown back. | 他们有4次探险,有的在麦哲伦海峡周围发射,有的从墨西哥发射,全部被吹回. |
| 256 | The issue for Spain is that it would like to crack the code of the Pacific winds | 对西班牙来说,问题在于它想破解太平洋风的密码 |
| 257 | so that they could sail to the Philippines or the Spice Islands and sail back again. | 以便他们能航行到菲律宾或香料群岛,然后再次航行回来. |
| 258 | In 1564, the king, Philip II of Spain, says we're going to have another go at this. | 1564年,西班牙国王腓力二世说我们要再做一次这件事. |
| 259 | And he calls on this one man here. | 他召唤了这个人 |
| 260 | This is not an authentic picture of him. | 这不是他的真面目 |
| 261 | We don't know what he looked like. | 我们不知道他长什么样子 |
| 262 | 他叫安德烈斯·德·乌尔达内塔(Andres de Urdaneta). | |
| 263 | He at this time was a monk in a monastery in Mexico. | 此时他在墨西哥的一所修道院当修道士. |
| 264 | But as a young man, he spent 11 years in the Malaccas engaging guerrilla war against the Portuguese. | 但是作为一个年轻人,他在马六甲战役中度过了11年,对葡萄牙人进行游击战争. |
| 265 | He was a very bright guy, and he had studied the meteorology in a great deal of detail. | 他是一个非常聪明的人,他曾经非常详细地研究气象学. |
| 266 | The king writes to Andres de Urdaneta in his monastery and says, | 国王在他的修道院里写信给安德雷斯·德·乌尔达内塔说: |
| 267 | please, will you lead an expedition to find a way back across the Atlantic, sorry, across the Pacific? | 麻烦你带领一支探险队 穿越大西洋,对不起,穿越太平洋 |
| 268 | So they set off two ships. | 于是他们开了两艘船 |
| 269 | The aim is not commercial, not to buy spices. | 目的不是商业,不是购买香料。 |
| 270 | It's just an expedition to discover how to sail back across the Pacific Ocean. | 这只是一次探险 探索如何航行回太平洋 |
| 271 | Urdaneta is effectively in charge of this. | 乌尔达内塔实际上负责此事. |
| 272 | He chooses the right time of year. | 他选择正确的时间 每年。 |
| 273 | He knows that you need to catch a wind up to Japan, | 他知道你需要赶到日本 |
| 274 | and then you can catch another wind which will take you back to Mexico. | 然后,你可以赶上另一风 将你带回墨西哥。 |
| 275 | And he manages to do it back to Acapulco. | 他设法回到阿卡普尔科 |
| 276 | This is an incredibly important moment in world history | 这是世界历史上一个非常重要的时刻 |
| 277 | because it means it's the final link in the chain of oceans | 因为它意味着它是海洋链的最后环节 |
| 278 | and the ability for joining together continents and hemispheres. | 以及结合大陆和半球的能力。 |
| 279 | In 1571, based upon the fact that the Spanish can now sail between Mexico and the Philippines, | 1571年,基于西班牙人现在可以在墨西哥和菲律宾之间航行的事实, |
| 280 | the Spanish capture Manila. | 西班牙人攻占马尼拉 |
| 281 | Manila is a major trade hub in an extensive and very old trading network | 马尼拉是一个庞大和非常古老的贸易网络的主要贸易中心 |
| 282 | linking the peoples and trades of Asia. | 将亚洲人民与贸易联系在一起。 |
| 283 | It connects trading routes of Japan and China, Brunei, Java, Sumatra and Malacca. | 它连接了日本和中国,文莱,爪哇,苏门答腊和马六甲的贸易路线. |
| 284 | This gives the Spanish a key foothold in the trade of the Far East. | 这使得西班牙人在远东贸易中有一个关键的立足点. |
| 285 | So you can see all these nodal points now joined together. | 所以,你可以看到所有这些节点 现在合并在一起。 |
| 286 | The Spice Islands, Manila, Macau, Nagasaki, Malacca, Goa, and then round to Europe. | 斯皮斯群岛,马尼拉,澳门,长崎,马六甲,果阿,然后环绕欧洲. |
| 287 | And this is an incredible axis of trade that has been created. | 这是一个令人难以置信的贸易轴心 已经创造了。 |
| 288 | This is the last link, you might say, in the global chain of connectivity. | 可以说,这是全球连通链中的最后一个环节。 |
| 289 | The Spanish can now sail from Seville to La Habana and Veracuras on Mexico. | 西班牙人现在可以从塞维利亚航行到墨西哥的拉哈巴纳和维拉库拉斯. |
| 290 | They can have goods carried across rivers to Acapulco. | 他们可以携带货物过河到阿卡普尔科. |
| 291 | The goods can then be sailed across the Pacific Ocean to Manila. | 然后,货物可以航行到太平洋到马尼拉。 |
| 292 | They can then trade with Macau and Japan and all the other places, and they can sail back again. | 然后他们可以和澳门和日本以及所有其他地方进行贸易,他们可以再次航行回来. |
| 293 | And they can link in with South America. | 它们可以连接到南美。 |
| 294 | This has enormous consequences for global trade. | 这对全球贸易产生了巨大影响。 |
| 295 | And after this, we see every year from Manila that a galleon route across the Pacific from Manila | 之后,我们每年都从马尼拉看到一条 横跨太平洋从马尼拉的航线 |
| 296 | back to Mexico with the goods of the Far East takes place. | 带着远东货物返回墨西哥 |
| 297 | These are the container ships of the age. | 这些是时代的集装箱船. |
| 298 | Twice a year when the wind is favorable, they make a long but indeed very arduous journey across the Pacific Ocean | 一年两次,当风向有利时,它们会经历一段漫长但确实非常艰苦的旅程,跨越太平洋 |
| 299 | to Acapulco with all the goods of the Orient, effectively, in now an ever-enlarging trading system, including spices, of course. | 与东方的所有商品一起 有效地 在一个不断增长的交易体系中 包括香料 |
| 300 | These ships dock at Acapulco. | 这些船只停靠在阿卡普尔科. |
| 301 | This is the terminus of the Manila galleon route. | 这是马尼拉航线的终点 |
| 302 | There is a huge trade fair there. | 那里有一个巨大的交易会。 |
| 303 | Goods are then carried or transported on rivers to Mexico City. | 然后在河流中运送或运送货物到墨西哥城。 |
| 304 | Mexico City becomes a global city. | 墨西哥 城市成为全球城市. |
| 305 | It's the major link in a train of trade between Europe and the Far East. | 它是欧洲与远东贸易列车中的主要连接. |
| 306 | The most famous city, center of perfection, hinge of the world, said a visitor in the 16th century. | 最著名的城市 完美中心 世界的链条 16世纪的一位游客说 |
| 307 | What is happening at the same time is that we see the development of a global economy. | 与此同时,我们看到全球经济的发展。 |
| 308 | I think about 1570. | 我想大概是1570岁 |
| 309 | China changes its tax system. | 中国改变税收制度. |
| 310 | Whereas I think before taxes were paid either in crops or in labor, | 我想在收税之前 无论是收税还是收工 |
| 311 | around this time they moved to that all taxes shall be paid for in silver. | 此时他们已迁居至此 所有税项都将用银币支付 |
| 312 | And this, all the links of trade, which have been launched by the spice trade, now come into play. | 香料贸易所发起的所有贸易环节 现在都投入使用。 |
| 313 | The difference in terms of European trade with the Far East is the vast quantities of silver | 欧洲与远东贸易的区别在于银子数量巨大 |
| 314 | that are discovered in the Andes in 1545. | 1545年发现于安第斯山脉 |
| 315 | This is Spain's lucky day. | 这是西班牙的幸运日。 |
| 316 | In 1545, a prospector in the Bolivian Andes discovers a mountain rich in silver ore. | 1545年,玻利维亚安第斯山脉的一个探矿者发现了一座富含银矿的山. |
| 317 | It's called Potosí. | 名为波多西来. |
| 318 | 西班牙人称之为Cerro Rico,富山. | |
| 319 | This is the site of the largest mining boom in world history. | 此处是世界历史上最大的采矿繁荣之地. |
| 320 | By the 17th century, it has a population of 160,000 people. | 到17世纪,其人口为16万人. |
| 321 | It is as large as London or Paris. | 它和伦敦或巴黎一样大。 |
| 322 | It is bigger than the mother city, Madrid. | 比母城马德里还大 |
| 323 | And the mining of this hill, of this mountain, | 和开采这山, 这山, |
| 324 | is going to provide a huge flow of silver into the world system. | 将会提供大量银元流入世界体系 |
| 325 | The work is actually going to be undertaken by the unfortunate local people called the Chechua, | 这项工作实际上要由不幸的当地人来承担,他们叫Chechua, |
| 326 | who would toil up and down inside this mountain with candles strapped to their thumb, | 在那座山里,谁用捆在拇指上的蜡烛上下劳累, |
| 327 | bringing down the ore to be smelted. | 将矿石带下熔炼。 |
| 328 | Potosí is still there and still being mined in a small way. | Potosí仍然在那里,并且仍然以很小的方式布设地雷。 |
| 329 | So this flood of silver into the system is the means by which Europeans can now trade, particularly with China. | 因此,这次银子泛滥进入系统,是欧洲人现在可以进行贸易,特别是与中国进行贸易的手段. |
| 330 | Silver is a global currency. | 银是一种全球货币. |
| 331 | The first book in English, sorry, the first book in Portuguese translated into English, | 第一本英文书,抱歉,第一本葡萄牙文书翻译成英文, |
| 332 | Saint Marco Polo, was a monk called Gaspar de Cruz who came to China in 1569 | 圣马可波罗,是1569年来到中国的 名叫加斯帕尔·德·克鲁斯的和尚 |
| 333 | and wrote a very detailed and amazed account of Chinese life, its technology, its customs. | 并且写了一篇非常详细和令人惊讶的关于中国生活,技术,风俗的叙述. |
| 334 | And the thing he notices is every man has a pair of scales and weights in his house | 他所注意到的,是每个人 都有一对天平和重量在他的房子里 |
| 335 | because the common that goeth instead of money is silver by weight. | 因为钱不是钱,而是钱 通常都是银子 |
| 336 | No coins, just weighed silver. | 没有硬币,只是重银。 |
| 337 | And we're going to see the role of silver around the world. | 而我们将看到世界各地银的作用. |
| 338 | This is a very famous painting by the Dutch artist Vermeer in 1664. | 这是荷兰艺术家韦尔迈尔于1664年创作的一幅非常著名的画作. |
| 339 | It's the painting of a woman in Delft. | 戴尔夫特的一个女人的画. |
| 340 | What is this woman doing? | 这个女人在干什么? |
| 341 | She is weighing silver. | 她很重银子 |
| 342 | So silver becomes the engine, if you like, of global trade from this. | 因此,银子成为了全球交易的引擎,如果你喜欢的话。 |
| 343 | And out of this comes what you might call the situation in which we're in today. | 从这里你可能称之为今天的情况。 |
| 344 | China produces, Europe consumes a huge flow of silver into China | 中国生产,欧洲消费大量银元流入中国 |
| 345 | in return to the most desirable manufactured products of the Chinese system. | 以换取中国系统最理想的制成品。 |
| 346 | The most, one that really captured the European imagination is Ming porcelain. | 最能捕捉欧洲想象力的是明瓷 |
| 347 | No European pottery can replicate the secret of Ming pottery. | 没有欧洲陶器可以复制明陶的秘密. |
| 348 | And this becomes enormously popular in Europe in vast, vast quantities of Ming porcelain are bought | 这在欧洲变得非常流行 大量的明瓷被购买 |
| 349 | along with other manufactured goods from China, silk goods and brocades and so on, | 连同中国的其他制成品、丝绸制品和铜筋等, |
| 350 | but particularly Ming pottery. | 特别是明陶 |
| 351 | The Portuguese import between 40 and 60,000 pieces of Ming pottery a year. | 葡萄牙人每年进口40至6万件明陶. |
| 352 | And the Chinese are very good at producing to the market. | 而中国人很擅长向市场生产. |
| 353 | This is a plate for the Portuguese. | 这是葡萄牙人的盘子 |
| 354 | On it, it has the Portuguese coat of arms at the bottom. | 上面有葡萄牙大衣的臂部 |
| 355 | It has this device here, which is the symbol of Portuguese exploration. | 它在这里有这个装置,这是葡萄牙探索的象征. |
| 356 | Here it has the arm, the Latin initials for Jesus Christ the saviour. | 这里有手臂,拉丁字母的缩写 耶稣基督的救世主。 |
| 357 | So if you're a rich man in Lisbon, you could order from China by about 1600 | 如果你是里斯本的富豪,你可以在1600年左右从中国订购 |
| 358 | a dinner set with your own coat of arms on it. | 晚餐套装上你自己的外套 |
| 359 | And you can find fragments of Ming pottery almost anywhere in the world, | 你可以在世界任何地方找到明陶的碎片 |
| 360 | in the Andes, on the coast of Kenya. | 位于肯尼亚海岸的安第斯山脉 |
| 361 | The Ottomans bought vast quantities of Ming porcelain. | 奥斯曼人购买了大量的明瓷. |
| 362 | If you've ever been to the top cup of palace in Istanbul, they have a fantastic collection of Ming pottery. | 如果你去过伊斯坦布尔的顶级宫殿 他们收藏着一幅奇妙的明陶 |
| 363 | If you wanted to have a still life painted, the go-to thing was you needed to have Ming pottery in your picture. | 如果你想画一个静静的生活, 去的东西是你需要 有明陶在你的照片。 |
| 364 | There are other consequences of this global chain now, | 这一全球链现在还有其他后果, |
| 365 | one which is going to be very beneficial for China, as I understand it, | 据我所知,这对中国非常有利 |
| 366 | because of the connectivity now, long-range connectivity between Europe and the Far East across the Atlantic and the Pacific. | 由于现在的连通性,欧洲和远东之间的远程连通性跨越大西洋和太平洋. |
| 367 | We have what is now called the Magellan exchange of species and crops from Europe. | 我们有所谓的麦哲伦交换 来自欧洲的物种和作物。 |
| 368 | All right, we'll go back again. | 好吧,我们再回去。 |
| 369 | New staple crops are being introduced into the Far East. | 新的主食作物正在引进远东。 |
| 370 | Sweet potatoes, maize and peanuts, cocoa, papaya, tomatoes and tobacco. | 甜薯,玉米和花生,可可,木瓜,番茄和烟草. |
| 371 | Sweet potatoes, maize and peanuts particularly are going to improve the diet of the Chinese people. | 甜薯、玉米和花生将改善中国人民的饮食。 |
| 372 | They can fill in between intervals in the rice harvest. | 它们可以在稻谷收成的间隔间填充. |
| 373 | There are dramatic improvements in China's nutrition. | 中国营养状况有显著改善. |
| 374 | Faster maturing rice crops are introduced, which allow more crops a year. | 引进了更快成熟的水稻作物,每年允许更多的作物。 |
| 375 | Somewhere between the 18th century, as a result of this Magellan exchange of crops, | 18世纪之间,由于麦哲伦交换农作物, |
| 376 | I think in China the population doubles in the 18th century from 150 million to 300 million. | 我认为,中国的人口在18世纪翻了一番,从1.5亿增加到3亿。 |
| 377 | One of the things that always puzzle me about this is that from Acapulco to Manila, | 从阿卡普尔科到马尼拉 |
| 378 | which is a voyage of about two to three months, | 约2至3个月的航行, |
| 379 | the Spanish managed to import horses and cattle into the Far East. | 西班牙人设法把马和牛输入远东 |
| 380 | Don't ask me how they did it. | 别问我是怎么做到的 |
| 381 | I don't know. | 师曰. |
| 382 | So we've now got a completely connected world, if you like, in terms of trading routes, trading opportunities. | 所以,我们现在有一个完全相连的世界, 如果你喜欢的话, 在贸易路线,贸易机会方面。 |
| 383 | I think of, as I said, I think I might have said at the beginning, I think the 16th century of the age of acceleration, | 我想,就像我说的, 我想我可能说过, 在一开始, 我认为16世纪的加速时代, |
| 384 | everything speeds up, of which the spice trade really was the initiator, the initiator of exploration | 所有事情都加快了 香料贸易是探索的发起者 |
| 385 | and its secondary consequences, which rippled across the world. | 以及其次要后果 席卷全世界 |
| 386 | One of the effects in Europe is an information explosion in the 16th century. | 欧洲的影响之一是16世纪的信息爆炸. |
| 387 | The knowledge that is coming in from the Far East in terms of cartography, map making and printing. | 从远东传来的地图绘制、地图制作和印刷方面的知识。 |
| 388 | Having seen that the world, understood the world as a globe, we see the making of globes. | 在看到世界,将世界理解为全球之后,我们看到地球的形成。 |
| 389 | People can understand the world. | 人能识世间. |
| 390 | They can understand the planet as one thing. | 他们可以把地球理解为一件事。 |
| 391 | We start to see a great deal of printed atlases in Europe. | 我们在欧洲开始看到大量的印刷地图集。 |
| 392 | This is the first pocket atlas in 1548. | 这是1548年第一部袖珍地图集. |
| 393 | You could hold the, you could hold the world in your hand in this atlas. | 你可以持有, 你可以持有世界 在你的手在这个地图集。 |
| 394 | We see in 1570, the first modern European atlas of the world. | 我们在1570年看到了世界上第一部现代欧洲地图集. |
| 395 | It's a bit shaky in many of its details. | 在许多细节上有点摇摆. |
| 396 | South America is not looking too good. | 南美洲看起来不太好 |
| 397 | But so people are becoming increasingly aware of the planet on which they live. | 但是人们越来越意识到 他们生活的星球。 |
| 398 | We see Jesuits produce the first European style world map in Chinese and introduce the concept of spherical to China. | 我们看到耶稣会用中文制作第一张欧洲风格世界地图,并将球形概念引入中国. |
| 399 | 这是Matteo Ricci,中国的耶稣会士. | |
| 400 | It combines European knowledge of the world along with Chinese information. | 它结合了欧洲对世界的知识与中国的信息. |
| 401 | So people can understand more about the world in which they live. | 这样人们就可以更了解他们生活的世界. |
| 402 | We also see in Europe, the world being projected in print. | 我们也在欧洲看到,世界正被用印刷品描绘出来。 |
| 403 | This book in the middle by Gaspar de Cruz is the first printed book on China. | 这本由加斯帕尔·德·克鲁斯(Gaspar de Cruz)在中间出版的书是第一本关于中国的印刷书. |
| 404 | The first real account of China since Marco Polo. | 中国自马可·波罗之后的第一个真实账户. |
| 405 | Various other writers in Italian and in English are producing huge volumes of information about the world beyond. | 意大利语和英语的其他各种作家正在制作大量有关世界的信息。 |
| 406 | Critical to the development of the spice trade from that is a book published in Dutch at the end of the 16th century. | 对香料贸易的发展至关重要的是16世纪末荷兰语出版的一本书. |
| 407 | The itinerary of Jan Huygen van Lingshoten. | 扬·惠根·范·灵肖滕的行程. |
| 408 | This is Lingshoten was a secretary to the Portuguese Bishop of Goa. | 这位是Lingshuten 曾是葡萄牙果阿主教的秘书 |
| 409 | And he steals a great deal of commercial information about the spice routes to the east. | 他盗取了大量关于往东的香料路线的商业信息. |
| 410 | He writes a book about it. | 他写了一本书 |
| 411 | He produces maps. | 他制作地图 |
| 412 | And this provides a handbook for other merchants to journey to the far east and enter the spice trade. | 而这为其他商人提供了前往远东地区并进入香料贸易的手册. |
| 413 | And in the long run, the Dutch will get complete control of the spice trade. | 从长远来看,荷兰人将完全控制香料贸易. |
| 414 | So we end up at the end of the century of a world that has exploded enormously out of, I think, out of this desire for the spice trade. | 因此,我们最终将进入一个世纪末,这个世界已经从这种对香料贸易的渴望中爆发出来。 |
| 415 | My last word on this are just some words from Shakespeare written at the very end of the century. | 我的最后一句话只是莎士比亚在本世纪末写的一些话。 |
| 416 | Why then the world's mine oyster, which I with sword will open it. | 为什么世界的牡蛎,我用剑打开它。 |
| 417 | What he's saying is that for Europeans, the world is now discoverable and and can be aggressively conquered. | 他所说的是,对于欧洲人来说,世界现在可以发现,并且可以被积极地征服. |
| 418 | Indeed, we're going to see in the centuries that follow for about two or three hundred years European imperialism. | 确实,我们将会在接下来的几个世纪里看到大约两三百年的欧洲帝国主义. |
| 419 | That is all that I've had to got to say. | 这就是我必须说的。 |
| 420 | And that's quite enough to take in in that time. | 这已经足够了 |
| 421 | Thank you very much for listening. | 非常感谢你的聆听。 |
| 422 | And now maybe people can ask me some questions that I will not be able to answer. | 现在也许人们可以问我一些我无法回答的问题。 |
| 423 | But thank you very much. | 但是非常感谢 |
| 424 | Great. | 不错 |
| 425 | Thank you so much. | 非常感谢 |
| 426 | And you'll see there the the the book again from Yale University Press. | 你会从耶鲁大学出版社看到这本书 |
| 427 | So thank you as well to Yale University Press for publishing this book and for also helping organize this. | 感谢耶鲁大学出版社出版这本书 并帮助组织这本书 |
| 428 | Thank you so much, Roger, for joining us and for a fascinating talk. | 非常感谢你,罗杰, 加入我们 和一个迷人的谈话。 |
| 429 | And thank you, everybody, for joining us. | 感谢大家加入我们 |
| 430 | And feel very much. | 和感觉非常。 |
| 431 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
| 432 | Thank you for inviting me and thank you for listening. | 谢谢你邀请我,谢谢你的倾听。 |
| 433 | Thanks a lot. | 非常感谢 |
| 434 | OK, bye. | 好吧,再见。 |
| 435 | Thank you. | 谢谢 |
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